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Roadmap to Fusion BatteryRoadmap to Fusion Battery

A Novel Type of Nuclear BatteryA nd

Potential Outcomes and Applications

Liviu PopaLiviu Popa--SimilSimil,, Ph.D.,PMPPh.D.,PMP

President,LAVM LLCLAVM LLC,Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA

Phone: +1 (505) 661-8767E-mail: lps@lavmllc.com

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Abstract

A new view on nature

Supporting detailsThe process

The research

The collateral outcomes

The fusion battery

Performances and safety

Applications

Conclusions

Content:+-

HeHe

DD

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For more information,Download the kindle e-bookFrom www.amazon.com

http://www.amazon.com/http://www.amazon.com/

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AbstractWhat is a fusion battery ?

How realistic is it ?How realistic is it ?

What does one need to know and understand to make it ?What does one need to know and understand to make it ?

When will it be available ?

What about safety, performances and costs ?

Do we need new physics or just a better

understanding of what we already have?

+-

A starin aboxwith pl

Is it too abstract?Is it too abstract?

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Nuclear Electric Compact Power Sourcebased on Fusion or Transmutation

HeHe

++--

DD

It may deliver up to 3 GWDay/Kg; Conversion efficiency: 20%-95%Power density may be higher than 1Kw/cc The upper limit is 1MW/cc

It uses engineered nano-structures made ofselectedselectedisotopic combinationsisotopic combinations to facilitate the nuclearfacilitate the nuclear

reactionsreactions between light isotopes andthe nano-structure lattice material.

It does not uses radioactive materialIt does not uses radioactive material

and critical nuclear structuresand critical nuclear structuresIt is safe to operate and store thefuel and the nano-structure

It does not generate radioactivity((but,some constructive versionsbut,some constructive versionsmay produce radioactive byproducts)may produce radioactive byproducts)

Fusion and Transmutation power

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A new view on nature

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String

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1H

2D

7Li

4He

++ 3T++

String coilStringbunch

nucleusquarksoup

quark

p

n

Stringforce field

l

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg

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d uu

ud d

d

WW--

_e-

d

d

u

u u

n pp

900s

Anti-proton

Bosonsea

Electroncharge Lighter

+1e level

--0

++

e

e-

_

900s

d

d

d

u

u u

n

String

Boson sea

363 364 365

p-

np-

e-

m=3eo entanglement

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Platinum family Ni, Pd, Pt

RHPt= 1.90

RHPd= 1.88

RHNi= 1.84

Pt

Pd

NuclearNuclear

moleculesmolecules

l

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2D++

++

2

D++

++

++

++

10xPd

350 keV

22.1MeV

Domain ofreaction

nucleus

nucleus

nucleusVirtual point 1

Compound

nucleuscommunionFinal point

Connection 2

entanglement

spot

Entanglement 2

connection

2D2

D

2D

2D10xPd

10xPd 10xPd

A i t http://map gsfc nasa gov/

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A new view on nature

White mass 1/6

xyzct

xy

z

EB

g

xy

z

ct

EBg

s

s

s

Dark mass 83%

White mass 1/6

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/080998/index.html

White mass 1/6

WMAP

dataWilkinson Microwave

Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

Dark mass 83%

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Supporting detailsSupporting details

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A nuclear reaction may be accomplished by:

smashing one nucleus into another through theCoulombian barrier (accelerated particles or neutrons) or,

by tunneling (non-local nuclear reaction)

The selection rules for nuclear reactions apply, and thenuclear reaction channels opened and the final products

depend on the entry parameters of the initial particles

Examples : electron captureelectron capture

- entanglemententanglement/teleportation

Observations - Isotopic anomalies (transmutation)- Excess heat in chemical dominated reactions

dd200 nm200 nm

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Supporting details for quantum tunneling

Applications in electronics and measurement

Measurement of tunnelingMany referencesTunneling in chemistry and bio-chemistryTunneling in nuclear phenomenaNano-structure stimulated tunnelingVibration modes and tunneling stimulation

Applications of the Single electronSingle electron

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Magnetic

TunnelJunction

Superconducting TunnelJunction Device Sketch

STJ Energy Diagram

Applications of thephenomenon:

electronselectrons can flow

through an insulatingbarrier, by meansof quantum tunneling.

