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International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 1

Mapping The LandscapeHow RFID is Revolutionising

The World Around US

Alfio Grasso

Deputy Director

Auto-ID Lab, ADELAIDE

UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE


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Objective

RFID BasicsHistory

Rising from the ashes!

Current Status EPCglobal

ISO

RegulatoryFuture


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RFID Basics


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Tag reading

Label

Transmitter

ReceiverCo

ntroller

Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain AntennaBut propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically WOn tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulationMore loss back to Reader RxTherefore a very weak reply is obtained

The black spot


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RFID Tags

TagsAttached to objects or items

Contains electronics (chip), and antenna

Most are passive (no power source)Active tags have a battery


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Matrics (Symbol) TagsClass 0


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Alien Technology TagsClass 1 Gen 1


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Intermec Tags18000-6TB


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Gen 2


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RFID Readers

Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control

Connected to antenna(s)

mostly external Energise tags (passive tags)

Commands tags (wake up active tags,

enables management of the tagpopulation)

Receive tag replies


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RFID Readers


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Gen 2 Compliant Readers


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RFID Antenna(s)


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Host CPU

Application Do something with the tag information

Potential to generate massive amounts ofdata

Once installed it costs virtually NOTHINGto read a tag!

Real time data => real time decisions

OHIO (Zero Human InvolvementOperations)*

* Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International


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History

RFID concept in WWII

Steady development ever since


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Early UHF work

1979 Surface Acoustic Wave

RFID University of Adelaide,

University of New South Wales TABTEK, X-cyte (XCI) MircroDesign

1988 Modulated BackscatterTechnology Discrete diodes ISD Amtech

Late 90s single chip UHF RFID

SCS Philips IBM=>Intermec


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ISO

SC31 established in 1996 Automatic Identification and Data

Capture Techniques

SC31/WG4 RFID for Item Management 1st meeting 26-28 August 1998

SC31/WG4/SG3 Air Interface 1st meeting 12th Jan 1999

UHF activity started in 2000 Ad-hoc meeting in September

2000 18000-6 WD by Dec 2001 18000-6 CD Sept 2002 FCD BRM Sept 2003 18000-6 Published 2004


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Key Events

Auto-ID Center, formation and EPC(2000)

RFID Chair at University of Adelaide,April 2001

Adelaide Auto-ID Lab, established2002

Gillette purchase (2003)

WAL*MART mandate (2003)


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Metamorphous

Auto-ID Center Terminated 31/10/2003

Spawned two organisations

Auto-ID Labs MIT, Cambridge (UK), Adelaide,

Fudan (China), Keio (Japan), StGallen/ETHZ (Switzerland) and in2005 ICU (Korea)

EPCglobal


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2000+ Players

Matrics

Founded 1999 Product July 2002

Symbol

Alien Founded 1995

Cheap Tag Program, 2001 Product Q1 2002

Impinj Founded 2000 Auto-ID Center HAG 2003 C1G2 chip 8 Apr 2005 EPCglobal certified 14 Sep 2005 Partnered with Texas Instruments


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Why Now!

Recent improvements in tag and reader technology

Better performance

Easier deployment and maintenance

Better use of existing infrastructure and

technologiesImprovements in tag and reader manufacturing

Cheaper tags and readers

Industry standardisation

EPCglobal and ISO

RFID Market To Reach $7 26Bn


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RFID Market To Reach $7.26BnIn 2008 *

A new market research report covering RFID from2005 to 2015, researched by IDTechEx. Bottom line is that this years global market for RFID

including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it willbe driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015.

1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers)

Active tags: 1390 million (cards)

Key volume applications for RFID technology access cards for the financial, security and safety markets

automotive and passenger transport sector

smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


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More Trends *

3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in

2006.By 2008 6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by

pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books,tickets and other non retail markets

But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/casesThe market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billionin the same year for other interrogators, such as NearField Communication interrogators.

Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48%of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia,followed by 32% to North America.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


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Current Status

EPCglobal

ISO

Regulatory


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EPCglobal Standards Development Process


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EPCglobal structure

TechnologySteering Committee

Public PolicySteering Committee

Auto-ID Labs

Business Action

Group - CP

Business SteeringCommittee

President,EPCglobal

GS1 GS1 USEPCglobal Boardof Governors

StaffArchitectural

Review Committee

Work Groups

Hardware ActionGroup

Software Action

GroupWork Groups

Work Groups

Business ActionGroup - HLS

Work Groups


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Membership Aug 2005


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Standards Development Process


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Working Groups

Business Steering Committee (BSC) Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)

Healthcare and Life Sciences (HLS)

Transport and Logistics (TLS)Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

Hardware Action Group (HAG)

Software Action Group (SAG)


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FMCG Working Groups

Data Exchange

European Adoption Programme (EAP)

Pilot and Implementation (P&I)

Reusable Transport Items (RTI)

Strategic PlanningTag and Inlay Standards

Asian Adoption Program (AAP)


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HLS Working Groups

StrategyPolicy

Process

Information

Technology

Research


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TLS - Working Groups

TransportationFour walls

Import ExportClearance

Integration


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HAG Working Groups

Class 1 Generation2 (Work completed)

Gen 2 Testing &Certification

Joints RequirementsGroup for Item LevelTagging

Others planned


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SAG Working Groups

Reader Protocol

Reader Management

Filtering and Collection

ONS

Security

Tag Data Translation

EPCIS Phase 2

Tag Data Standards


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Future Working Groups ?

AutomotiveAerospace

Electronics

Biologics


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EPCglobal Technical Standards

Hardware Action Group

Software Action Group

EPC l b l t k l d


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International Quality & Productivity Centre

RFID Integration 2005 37

EPCglobal network: roles andinterfaces

2004 EPCglobal

Green boxes

represent Specs.

Blue boxes

represent roles, notnecessarily discrete

components

ReaderReader

Reader Protocol / Mgmt Interface

F&C MiddlewareF&C Middleware

EPCIS CapturingApplication

EPCIS CapturingApplication

F&C Interface

EPCIS Query Interface

EPCISRepository

EPCISRepository

EPCIS

AccessingApplication

EPCISAccessingApplication

Partner

AccessingApplication

PartnerAccessingApplication

TagTag

Security

Systems

Mgmt

Tag Protocol (Gen2) / Tag Data Std

EPCIS Capture Interface

CaptureBusinessXactions& F&C Events

FirewallPush

Sharing

Push

Sharing


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EPC Event Layers

Reader

RFID

Middleware

Palletizer(Operational App)

EnterpriseApp

Reader Protocol

Reader

ALE

EPCIS

dozens of individual tag read events from specificantenna

between the time the case crossed the first beam and the

second beam at location L, the following tag was read

at time T, the association of the following case tags to

the following pallet tag was created at palletizer #3

R R


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EPCIS Concepts


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Capture Application

EPCIS Events

Operational Apps

Palletizer DockPortal

DockPortal

DockPortal

BackroomReceipt

Rack

CommissionObserve

ObserveAggregate

ObserveShipment

ObserveReceipt

ObserveDisaggregate

ObserveRestock

ObservePutaway

ImpactDoorway

ObserveShipment

Manufacturer Retailer

Dist Ctr Dist Ctr Store

TaggingStation


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Gen 2


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Inlay Costs

Alien C1G1 US$0.129 Qty > 1m - 13 Sept 2005 *

Avery Dennison C1G2 US$0.079 Qty > 1m - 20 Sept 2005 *

Inlay is the functional part of the tag Includes the integrated circuit and antenna

Usually "converted" to a tag by being placed in a plastic sleeve, adhesive, or other

housing that allows it to be stuck to items.

The final tag cost is therefore considerably morethan that of the bare inlay, often by two or threetimes.

*Source RFID Update


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Tag Costs

RSI ID Technologies

Finished, fully-validated, ready-to-use Gen2RFID labels

Under US$0.149, Qty > 1m 22 Sept 2005 *

*Source RFID Journal 23 Sept


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Gen 2 - Reader Costs

Applied Wireless Identifications(AWID)

MPR-3014 EPCglobal Gen 2 certified

4 antenna port reader WITH 4 antennas

US$1,000 each *.

* Source RFID Update 26 Sept 2005


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Gen 2 Compliance CertificatesReader Vendors

Alien Technology Applied Wireless

Devices (2)

Impinj

IntermecTechnologies (2)

MaxID Group

SymbolTechnologies

ThingMagic


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Gen 2 Compliance Certificates

Chip Vendors

Impinj Inc. Monza


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Gen 2 Compliance Certificates

Test Centres

Pacific RFID Performance Solutions;Hsinchu, Taiwan

Kimberly-Clark Corp. Auto-ID SensingTechnologies Performance TestCenter; USA

METRO Group AG/GS1 GermanyRFID Test Center, Germany

RFID Research Center, University ofArkansas, USA


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Gen 2 Chip Suppliers

Impinj Monza 96 epc

ST Microelectronics XRAG2

Supports KILL 432-bit memory (2 offerings)

Three memory banks (64 bits TID, 304 bits forEPC code and 64 bits reserved)

Four memory banks (128 bits user, 64 bits TID,176 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved).

