river channel processes landforms 1234591289846057 3
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
1/30
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
2/30
RIVER PROCESSES:
Three river processes:
1. Transportation2. Deposition
3. Erosion
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
3/30
RIVER TRANSPORTATION
The load is transported by 4 ways:(i) Saltation: when pebbles, sand and gravel (bedload) are lifted up
by current and bounced along the bed in a hopping motion.
(ii) Traction: when largest boulders and cobbles (bedload) roll or
slide along the bed.
traction saltation
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
4/30
(iii) Suspension: very fine particle such as clay and silt (suspended
load) are dislodged and carried by turbulence in a fast flowingriver.
(iv) Solution: water flowing within a river channel contains acids (e.g.
carbonic acid from precipitation) dissolve the load such as
limestone in running water and removed in solution.
solution suspension
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
5/30
River deposition
Deposition: when velocity begins to fall, it has less energy and no
longer had competence and capacity to carry all its load so largest
particles, materials begins to be deposited.
When occur?
1. Low discharge during period of low precipitation
2. Less velocity when river enter sea or lake.
3. Shallow water occurs on inside of a meander.
4. The load suddenly increase (debris from landslide)5. River overflow its bank so velocity outside channel is reduced.
(resulting in floodplain)
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
6/30
River erosion.Erosion: wearing away of river bed and bank.
There are four main process of erosion:
(i) Corrasion: occurs when the river picks up materials and rubs italong its bed and banks, wearing them away by abrasion,effective during flood. Major method by which river erodes bothvertically and horizontally.
Landforms: potholes. (turbulent eddies in the current can swirl pebblesaround to form potholes that are hollows in river bed and pebbles arelikely to become trapped)
potholes
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
7/30
(ii) Attrition: As bedload moved downstream, boulders collide with
other material and the impact may break the rock into smaller
pieces. In time angular rocks become increasingly rounded.
(iii) Hydraulic action: The sheer force of the water as the turbulentcurrent hits banks (outside of meander) pushes water into cracks.The air in cracks compressed, pressure increased and in timebank will collapse.
Cavitation: is a form of hydraulic action caused by bubbles of aircollapsing.
(iv) Solution/corrosion: This process in independent of river dischargeand velocity. It is related to chemical composition of water e.g.
concentration of carbonic acid and humid acid.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
8/30
Hjulstrom curve
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
9/30
Hjulstromcurve The Hjulstrm curve is a graph used by hydrologists to determine whether
a riverwill erode, transport or deposit sediment. The graph takes sedimentsize and channel velocity into account.
The curve shows several key ideas about the relationships betweenerosion, transportation and deposition.
The Hjulstrm Curve shows that particles of a size around 1mm require theleast energy to erode, as they are sands that do not coagulate. Particles
smaller than these fine sands are often clays which require a higher velocityto produce the energy required to split the small clay particles which havecoagulated.
Larger particles such as pebbles are eroded at higher velocities and verylarge objects such as boulders require the highest velocities to erode. Whenthe velocity drops below this velocity called the line of critical velocity,
particles will be deposited or transported, instead of being eroded,depending on the river's energy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph -
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
10/30
Velocity and Discharge:
Discharge: is the amount of water originatingas precipitation which reaches the channel
by surface runoff, throughflow and baseflow.
Q = A X V
(Q: discharge, A: cross-sectional area and
V: velocity)
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
11/30
Velocity:
1. Velocity: speed of a river (m/s)
2. Velocity of a river is influence by 3 factors:
(i) Channel shape in cross-section.(ii) Roughness of the channels bed and
banks.
(iii) Channel slope.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
12/30
Patterns of flowAs water flows downhills under gravity, velocity decreases.
This is not only due to friction found along river bed andbanks, but also internal friction of water and air resistance
on the surface. There are two patterns of flow:
1.Laminar flow : horizontal movement of water
(rarely found), common in lava flow.
2. Turbulent: a series of erratic eddies, both vertical and
horizontal, in a downstream direction.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
13/30
3. Helicoidal flow: a corkscrew movement, in
a meander.
It is responsible for moving material from the
outside of one meander bend and depositing
on the inside of the next bend.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
14/30
Channel types
(a) Straight channel
(b) Braided channel(c) Meander channel
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
15/30
Straight channels
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
16/30
Braided channel
Braided reach of Lillooet River,
southwestern British Columbia.
What? A braided stream has islands/eyots of deposited material within the channel.
Description:Overall channel is straight with eyots and smaller channels.
It rapidly and frequently change position.
When?
It occurs when the load contain high proportion of coarser sands and gravel.
Area:
Semi-arid environment.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
17/30
MeanderWHAT? Bends in course of a river channel.HOW OCCUR?
1. Begin when a river approaches its middle course & gradient channelis less steep.
2. It results from helicoidal flow with faster current spirals downstream in
corkscrew fashion. Movement result in erosion on outside bend of meander to
form river cliff and deposit on inside bend called slip off slope.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. River cliff on outside of bend and gentle
sloping slip- off slope called point bar on
inside of bend of meander.
Read textbook (Geography An integrated approach, Waugh, D., p:79)
write briefly formation of Meander and ox-bow lake.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
18/30
Riffle and pools
Riffles: deposition of a coarse material that create
areas of shallow water.
Pools: areas of deeper water between riffles.
Pools and riffles developed in section along river channel
which create different gradient of channel.
Coarse pebbles create steeper gradient than eroded pools.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
19/30
Fluvial landforms
Effects of fluvial erosion:1. (a) V-shaped valleys
A river erode vertically by traction or saltation which resulted in a steep-
sided valley called a V-shaped valley.