Single electronSingle electron

transistortransistor

schematicschematic

GE 1N3716tunnel diode

Scanning Tunneling

Microscope schematic

A. Yazdani,Nature 409, 471 (2001) H surface tunneling

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, , ( ) g

Below 40 K, the tunnel jump rate is orders ofmagnitude larger than the one expected from anArrhenius law for thermal diffusion and it is nearlytemperature independent.

(a) An atom in a surface potential well. The particle(a) An atom in a surface potential well. The particlemay overcome the energy barrier either by thermalmay overcome the energy barrier either by thermalactivation or byactivation or by quantumquantum tunneling. Etunneling. Eaa is the energyis the energy

barrier.barrier.(b) Electronic calculations of the density of states fora Cr monolayer on Au(111); Cr L2,3 core-leveltransitions are represented (arrows) and the XASabsorption spectra are displayed for left and right

circularly polarized light. A magnetic field parallel tothe photon beam is applied. The XMCD signal is thedifference of the two spectra.

http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Pu

blications/Highlights/2005/XASMS/XASMS5

aa-- hydrogen atom in an energy well created by the copperhydrogen atom in an energy well created by the copper

surface. The red path shows the energy needed for thesurface. The red path shows the energy needed for the

atom to diffuse into the next energy well under classicalatom to diffuse into the next energy well under classical

physics. The green path indicates that the atom needs littlephysics. The green path indicates that the atom needs littleor no energy to tunnel by quantum mechanical means intoor no energy to tunnel by quantum mechanical means into

the adjacent well.the adjacent well.

bb-- An image of a hydrogen atom (dark feature in the center) on a cAn image of a hydrogen atom (dark feature in the center) on a copper surface taken byopper surface taken by

scanning tunneling microscopyscanning tunneling microscopy

This extremely fast diffusion, nearly temperatureThis extremely fast diffusion, nearly temperature

independent, is attributed toindependent, is attributed to quantumtunneling.quantumtunneling.

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References on Tunneling:

Tunneling of molecules and atomsTunneling of molecules and atomsLauhon, Ho, PRL 85, 4566 (2000) (H-atom tunnels a copper surface)

Yazdani, Nature 409, 471 (2001)

Tunneling of Cooper pairsTunneling of Cooper pairs

Zelevinsky, Flambaum, JPG 34, 355 (2005)

Tunneling of excitons

Saito, Kayanuma, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5453 (1995)

Jin et al., Acta Phys. Sin. 53 3211 (2004

Effective potential and fusion enhancementEffective potential and fusion enhancement

CB, Flambaum, Zelevinsky, JPG 34, 1 (2007)

Tunneling is a direct consequence of quantum mechanics and itsTunneling is a direct consequence of quantum mechanics and its

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Tunneling is a direct consequence of quantum mechanics and itsTunneling is a direct consequence of quantum mechanics and its

effects can be found throughout the physical scienceseffects can be found throughout the physical sciences

Particle physics: explains phenomena such as -particle emission and

can be exploited for practical use (STM)Material Science:Material Science: superconductors, semiconductors and dielectric

materials all make use of charge transfer via tunneling

Biology:Biology: the main mechanism of charge transfer in cellular respirationand other biological processesChemistry:Chemistry: electron, hydrogen and heavy atom tunneling is found

throughout a number of chemical transformationsThough less common than electron tunneling, heavy particleThough less common than electron tunneling, heavy particletunneling does play an important role in chemistrytunneling does play an important role in chemistry

explains : spectroscopic splitting patterns as well asreactivity at extremely low temperatures

Chemists habitually speak of individual particles tunneling buChemists habitually speak of individual particles tunneling but it's importantt it's important

to keep in mind that according to QM the entire system is tunnelto keep in mind that according to QM the entire system is tunnelinging

ammonia inversion,diketopiperazine puckering,formaldehyde polymerization

Nuclear tunneling

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Nuclear tunneling

-- DECAYDECAYElectron CaptureElectron Capture

DECAYDECAY

Length < 10 pmLength < 10 pm

Length < 500 pmLength < 500 pm

Entanglement experiments and applicationsEntanglement experiments and applications

May 10, 2012

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Entanglement experiments and applicationsEntanglement experiments and applicationsShanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics,

University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China

Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083 China

80%

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Space fiber

or

Connection toa subspace ?

