RiPPLETheme 3

WSS, Livelihoods & Growth

LondonNovember, 2007

RiPPLE• Research-inspired Policy & Practice

Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile Region• 5 year research program focused on

Water Supply & Sanitation (WSS) sector• 3 core themes (+ cross-cutting activities):

- Governance & Planning- Finance- Growth

• 3 regions; 6 focus woredas• Learning and Practice Alliances (LPAs)

linking research and implementation

RiPPLE concept

• RiPPLE conceptual framework focuses on two overlapping sets of issues:- Money into water (effective planning, finance and delivery of WSS services on a sustainable basis)

- Water into money (improved impact of WSS services on livelihoods & growth)

Theme 3 focus

• How does investment in water supply and sanitation contribute to the government’s wider objectives of economic growth and poverty reduction, and what are the implications for WSS sector policy and programming?

Background

• Literature review & concept paper

• Scoping studies in 3 regions• Stakeholder consultations (LPA)• Identification of key issues• Review of research methods• Development of research

proposals

Ongoing research activities

• National level analysiso Case study: links between changing

levels of access to WSS and patterns of economic growth and poverty reduction in Ethiopia

• Local level analysiso HH survey: relationship between WSS

access, poverty & livelihoods (each region)

o Case study: economic costs & benefits of multiple use systems (MUS)

o Case study: links between WSS access & Food Security (FS)

Long-term action research

Phase 2

National

Regional/woreda

Local

Macro level case study of WSS access,

poverty & growth (3 regions)

HH survey on relationship between WSS access, poverty &

livelihoods in each region(2 focus woredas)

Long term action-research linked to ongoing programme implementation (e.g. MUS & FS)

Case Study on

WSS and

Food Security

Case Study on Multiple

Use Systems

Phase 1

Case Study onIssue X

Case Study on Issue Y

Household Survey

• Purpose - to characterise (quantitatively) the relationship between WSS access, poverty and livelihoods in rural Ethiopia

• Methods – random sample of 1500 hhs in 20 kebele (High/lowland. Distance to market. WSS access).

Statistically significant/representative. • Expected results - detailed information on

availability, access and use of WSS facilities and how this relates to health, welfare and productivity of poor hhs

• Relevance to MUS Group - statistical analysis to assess the ‘effects’ of improved access to WSS on income, poverty and vulnerability, and the ‘determinants’ of improved WSS access in different areas

Questionnaire Modules

[See handouts for sample Qs]• HH characteristics• Access to water & sanitation• HH income & expenditure• Water, livelihoods & food

security• Labour productivity• [Nutrition not covered]

Relevance to MUS Group

Evidence/understanding of- significance/prevalence of multiple

uses/sources- factors affecting demand for MUS in

poor rural areas- costs & benefits associated with

changes in access- implications for financing &

management

- What else? Ideas welcome!

Water use, costs and benefits at household level

Water use

Costs Benefits

= single use = multiple use = incremental

Water :•Quantity•Quality•Reliability•Accessibility

Costs:•Investment costs •O&M •Rehabilitation•Indirect Support costs

Benefits:•Health benefits•Economic benefits

Water use

HardwareSoftware

•Impact costs

MUS Case Study• Purpose – In depth analysis of costs and benefits

of multiple use and the additional costs and benefits of multiple use as compared to single use.

Method/approach • Assessing costs (investment, O&M, indirect

support costs), water characteristics, water use and benefits

• At household level – at service level• For 3 cases:

1. initial situation -> single use (domestic) -> multiple use

2. initial situation -> MUS 3. initial situation -> single use (irrigation) -> multiple

use

The 3 cases

• Same types of systems: spring, gravity systems

• Similar environment: highland• Same woreda (similar support

structures)• Implemented by the same local

NGO (HCS)

The case study research

• Carried out by Learning and Practice Alliance members (NGO and government representatives from zonal and woreda level) easy access to information, building capacity and

ensuring uptake of lessons learnt

• Research activities– Grey literature review, interviews with project

and support staff, budget and expenditure reviews, community mapping, wealth ranking, focus group discussions, household record keeping, water measurements, yield measurements, use of the household survey data, etc. (research guidelines are under development)

Relevance to MUS Group

• Testing methodology for determining actual costs and benefits

• More insight in actual (additional) costs and benefits of mus