river processes and landforms
DESCRIPTION
An introduction: to support AS Geography (Edexcel B)TRANSCRIPT
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Channel processes and featuresValley slope processes and
landforms
RIVER STUDIES
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Satellite view of river drainage, Middle East
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Microscale drainage basin
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Upper valley characteristics
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Upper valley characteristics
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
Interlocking spurs
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
Interlocking spurs
Slumping and landslides - very active hillslopes
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
Interlocking spurs
Slumping and landslides - very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
Interlocking spurs
Slumping and landslides - very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep
Narrow, shallow channel, low velocity and discharge
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Upper valley characteristics
“V”shape valley, vertical erosion dominant
Interlocking spurs
Slumping and landslides - very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep
Narrow, shallow channel, low velocity and discharge
Large bedload derived from upstream and from valley sides
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Interlocking spurs, Robinson, Lake District
A typical upper course valley with interlocking spurs, steep valley sides and active slope processes
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Choked runnel, N. Pennines
Ephemeral stream or runnel - water present only during high rainfall events
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Choked runnel, N. Pennines
Debris brought downslope towards channel - dropped when water disappears after storm
Ephemeral stream or runnel - water present only during high rainfall events
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Choked runnel, N. Pennines
Debris brought downslope towards channel - dropped when water disappears after storm
Ephemeral stream or runnel- water present only during high rainfall events
Vertical erosion creating steep, bare slopes vulnerable to further erosion - an example of positive feedback in a slope system
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River load in upper course
Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the c________ and c__________ of load at higher flow levels
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River load in upper course
Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels
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River load in upper course
Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels
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River load in upper course
Boulders are large and semi-rounded, due to attrition within the load and abrasion with the stream bed and banks
Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels
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Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley
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Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley
Rapids are mini-waterfalls
Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded
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Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley
Rapids are mini-waterfalls
Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded
Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction.
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Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley
Rapids are mini-waterfalls
Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded
Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction.
Wetted perimeter is large compared to cross sectional area of water - resulting in a low ????????????
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Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley
Rapids are mini-waterfalls
Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded
Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction.
Wetted perimeter is large compared to cross sectional area of water - resulting in a low hydraulic radius (low efficiency)
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High Force waterfall, R. Tees
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High Force waterfall, R. Tees
Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone.
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High Force waterfall, R. Tees
Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone. Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall upstream
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High Force waterfall, R. Tees
Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone.
Waterfall creates gorge as it recedes upstream by eroding the base and neck
Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall upstream
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High Force waterfall, R. Tees
Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone.
The long profile will be graded over time
Waterfall creates gorge as it recedes upstream by eroding the base and neck
Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall upstream
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Headward erosion, Offa’s Dyke
This is amazing!!
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Headward erosion, Offa’s Dyke
Spring erodes ground over which it flows and lubricates base of cliff, causing slumping and headward erosion
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Headward erosion, R. Colorado
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Headward erosion, R. Colorado
River seeps out from spring at base and undermines steep cliff, causing rockfalls and headwall recession
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Headward erosion, R. Colorado
Rivers erode in a headward direction, eating back into plateauRiver seeps out from spring at base and undermines steep cliff, causing rockfalls and headwall recession
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Potholes in R. Wharfe
Smooth sculpturing of rock by abrasion, showing evidence of water levels during high discharge events
Vertical erosion is dominant
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Close-up of potholes
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Close-up of potholes
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Close-up of potholesCircular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is high
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Close-up of potholesCircular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is highPotholes will join together by abrasion, and deepen by vertical erosion
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Close-up of potholesCircular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is high
Load is picked up and used to scour or abrade pothole. Load itself becomes rounded by attrition
Potholes will join together by abrasion, and deepen by vertical erosion
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Potholes, human scale!!
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Middle course, R. Tees
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Middle course, R. Tees
Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottom
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Middle course, R. Tees
Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottomFirst signs of meanders
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Middle course, R. Tees
Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottomFirst signs of meanders
Floodplain
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Middle course, R. Tees
Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottomFirst signs of meanders
Floodplain
River channel wider, deeper, greater velocity and discharge
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
Floodplain
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
FloodplainPoint bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
Floodplain
Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
Floodplain
Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
Floodplain
Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg and
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
helicoidal flow
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Meander, R. Lavant, Chichester
Floodplain
Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg and
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
helicoidal flow
pool
riffle
pool
Pools develop at meander bends and riffles in the stretches between bends
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Meander on the R. Colorado
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Meander on the R. Colorado
Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation
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Meander on the R. Colorado
Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation
Different strata show evidence of past climates or hydrological events
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Meander on the R. Colorado
Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation
Different strata show evidence of past climates or hydrological events.