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The processInside a fusion battery

The process and theThe process and theNEW PHYSICSNEW PHYSICS beyondbeyond

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pp yy

Stage 1Stage 1 DoperDoper--Lattice synergyLattice synergy

Stage 2Stage 2 NonNon--local nuclear reactionlocal nuclear reaction

Stage 3Stage 3 Final products Energy harvestingFinal products Energy harvesting

F* R*Ek

Ek ++++

B

C1 C2

-

-

RL

h

Current

ParticleParticle

fluxflux

Ir

Vop

Iop

R*

F*

VoltageVoltage

Entanglementtube/wave

Nano-structure and itsparameters

determines how

the energy is released

Tunneling tube

OPEN!

Reaction

As kinetic

energy

As collective latticeHEAT energy

The NEW PHYSICS contains TWO POSTULATES :

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Rk

Fk

AZ

AZ

SG

AZ

AZ EERFECB +++++

**1

11

Rk

Fk

AZ

AZ

SG

AZ

AZ

AZ EERFECCB ++++++

**2

221

11

Nuclear reactions and physics laws remain the same!Nuclear reactions and physics laws remain the same!

TransmutationTransmutation

Qua

rks

Qua

rks--excha

nge

excha

nge

TransmutationTransmutation

andandFusionFusion

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Details on Moving particleEnergy deposition

in different materials

Knock-onElectron showers

Material selection exampleExample of harvesting structureExample of harvesting structure

MovingMoving

ParticleParticleNanoNano--

structurestructureKnockKnock--onon

electronselectrons

NanoNano--structurestructure

ElectricityElectricityextractionextraction

KnockKnock--onon

electronselectrons

MovingMoving

ParticleParticle

- -++

Th t t l h t th l d b th

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The nano-structure may also harvest the energy released by thenuclear reaction, when and where it was released!

The direct nuclear energy conversion into electricity resembles asuper-capacitor charged directly from the nuclear reactions released energy- discharged directly as electric current

The process has 2 main stages:

1. The particles released by the nuclear reaction are stopped inthe nano-hetero structure like a planar capacitor - made ofan alternating structure generating electron showers

2. - The electron showers generated on one plate are collectedby the next plate that becomes negatively polarized

To amplify the process the capacitor plates are made ofdifferent materials, that maximizes the efficiency

The device will be a single solid-state unit

+ -

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Supporting details for

direct energy conversionin nano-structures

Physics of ion interaction with matterDirect conversion structures studies at MIT

Direct nuclear conversion studies at Missuri-ColumbiaDOE funded projectsDOD-DARPA funded projects

SWRI patent for a direct conversion device

A history of direct energy conversion device I presented in

the SPIESTIF meeting in 2011 in Maryland University

covering all the period from 1913 to 2010.

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DARPA 2004 - $25M funding for GTI Idaho and ASU

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Liquid Electronics Power Source

Liquid electronics Effectaccidentally observed by my teamin 1987 when accidentally melted

the solid capacitor structure -drastic drop in efficiency

Not a new idea patentprotection expired 30 years

ago, so it can be used for free..

Result = Negative;Negative;Issues low efficiency

- low stability

N lt

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New results:

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C

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I

Particle source

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Elemental cell

Elementalmodule

Moremodules

Particle More modules

Substrate

End of range

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The research

A national R&D program is needed which to integrate:-Government agencies-Private investors-National Laboratories, Universities, Private companies andIndividuals, respecting their proprietary information andshortening the time from idea to application by joint work.