US$0.07, Qty > 100,000

Philips

Texas Instruments


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ISO Standards


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RF Regulations

Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and

Medical useISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2)

13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)


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Other RFID Standards

ISO_IEC_18000-1 Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized

ISO_IEC_TR_18001 Application requirements profiles

ISO_IEC_18046 RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods

ISO_IEC_TR_18047-2 Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz

ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3 Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz

ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4 Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz

ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6 Test methods for air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz

ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7 Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz

ISO_IEC_19762 Harmonised Vocabulary

ISO_IEC_24710 Elementary Tag Licence Plate functionality, for 18000-2 to 18000-7


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Other Relevant ISO Standards

ISO_IEC_15418

EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data Identifiers andMaintenance

ISO_IEC_15424 Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers)

ISO_IEC_15434 Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media

ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1 & 2 Unique identification of transport units

Part 1: General Part 2: Registration procedures

ISO_IEC_15961 Data protocol: application interface

ISO_IEC_15962 Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions

ISO_IEC_15963 Unique identification for RF tags


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Regulatory


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ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)


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ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)EN300-220 & EN302-208

CEPT countries 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC


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ITU Region 2 (Americas)FCC Part 15.247

USA, Canada and Mexico

902 - 928 MHz : 4W EIRP FHSS, 500kHzwide channels permitted relaxedemission requirements within the wholeband.

Central & South AmericaGenerally similar to North America butvaries from country to country.


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ITU Region 3 (Asia)

Australia 918 - 926 MHz : 1W EIRP 920 926 MHz : 4W EIRP

Experimental

Strict conditions apply

New Zealand 864 - 868 MHz : 4W EIRP

Elsewhere in Asia Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below

China 917 to 922 2W ERP

Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP & 920-925 4W EIRP

Japan 952 - 954 MHz : 4W EIRP (licensed) Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP

Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP & 923-925 2W ERP (licence)

South-Korea 910 914 MHz

Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)


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Australian 4W RFID licence


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Experimental Licence

The original licence for RFID 1W EIRP, 918 to 926 MHz

Experimental 4W EIRP Licence Granted to GS1 Australia

12 July 2005

Operates from 920 to 926 MHz

Only licence that will be granted

Statistics needed to determine

possible interference toVodaphone Receiver base station at 915 MHz


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GS1 Contact

For details contact Fiona Wilson

[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Future?

F t


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Future

RFID deployed in supply chains

Anything that is mobile is a candidate

RFID used for item management Retail, Pharmaceutical, Asset

Management, Access, Airline Baggage,Credit Cards, Money, Food Traceability,Security, Authentication, etc.

Integrated Mobile Phone Connected to internet

RFID reader

RFID d S


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RFID and Sensors

RFID with sensors Ubiquitous Sensors

Bio-sensors and RFID

VeriChip Ubiquitous Health


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ISA combines three systems:

GPS for locationVideo recognition of speed signs

RFID devices in speed signs whichtransmit information to passing cars.

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)

25th Sept 2005

N T h l i


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New Technologies

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical

Systems )

Printed & Organic Electronics

Atomic Electronics

N T h l i 2


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New Technologies - 2

Smart Dust or

eGrains (SmartStones) Tiny smart

processors

Wirelessly connectedto each

Invisible network, ad-hoc

Sharing data Reporting sensor

information


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Conclusions

C l i


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Conclusions

RFID is NOW Gen 2 available, inlays less than 10 cents

Many RFID related Standards Published Many people working on those standards

> 1500 people within EPCglobal workgroups

Multi-vendor support for the standards

Conformance documents being published/developedUHF band opening up Many GS1 countries already have band allocations Australia well placed (2nd best in the world)

4W EIRP 12 by 500 kHz wide channels

Future RFID Limited by Imagination

F th I f ti


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AUTO-ID LABS Further Information

Alfio Grasso

Deputy Director

Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide

General Manager

RFID AutomationUniversity of Adelaide

Web: www.rfidautomation.org

Email : [email protected]: (08) 8303 6473

Mob: 0402 037 968
http://www.rfidautomation.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.rfidautomation.org/

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