CHAPTER 2

RISK MANAGEMENT ANDASSESSMENT

SUBTOPIC2.1Introduction to Risk Management2.2Risk Assessment Techniques2.3HIRARC

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RISK MANAGEMENTIntegrate Risk Management as part of planning at all levels of business.Accept no unnecessary risks.Make risk decision appropriately.Accept risk when benefit overweigh costs.Manage the risk.

RISK ASSESSMENTWhy need to carry out risk assessment?

Logical and cost-effective management of occupational safety and health (OSH)Legal requirement- OSHA 1994 (Part IV S.15 General duties of Employers and Self Employed Person)- OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard) Regulation 1996- OSH (Use and Standard Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulation 2000c)Management system standard requirement- MS 1722:2003, OHSAS 18001, ISO 14001

Risk Assessment of the OrganizationRisk assessment should be carried out for:

Routine and non-routine activities i.e maintenance, shutdowns abnormal operation.Activities of all personal having access to the workplace (including subcontractors and visitors). Facilities at the workplace, whether provided by the organization or others such as contractors.

When to Carry Out Risk AssessmentBefore operationDuring operationAfter operationWhen to Review Risk AssessmentInternal changes before modification of plants, changes in organization, introduction of new materials, machinery, working procedure.External changes amendments of national law and regulations, development of new knowledge.

Who Will Carry Out Risk AssessmentPerson or persons trained to identify hazard and risk assessmentIn some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor

In typical organization, consultation with and involvement of the safety and health committee, supervisors or workers and their representatives.

Basic Components of Risk ManagementHazard IdentificationRisk AssessmentRisk ControlReview Control Measure

Classify Activities(Work, Product, Services, Activities)Identify HazardDetermine Risk Risk Control Action PlanReview Adequacy of Risk ControlDecide if Risk is TolerableDecide if Impact is Significant

HAZARD ANALYSISSome of the technique used:

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk ControlJob safety analysis (JSA)Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree AnalysisFocus on:

To analyze how and why accident could occur.Graphic technique.To calculate probability of end event.

Example - Fall from a Defective Ladder

Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection?

Why did the supervisor allow its use?

Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?

Was the employee properly trained?

Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?

Did the superior examine the job first?

FTA analysis steps:

Select a component for analysis.Identify critical failures or faults related to the component.Identify causes for each fault.Work toward a root cause.Identify countermeasures for each root cause.

FAULT TREE ANALYSISKNOWS LADDER IS DEFECTIVE BUT STILL DECIDES TO USE DEFECTIVE LADDERUNAWARE OF CONSEQUENCESDID NOT RECOGNIZE DEFECTTRAININGBELIEVES LADDER IS STILL SAFEFALL FROM LADDERWORKER USED DEFECTIVE LADDERDIDN'T KNOW LADDER WAS DEFECTIVEPROCEDURES MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENTLADDER WAS NOT INSPECTED ORGANISATIONNO SUPERVISIONNO SEGREGATIONNO CHOICEINCOMPATIBLE GOALS

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)JSA is a tool used to improve job safety through:

Identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated with each step of a job.Finding effective control measures to prevent or eliminate exposure.

Steps:

a)Select selecting the job to be analyzed.b)Record Breaking the job down into a sequence of task.c)Examine Identifying potential hazards associated with sequence of tasks.d)Develop Determining preventive measures to control hazards associated with sequenced of tasks.e)Install Ideally, after the hazards have been identified, safe work procedure should be developed and communicate to others.f)Monitor Monitor effectiveness of control measures, review and revised as and when necessary.

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)Develop by reliability engineer (1950s) to determine problems that could arise from malfunction of military systems.FMEA is a procedure by which each potential failure and the kinds of failures that could happen, at the component level in the systems are examined and analyzed to determine its effect on the system.The FMEA is used to assure that components failure modes and their effects have been considered and either eliminated or controlled; that information for maintenance and operational manuals has been provided; and that input to other safety analysis has been generated.

SystemScrubberComponentWater pumpFailure ModeInadequate waterflowFailure EffectIncreased environmental pollutionFailure Mode and Effect Analysis Table

Method of Identifying HazardReview document and publicationInspection and observationMeasurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of the workers.Hazard analysis

To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards);To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from it (the risks)To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.Purpose of HIRARC

Process of HIRARC

HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONSources of HazardMan Unsafe actsMachinery Installation, layout and design of equipmentMaterials Substances such as chemicals and gases use in the workplaceMethod The way people carry out their workMedia Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.

HAZARDPhyshosocialErgonomicsPhysicalChemicalBiologicalMechanicalElectricalClassification of Hazard

Work place inspections;Task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;Preliminary investigations;Potential accident factors;Failure analysis;Accident and incident investigations.Hazard Identification Techniques

RISK ASSESSMENTTypes of Risk Assessment

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment

Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation -Analyze the Risk

Very likely - could happen frequently

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never willDetermine likelihoodLikelihood

Determine severity categories i.e.:

Fatality

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health)

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health requiring days off work)

Negligible injuries (first aid)Severity

Qualitative Risk Table

Sheet1

SeverityLikelihood

Very LikelyLikelyUnlikelyHighly Unlikely

FatalityHighHighHighMedium

Major InjuriesHighHighMediumMedium

Minor InjuriesHighMediumMediumLow

Negligible InjuriesMediumMediumLowLow

Sheet2

Sheet3

Determine severity categories

4:Fatality & Permanent Disability3:More than 4 days MC 2:Less than or 4 days MC1:First aid and near misses Determine likelihood categories

4:Daily3:Weekly 2:Yearly1:Monthly Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

LIKELIHOODSEVERITYYearly Monthly Weekly Daily 1234First Aid and Near Misses11234Less than or 4 days MC22468More than 4 days MC336912Fatality & Permanent Disability4481216

LEVEL

OF

RISKAS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLERisk cannot be justifiedon any groundsALARPRisk is undertaken if a benefit is desiredReduce risk

No need for detailedactionTOLERABLE IF: ReductionImpracticalorCost / gain grosslyDisproportionate Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)TrivialDecision for Action

SubstitutionModify processEnclosureLocal exhaust Fugitive emission controlIsolationHousekeepingGeneral ventilationContinuous area monitoringDilution ventilationAutomation or remote controlTraining and educationWorker rotationEnclosure of workerPersonal monitoringPersonal protective devicesRISK CONTROLPrinciple of Control

Review measures regularly; modify if necessary

Comply with national laws and regulations

Reflect good management practice

Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reports from organizations such as:DOSH, OSH services, and others.

Consideration In Implementing Risk Control

MOST EFFECTIVEElimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVESubstitution replacing the hazard with one that presents lower risk.Isolation isolating or separating the hazard from the person, or the person from the hazards.Engineering control requires thinking about ways work could be done differently to make the world safer such as rearranging aspects of workplace, modifying equipment, combining tasks, changing procedures to eliminate hazardous step.

LEAST EFFECTIVEAdministrative reduction of exposure to risk through use of procedures or instruction.PPE worn by people as final barrier themselves and hazard.

Hierarchy Of Control

SUMMARYThe basic of OSH management is the identification of hazard, risk assessment, control of risk and review.Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of the workplace to reviewing legislation.Risk assessment allows an organization to build a sound basis for managing hazard.Hierarchy of hazard control starts with elimination; use of PPE is the last resort.