General description of my The research effort proposal

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MCA MCA

p.T

D2

Valves

Safety valve

valve

Stage 1

Proof the fundamentals of many other nano-lattices thatfacilitates nuclear reaction (NSFNR) and- Measure the Nuclear Reaction rate as function of nano-

structure parameters:Simple Experimental assemblySimple Experimental assembly

Outcomes:Prove the conceptSelect materials

Optimize theoperationparameters

Measure on Background

DStage 2 Advanced research

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Find the best engineered nano-structures that

produces the optimal synergistic effects

Type of dominantType of dominantstructurestructure

Type of materialType of material

Type of doper

NanoNano--clusterclusterNanoNano--layerlayerNanoNano--interfaceinterface

LiLiNiNiPdPdPtPt

ThTh

H, D, T, 3He, B

Find the parameters and rate dependence (p,T, E, B, etc)Find the parameters and rate dependence (p,T, E, B, etc)

Pd

D

Pd He

U

T p

EB

Example

Outcome technologic, constructive parameters for dedicated systems

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HHe

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22DD

22DD

106106PdPd

Nuclear equation:Nuclear equation:

CdHAgHPd11048

21

10847

21

10646 ++

22DD

22DD

Energy balance:Energy balance: Impulse conservation violation*Impulse conservation violation*

Re uires ission ! Ne ative balance?Nuclear molecule compactionNuclear molecule compaction

p-

n

fission

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22DD

22DD

106106PdPd

44HeHeNuclear equation:Nuclear equation:

21 42

10646

*11048

21

21

10646

HePdCdHHPd +++

Energy balance:Energy balance:

2D fusion facilitated by Pd

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-

-

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New physics emerging from the study of this new reactions

Space, entanglement, teleportation

Space and matter correlation

Matters synergy and energy

Conservation principles that requires

an insulated physical system, buthow insulated are our common systems, andwhat do we have to consider to keep the principles valid?

Exotic nuclear reactions and applications

Stage 3 Test the harvesting structures embedded in the burner

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The operation : a moving charged particles stops in matter by

creating electron showers, that can polarize a nano-size electrodesof a nano-structure that resembles a super capacitor, that becomesloaded directly by particles kinetic energy and is discharged as

electricity.Radiation Energy

Loads a

Nuclear super-capacitormade of

nano-hetero structuresDischargedDischarged

By DC/AC (MEMS/SQUID)cascade that forms

The electric power

Delivered to grid or to loadLOAD

Particles fission /fusionPhotons - X, GammaCharges electrons, muons

CIciCIci

MEMS

SQUID

Cascade

Radiation Energy

Loads a

Nuclear super-capacitormade of

nano-hetero structuresDischargedDischarged

By DC/AC (MEMS/SQUID)cascade that forms

The electric power

Delivered to grid or to loadLOAD

Particles fission /fusionPhotons - X, GammaCharges electrons, muons

CIciCIci

MEMS

SQUID

Cascade

To increase theTo increase theconversionconversion

efficiencyefficiencyThe energyThe energyharvesting structureharvesting structure

have to containhave to containinside the nuclearinside the nuclear

reaction facilitatorreaction facilitatornanonano--structurestructure

Output: high efficiency operational structures = fabrication tecOutput: high efficiency operational structures = fabrication technologyhnology

Stage 4 Building the functional device3

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2

11 100100 kWekWe****

Li-Air battery

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The fusion battery

Fusion Battery 10 MW

Controller

y

589 MWh

P=10 MWfor 2 day

++

25 MWDay

--

20kV

08

8180 82 83 84 8586

87 88 89

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00 03 07

08

090102

06

10

0504

111222

21 15

23

6263

64

65

61

69

6768

60

86

5551

59

5758

5253

54

93

50

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Estimated performances:Storage Specific Energy densityStorage Specific Energy density:- 3 GWDay/kg for D-D, D-6Li, H-7Li-1 GWDay/kg for H-11B, 3He,-50 MWDay/Kg H-Ni, D-Ni, H-VNo storage limitation

Possible structurePower source:**Fuel : H,D,T,3He, B

**Burner materials:Ni, V, Pd, Pt, Th, etc.

Conversion efficiency:Up to 95% depending ofconstructive solutionPower density:

