autologistics & scm 20051 climbing the rfid learning curve alfio grasso deputy director, auto-id...

AutoLogistics & SCM 2005 1

AUTO-ID LABS

Climbing the RFID Learning Curve

Alfio Grasso

Deputy Director, Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide

General Manager, RFID Automation


AUTO-ID LABS OverviewRFID backgroundRFID in AustraliaImplementationAssessment criteriaReader issuesTag issuesData issuesHuman issues

PrivacyChampionRFID Solution ProvidersAuto-ID Lab, Adelaide

Australasian Adoption Research Initiative (AARI)Conclusions


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Background


AUTO-ID LABS Why now for RFID?

RFID invented in WWII Steady development over last 50+ years

Recent improvements in tag and reader technology Better performance Easier deployment and maintenance Better use of existing infrastructure and

technologiesImprovements in tag and reader manufacturing Cheaper tags and readers

Industry standardisation EPCglobal and ISO


AUTO-ID LABS RFID

Radio Frequency Identification Automatic Data Capture Uses RF to communicate

Basic Elements Tags Readers/Antennas Host CPU


AUTO-ID LABSTag reading

L ab e l

T ra n sm itte r

R e c e iv e rController

Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain AntennaBut propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically µWOn tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulationMore loss back to Reader RxTherefore a very weak reply is obtained

The black spot


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Tags

Tags Attached to objects or items Contains electronics (chip), and antenna Most are passive (no power source) Active tags have a battery


AUTO-ID LABS Matrics (Symbol) Tags


AUTO-ID LABS Alien Technology Tags


AUTO-ID LABS Intermec Tags


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers

Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control Connected to antenna(s)

mostly external Energise tags (passive tags) Commands tags (wake up active tags,

enables management of the tag population)

Receive tag replies


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Antenna(s)


AUTO-ID LABS Host CPU

Application Do something with the tag information Potential to generate massive amounts of

data Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING

to read a tag! Real time data => real time decisions OHIO (Zero Human Involvement

Operations)** Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International


AUTO-ID LABS RFID in Australia – closed loop

Vehicle Identification Passenger and commercial vehicles

Rail Passenger, Sugar, Minerals, Steel

Waste Management Domestic and Industrial

Access Control Time and Attendance, Vehicle

ManufacturingLibrary


AUTO-ID LABSElectronic Toll Collection


AUTO-ID LABS Extended Read Range


AUTO-ID LABS Vehicle ID, Sugar Industry

Photos courtesy of Mirrabooka Systems


AUTO-ID LABS Steel Production


AUTO-ID LABS Hot-Axle Detection and RFID

Photo courtesy of Sugar Research Institute


AUTO-ID LABS Location ID


AUTO-ID LABS Industrial Waste Management


AUTO-ID LABS Domestic Waste Management


AUTO-ID LABS Manufacturing

Photo taken at Hendersons Automotive Technologies Pty Ltd


AUTO-ID LABS Library

Photos courtesy of the National Library Board Singapore


AUTO-ID LABS

Photo taken at Carlton & United Beverages

Warehouse Management


AUTO-ID LABS Warehouse Management

Photo taken at Carlton & United Beverages


AUTO-ID LABS Warehouse Management


AUTO-ID LABS Paper Roll Identification


AUTO-ID LABS Vehicle Manufacture


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Potential


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Market To Reach $7.26Bn In 2008 *

A new market research report covering RFID from 2005 to 2015, researched by IDTechEx.

Bottom line is that this year’s global market for RFID including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it will be driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015.

1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers) Active tags: 1390 million (cards)

Key volume applications for RFID technology have been in markets such as access cards for the financial, security and safety markets, or for the automotive and passenger transport sector, with smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


AUTO-ID LABS More Trends *

3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in 2006. By 2008

6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books, tickets and other non retail markets

But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/cases

The market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14 billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billion in the same year for other interrogators, such as Near Field Communication interrogators.Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48% of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia, followed by 32% to North America.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


AUTO-ID LABS

Standards

EPCglobal

ISO

Regulatory


AUTO-ID LABS EPCglobal structure

TechnologySteering Committee

Public PolicySteering CommitteeAuto-ID Labs

Business ActionGroup - CP

Business SteeringCommittee

President,EPCglobal

GS1 GS1 USEPCglobal Boardof Governors

StaffArchitecturalReview Committee

Work Groups

Hardware ActionGroup

Software ActionGroup

Work Groups

Work Groups

Business ActionGroup - HLS

Work Groups


AUTO-ID LABS RF Regulations

Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and

Medical useISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2) 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)


AUTO-ID LABS UHF

The UHF tags will be able to be read by readers operating within 860 – 960 MHz range.The readers will be restricted to a small subset of this range depending on where in the world they are being operated.There are also regulations on the amount of power emitted by the readers depending on where the readers are being used.Therefore, a tag may be applied to an item and shipped anywhere in the world, but a reader has to be specifically set up for the region or country