Steepness of valley sides depend of factors such as:
(i) Climate: valley are steeper where there is sufficient rainfall. (for
mass movement and allow river to transport bedload and erode
vertically)
(ii) Rock structure: resistant, permeable rocks such as limestoneproduce vertical sides.
(iii) Vegetation: it helps to bind soil together and keep the hillslope
more stable.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
20/30
(b) Interlocking spurs
It forms because the river is forced to follow a winding course around
the protrusions of the surrounding highland, resulting in spurs interlock.
Interlocking spur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Interlocking_spurs%2C_Ashes_Hollow.jpg -
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
21/30
2. Water fall:
A waterfall form when a river, after flowing over relatively hard rock
meets a band of less resistant rock flow over the edge of a plateau.
Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break awayand the waterfall will steadily retreat upstream, creating a gorge of
recession
Havasu fall, Arizona.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Havasu_Falls_1a_md.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Waterfall_formation23.png -
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
22/30
(3) Rapids:
Rapids develop where the gradient of the river bed increases without a
sudden break of slope (as in a waterfall) or where stream flows over a
series of gently dipping bands of harder rock. Rapid increase the
turbulence of a river and hence its erosive power.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
23/30
Effect of fluvial deposition.
Deposition of sediment takes place where there is a decrease in energy
oran increase in capacitywhich makes the river less competent to
transport its load.
It can occur anywhere from upper course, where boulders may be left,
to the mouth where fine clays may be deposited.
FLUVIAL LANDFORMS:
Floodplains:
A floodplain is a mostly flat area of land bordering a river subjected to
periodic flooding. It is made of silts and sands which have beendeposited over many years by the river.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
24/30
(2) Levees
When river overflows its banks, the increase in friction produced by the
contact with the floodplain causes material to be deposited. The
coarsest material is dropped first to form a small, natural embankment
(levee) alongside the channel. During subsequent periods of low
discharge, further deposition will occur within main channel causing
bed of the river to rise and the risk of flooding to occur.
Floodplains and levees.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
25/30
(3) Braiding channels:
For short periods of year, some rivers carry a very high load in relation
to their velocity e.g. during snow melt periods in Alpine or Arctic areas.
When a rivers level falls rapidly, competence and capacity are
reduced, and channel become chocked with material, causing the river
to braid ( divide into a series of diverging and converging segments)
Braided channels.
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dbraided%2Bchannels%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-460%26x%3Dwrt&w=142&h=107&imgurl=www.state.sc.us%2Fforest%2Fchannel.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.sc.us%2Fforest%2Fbraid.htm&size=4.2kB&name=channel.gif&p=braided+channels&type=gif&no=20&tt=111&oid=041a880a842ae728&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dbraided%2Bchannels%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-460%26x%3Dwrt&w=400&h=250&imgurl=z.about.com%2Fd%2Fgeology%2F1%2F0%2F7%2FO%2Fbraidedriver.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fbl%2Fimages%2Fblbraidedstream.htm&size=54.8kB&name=braidedriver.jpg&p=braided+channels&type=jpeg&no=18&tt=111&oid=efe7dd2938878916&ei=UTF-8 -
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
26/30
(4) Delta:
It is composed of fine sediment which is deposited when a river losses
energy and competence as it flows into an area of slow moving water
such as a lake or sea. The shape resembled that of delta, the fourth
letter of the Greek alphabet ( )
Delta provide worlds fertile land, while shallow and frequently changing
river channels hinder navigation.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
27/30
There are three types:
(a) Arcuate (fan-shaped delta) : having rounded, convex outer margin e.g.Nile.
(b) Cuspate (tooths delta) : where material brought down by a river is spread
out evenly on either side of its channel. E.g. Tiber(c ) Birds foot: where the river has many distributaries bounded by sediment
and which extent out to sea like the claws of a birds foot.e.g. theMississippi.
Arcuate delta e.g. River Nile. Birds foot e.g.Mississippi river.
Cuspate delta e.g. Tiber.
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Driver%2Bdelta%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-460%26x%3Dwrt&w=1500&h=1001&imgurl=www.stchas.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fewilson%2FPhotos%2FMidwest%2FMississippi%2520River%2520Delta%2520001.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stchas.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fewilson%2FPhotos%2FMidwest%3FC%3DS%253BO%3DA&size=596.3kB&name=Mississippi+River+Delta+001.jpg&p=river+delta&type=jpeg&no=8&tt=38,957&oid=5b39bf9359973556&ei=UTF-8 -
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
28/30
FLOOD
Causes
Impact
Management Case studies
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
29/30
FloodingCAUSES (Human and physical factors)
(I) PHYSICAL FACTORS:
When does flooding occur? Water overflows river banks onto surrounding area.
Occur when water available is more than infiltration capacity.
When does water overflow?
1. Intense precipitation
2. Prolong rainfall in saturated soil.
i.e. clay prone to overlandflow (smaller pores)
Soil already saturated thus reduce infitration capacity. (prone to flood)
3. Sudden increase in temperature (rapid snow melt)
(II) HUMAN FACTORS:
1. Dam burst2. Land use (drainage system, digging ditch, ploughing up and down slope)
3. Urbanisation (land made impermeable in road building)
4. Deforestation.
-
7/27/2019 River Channel Processes Landforms 1234591289846057 3
30/30
Impact of flooding (case study: uk and brazil)Reference: AS Geography Pallister J. & Bowen, Ann, p: 34-38)
Flood management (Colorado & Bangladesh)
Ref: AS Geography, Pallister J. & Bowen, Ann, p:39-43)
IMPACTS AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Read from textbook below, draw a mind map/concept map