Dependent of conversionefficiency, and heat extractionFor 95% and Heat=200 W/cc

Pd Max= 4 kW/cc

Novel Fusion Transmutation power source ++ --

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HeHe

DD

Replaces the chemical power sourcereducing the size by >100,000 times(1 m3 1 cc)

Replaces the actinide based nuclear fuel,eliminating criticality accident hazard,radio-chemical contamination hazard,irradiation hazard and maneuver restrictions

Converting directly the nuclear reaction energy into electricityConverting directly the nuclear reaction energy into electricity

High conversion efficiency between 20 and 95%

the power source runs cold or with moderate heatAt high power density needs cooling and allows a supplementarythermo-electro conversion to make the energy efficiency evenhigher.

Safe , reliable operation,

A little bit of HistoryA little bit of History

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1.) J. Franck, Goettinger. Ber. II,44, 203 (1933)

James FranckJames Franck

(26 August 1882 21 May 1964)German physicist and Nobel laureate.

Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld

MariaMaria GoeppertGoeppert--MayerMayer

2.) KF Herzfeld, M Goeppert-Mayer,Z. Phys. Chem. 26B 203 (1934)

My experience and expertiseMy experience and expertise

I have never published because of lack of coherent data.

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Phase b) 90-2000-

Phase a) 81-90-

1981 D-Pd strange surface processing with low power laser inD2 flowing after glow discharge plasma (Geavidt Musas exp.)

1982- Learned about Oil V anomaly search for explanation (Aldescu Stelu)

1982 - ICP_Ploiesti, RO signaled that V in some lubricating oil modifies in time1985 Strange isotopes in bio-experiment Pitesti Pyramids (Glodeanu)1987 - Request for investigation fromTeleajen V, Ni [%] was decreasing in time,faster at high temperature

1988 - Pd catalyst structural modification in G Heavy water plant was added on list (Musa)

Stage 1- 1980-2000 Growing awareness

Liviu Popa-Simil

Stage 2- 2001-2012 Doing something2000 - 2010 developing direct nuclear energy conversion concepts

2008- MD studies for clusters on the feasibility of fusion

2011 Patent application for a fusion battery US 13/297,243

1985-1995 Cyclotron electrolyze electrode anomalyCyclotron W filament material modification during D sessions, some bursts of radiation inelectrolyzer room observed, before cathode failure

Acknowledgingp

henomenasexistence

Accelerator,Nuclear reactorapplications division

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1984-1995 worked in direct

nuclear energy conversionspecial program Coated Capacitor structures

(gas,Vacuum filled)

Solid structures (Se,Al,Au,U)Semiconductors upsetPositron annihilation

Tritium accelerator /applications

Romanias efforts in nuclear anomalies research

B f 89 Fl i h P A t

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Before 89 Fleischmann Pons Announcement

Ioan- Iovitz-Popescu

APS Journals Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 2, 339436 (1985)The quantum effects of electromagnetic fluxes

S. OlariuCentral Institute of Physics, Bucharest/Magurele,I. Iovitzu Popescu

Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Ether and Etherons; Etheronics A Possible Reappraisal of the Ether Concept

Roumanian Academy journal of physics; Stud. Cercet. Fiz., vol. 34, 451-468 (1982)

PHYSICAL REVIEW C, VOLUME 61, 054305 sent April 1999

emission from the 31-yr isomer of178Hf induced by x-ray irradiation

Radiation Physics and Chemistry 71 (2004) 619625Accelerated gamma-emission from isomeric nucleiC.B. Collins, N.C. Zoita, F. Davanloo, S. Emura, Y. Yoda, T. Uruga, B. Patterson, B.Schmitt, J.M. Pouvesle, I.I. Popescu, V.I. Kirischuk, N.V. Strilchu

3.) F.A. Lewis, The Palladium/Hydrogen System, Academic Press,New York, 1967

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,4.) University of Utah. "'Simple experiment' results in sustainedn-fusion at room temperature for first time".