Stratum with large boulders must have formed in wetter conditions when higher river discharge carried a greater competence of load
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Migrating meanders, R. Gongola, Nigeria
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Migrating meanders, R. Gongola, Nigeria
Former course marked by white sediments
Current channel is braided
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Lower Severn Valley
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Lower Severn Valley
Well developed meanders with bars in the channel indicating high sediment load
Very wide floodplain
Very gentle valley side gradients
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River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy
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River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy
River has been rejuvenated causing renewed vertical erosion - base level has dropped either due to rising land or falling sealevel
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River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy
Flat terraces represent former floodplains
River has been rejuvenated causing renewed vertical erosion - base level has dropped either due to rising land or falling sealevel
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Flooding in the Severn Valley
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Flooding in the Severn Valley
Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low
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Flooding in the Severn Valley
Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low
Floods can be beneficial - they renew soil fertility by depositing sediment on floodplain
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Flooding in the Severn Valley
Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low
Floods can be beneficial - they renew soil fertility by depositing sediment on floodplain
Floods result in large amounts of sediment transported in the channel
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Padstow estuary
Estuaries are tidal, dominated by marine sediments
At low tide, mudflats are exposed
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Alluvial fan, Buttermere, Lake District
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Alluvial fan, Buttermere, Lake District
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Alluvial fan, Buttermere, Lake District
Lake Buttermere acts as a local baselevel for the stream, leading to deposition of load in a triangular shape - an alluvial fan
This is the same process that forms major deltas at the coast e.g. R. Nile
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Braided river, Swiss Alps
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Braided river, Swiss Alps
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Braided river, Swiss Alps
Daytime snowmelt in summer produces flashy regime
Vast amounts of sediment supplied from frost-shattered valley sides
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Braided river, Swiss Alps
Daytime snowmelt in summer produces flashy regime
Vast amounts of sediment supplied from frost-shattered valley sides
Channel course can change daily due to changes in discharge and loose sediments
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Summary of channel characteristics
(1) Processes
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Summary of channel characteristics
(1) ProcessesErosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic
action
Headward Vertical Lateral
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Summary of channel characteristics
(1) ProcessesErosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic
action
Transport
Suspension Solution Bedload
- traction- saltation
Headward Vertical Lateral
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Summary of channel characteristics
(1) ProcessesErosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic
action
Transport
Suspension Solution Bedload
- traction- saltation
Deposition
Headward Vertical Lateral
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Summary of channel characteristics(2) Landforms
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Summary of channel characteristics(2) Landforms
•Rapids
•Waterfall
•Pothole
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Summary of channel characteristics(2) Landforms
•Rapids
•Waterfall
•Pothole
•Meander
•Bluff/cliff
•Point bar
•Pool
•Riffle
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Summary of channel characteristics(2) Landforms
•Rapids
•Waterfall
•Pothole
•Meander
•Bluff/cliff
•Point bar
•Pool
•Riffle
•Knick point
•Braids
•Alluvial fan
•Delta
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Summary of channel characteristics
(3) Concepts and technical terms
![Page 86: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Summary of channel characteristics
(3) Concepts and technical terms
•Discharge
•Regime - flashy - regular
•Capacity
•Competence
![Page 87: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Summary of channel characteristics
(3) Concepts and technical terms
•Discharge
•Regime - flashy - regular
•Capacity
•Competence
•Hydraulic radius
- cross sectional area
- wetted perimeter
![Page 88: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Summary of channel characteristics
(3) Concepts and technical terms
•Discharge
•Regime - flashy - regular
•Capacity
•Competence
•Hydraulic radius
- cross sectional area
- wetted perimeter
•Long profile
•Graded profile
•Rejuvenation
•Base level
![Page 89: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Summary of channel characteristics
(3) Concepts and technical terms
•Discharge
•Regime - flashy - regular
•Capacity
•Competence
•Hydraulic radius
- cross sectional area
- wetted perimeter
•Long profile
•Graded profile
•Rejuvenation
•Base level
•Thalweg
•Helicoidal flow
•Meander migration
![Page 90: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Summary of valley characteristics
![Page 91: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Summary of valley characteristics
Upper Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil
creep) I nterlocking spurs “V” shaped valley
![Page 92: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Summary of valley characteristics
Upper Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil creep) I nterlocking spurs “V” shaped valley
Middle Wider valley Gentler valley sides Floodplain Meanders
![Page 93: River processes and landforms](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022082309/55575ac1d8b42a94728b463a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Summary of valley characteristics
Upper Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil creep) I nterlocking spurs “V” shaped valley
Middle Wider valley Gentler valley sides Floodplain Meanders
Lower Widest part of valley Terraces