Right: Price list for dyes, 1886

Below: Bayer establishes pharmaceutical division, 1888. Aspirin, invented by Felix Hoffmann (left), was launched in 1899.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN GERMANY

CONSUMER PRODUCTS OF THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Ford’s first assembly line, 1913

Above: Mitsubishi shipyard and machinery works, 1885.

Below: Japan’s first passenger car, built by Mitsubishi in 1917

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN

On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry and his fleet of seven “Black Ships” arrived in Edo Bay (Tokyo) with the mission of opening Japan to American trade

•Emergency aid for American whaling ships

•Coaling station for US Navy

•America’s “manifest destiny” lay in civilizing the Asian-Pacific peoples

•Unequal treaties

•End of isolation and Meiji reform: education, military, industry

•Emperor, democracy, and the zaibatsu

www.us-japan.org/

http://www.japancorner.com/news/photos/photo_large_107.jpg

ANOTHER APPLICATION OF IMPROVED ENGINEERING

Gun factory in Coventry, England, early 1900s

The machine gun, invented in 1885 by a Maine-born inventor named Hiram Maxim, could fire 500 rounds per minute, and thus had the power of 100 rifles. It was adopted by the British army in 1889, and in the following year it was purchased by the armies of Austria, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Russia.

PARTITION OF AFRICA, c. 1870-1914

CORPORATIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE, 1860-1873

Why colonies?• European competition• European settlement• Civilizing mission• Raw materials• Cash crops• Suez Canal• Market for European products• Revenue• Food

Development or impoverishment?• Mass killings• No industrialization• Environmental degradation• Millions dead from famine

The Herero, who lived in modern-day Namibia, were machine-gunned and their wells were poisoned. Finally, they were driven into the desert to die. An estimated 80% of the Herero population was killed.

http://ww

w.sigi-benker.de/im

ages/kolofoto/imagefull/herero.htm

lNEW IMPERIALISM

BRITAIN DEFEATS THE BOERS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Abraham Wessels, a Boer child, in a concentration camp in Bloemfontein.

Concentration camps were invented by the British around 1901, not by the

Nazis in the 1940s

1841: An English cabinet maker and former Baptist preacher, Thomas Cook, arranges a special train for temperance supporters. Victorian social problems were often attributed to the use of alcohol.

1845: Cook undertook his first commercial venture – a trip to Liverpool. He published a 60-

page handbook for the journey – a forerunner of the holiday

brochure.

1851: Cook transported 150,000 people to the Great Exhibition.

1855: Cook went international with the

International Exhibition in Paris.

1884: The British government asked the company to organize a relief expedition on the Nile to rescue British troops at war in Khartoum, Sudan.

TRAVEL FOR LEISURE…AND

WAR

LATE VICTORIAN HOLOCAUSTS

Between 1876 and 1902, an estimated 31-60 million died from famine in India, China, and Brazil

Railways in India were used to ship grain to warehouses as prices went up

Source: Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (Verso: 2001)

Left: Famine victims, 1877. Right: Grain stores, Madras, 1877.

LATE VICTORIAN HOLOCAUSTS

“The Gujarati is a soft man, unused to privation, accustomed to earn his good food easily. In the hot weather he seldom worked at all and at no time did he form the habit of continuous labour. Large classes are believed by close observers to be constitutionally incapable of it. Very many even among the poorest had never taken a tool in hand in their lives. They lived by watching cattle and crops, by sitting in the fields to weed, by picking cotton, grain and fruit, and, as Mr. Gibb says, by pilfering.”

Source: Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (Verso: 2001)

When asked to explain the high rate of mortality in Gujarat, western India, a veteran district officer wrote in the official famine report:

Manila in the Spanish-American War, 1898

THE U.S. TAKES OVER THE PHILIPPINES

MASS MARKETING, NATIONALISM, AND WAR

We don’t want to fight,But by Jingo! if we doWe’ve got the ships,We’ve got the menAnd got the money, too!

(Popular song in Britain in the 1890s)

The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling

Take up the White Man's burden− Send forth the best ye breed−

Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;

To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild−

Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.

…Take up the White Man's burden−

The savage wars of peace− Fill full the mouth of Famine,

And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest

(The end for others sought) Watch sloth and heathen folly

Bring all your hope to nought.

…

McClure’s magazine, February 1899.

CONSUMERISM AND RACIAL IDEOLOGY

CONSUMERISM AND RACIAL IDEOLOGY