03/23/1989Stanley

Pons

Martin Fleischmann

Martin

Fleischmann

Now, this statement

was heard after 60years and shocked theworld, but the world

was unprepared andwith bad IP customs.

Galilleo facing

Roman Inquisition

Bruno_Campo_Bruno_Campo_deidei__FioriFiori

After 89 Fleischmann-Pons AnnouncementOn a competition between solid st

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ate and nuclear scale energies. A

possible theoretical approach tocold fusion in palladium and

other transitional elements.

M. Apostol and I. A. DorobantuRev. Roum. Phys. 34 233 (1989)On the hydrogen ionization in simple metals

L. Vasiliu-Doloc and M. ApostolConf. Nat. "Progrese in Fizica", Oradea, 1989, p.259 and Rev. Roum. Phys. 37 61 (1992)

Other Romanian researchers active in the field:A. Dorobantu, N.Mandache, N.C.Zoita, M. Atanasiu,D.Dorcioman, M. Ganciu, I. Tiseanu, M.Ivascu, I.Ursu

After 1990 the enlightenment disappeared, by high order andresearch was carried on on individual basis

Marian Apostol

Mihai Ganciu

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Julian Schwinger, winner of the

1965 Nobel Prize in Physics.Original caption: "His laboratory ishis ballpoint pen."

He resigned from the American Physical Society due to theirdogmatically anonymous peer review censorship practice in force

20 Meetings

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1

23

4

5

67

8

9

1012

13

14

15

16

17

21

12

LENRICCF ILENRSCollege Station, TX

W&M

WilliamsburgInternational

Conference

on Cold Fusion

1990

1991

1992

1993

1995

111996

1998

2000

2002

20042003

2005

2007

20080

2009

2011

2012

2012

19961995

Conclusions

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With-in a serious approach, the first reliable products may bedelivered in less than 10 years

The knowledge journey effort is just at the very beginning, and

much more have to be done in order to understand thefundamentals of this process

This is the gate towards new fascinating discoveries and applicationsThe power sources we may produce using this process will placethe mankind in a new more friendly relationship with nature, and

we may become a cosmic civilization, having solved the problemof energy and resources, because with enough energy all otherresources may be had.

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For Profit

Research

Non Profit

Advanced Energy Research Virtual Network ProposalAdvanced Energy Research Virtual Network Proposal

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CA, center

NM, center

NM, research units

W

CW CE

E

NE

A matter of nomenclature or a matter of knowledge

Cold Fusion h t f i= the opposite of = partially wrong

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Cold Fusion hot fusion the opposite of partially wrong

= different of = partially right

IssueIssue

Process Multi-body Communion Head on collision

EnvironmentEnvironment Special materials Special equipmentsTokamackLaser ign.

CollidersConditions Process parameters (n,t)

Other names for Cold Fusion (CF):

Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR),Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions (LANR),Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS),Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions (LENR),

Condensed Structures Initiated/Facilitated Nuclear Reactions(CSIFNR)

Space Entanglement Nuclear Reactions facilitated in SpecialCondensed Matter States (SENRFSCMS)

Suggested names:Suggested names:

AE. -Any fool can know!The point is to understand!

Niels Bohr AlbertEinstein

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NB. - The important thingis not to stop questioning.

1925

If we wouldhave new

knowledge,we must geta whole new

world ofquestionsSusanne K.

Langer

I bet !I bet !

1975

The energy harvesting in nano-hetero structures++

-VVbkbk

VoltageVoltage

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V

ij

VVbkbk

RL

IIelectronselectrons

h

hh

IIparticlesparticles

Current

SSii SSjjdd

ijij CCijij

Vop

ParticleParticle

fluxflux

Id IbsIr

VopIop

rrSS

-V+V

Iij

Iji

ff,,p,R*

F*

IIdd= Drift current;= Drift current;IIrr = returned current= returned current

IIbsbs=backscattered current=backscattered currentIIopop=operational current=operational current

CCijij = capacitance between layers i and jddijij = distance between the layers i and j

Thisstructure

incorporates

theprevious

nuclear

reaction

facilitator

nano-

structure