AUTO-ID LABS

Map of the ITU regions


AUTO-ID LABS

Implementation Plan


AUTO-ID LABS Implementation Plan

Define your RFID implementation & metrics Compliance Reduce Inventory Stock Visibility Reduce Costs Increase asset utilisation Reduce shrinkage Reduce/eliminate shipping errors

Consider existing infrastructure Vendors Customers


AUTO-ID LABS Plan Cont

Investigate world standards ISO or EPC

Choose frequency of operation 13.56 (HF) or 860 to 960 MHz (UHF)

Extensive pilot or test plan

Develop assessment criteria for solution providers

Minimise scope creep!


AUTO-ID LABS

Business case - ROI


AUTO-ID LABS Business case – ROI *

Create a cross functional team Senior Executives from manufacturing,

operations, packaging, warehouse management, security and finance

Educate the Team Real RFID performance and expectations Leverage the data, both internally amongst

operational departments, but eventually with outside trading partners

* Source The Road to ROI, RFID Journal Mar 2005


AUTO-ID LABS Business case – ROI Cont

Identify the problems and opportunities Resolve issues Change to processes, packaging etc

Define the scope of the RFID deployment Concentrate on which macro-level problem will

deliver the most benefits to the organisation List factors within the company’s control that

contribute to that macro-level problem Narrow the scope, maybe by region, department

or area. Consider pallet level rather than case or item



Analyse operations and processes Itemise the business processes, quantifying

processes Breakdown all processes, not just the clearly

inefficient ones

Prioritise Projects Could end up with 5 to 7 RFID projects Can the same RFID infrastructure be used for

more than 1 project? Related projects most likely to deliver results



Assess financial impact Benefits as well as costs Tag and Reader costs Installation (power, comms, antenna

infrastructure) Operational Costs

Impact of other projects Other projects may add to the benefits and

yet reduce costs



Sensitivity Analysis Cost of components, tags, reader etc. Mandates

Revisit the business case regularly As with any plan, review and re-evaluation

is key to its success Report progress


AUTO-ID LABS

EPCglobal Network


AUTO-ID LABS Network Stack


AUTO-ID LABS

Solution Providers


AUTO-ID LABS

Evaluate Solution Providers Tag Manufacturers Reader Manufactures IT infrastructure Installation Commissioning Maintenance Upgrades


AUTO-ID LABS

IT Impacts


AUTO-ID LABS

IT System impacts Interface to existing system, or new

system! Accuracy of that data Accumulation of much more data Decision processes with that data, making

the data USEFUL!


AUTO-ID LABS

RF Issues


AUTO-ID LABS RF Issues Cont

RFID issues in your environment RF Interference

LAN, Other RFID Readers, EMI, Bluetooth, 802.11

Metal Moisture Allow time for experimentation

Expansion Scope creep or leverage

Duplication


AUTO-ID LABS RF Issues Cont

RFID Design Hardware Systems Fixed or portable RFID readers?

Portable not OHIO (that is not automatic)! Business processes Simulation?


AUTO-ID LABS

Purchasing and Deployment


AUTO-ID LABS Purchase/Deploy

Equipment Supply Development Manufacture lead times Engineering work and preparation

Deployment of infrastructure Readers and Antennas IT Systems Ancillary equipment


AUTO-ID LABS Purchase/Deploy

Tags Supply Initialisation (EPC code and data) Database update Installation Verification

Training Employees, Managers, IT development


AUTO-ID LABS

Integration


AUTO-ID LABS Integration

Integration into IT systems Database design Scalability New/Existing Interim period

Exceptions, when no tag applied! Evaluation of performance Fine adjustments Upgrade path


AUTO-ID LABS Integration Cont

Other partners Suppliers Customers Competitors

Finally Rollout Duplicate (other sites, divisions) Expand (RFID applications) Leverage (RFID infrastructure)


AUTO-ID LABS

Assessment Criteria


AUTO-ID LABS Assessment Criteria

Range of Hardware Tags, Readers, Volume, Vendors, Standards,

Frequency, Host platforms, Ancillary equipment, Upgrades, Expansion

Range of IT Solutions Integration into legacy systems Privacy Expansion

Services Global or Local Site Inspection, Design, Installation,

Commissioning, Maintenance Partner networks (hardware, middleware)


AUTO-ID LABS Assessment Criteria Cont

Relevant experience in your industryTesting ISO 18047-X Conformance Test Methods ISO 18046 Performance Test Methods EPCglobal (Gen 2 V1.0.2) Conformance Test

Methods Vendor test Facility Testing your products in your installation(s)

Development/Customisation Tags and Readers, ancillary sensors Packaging, Cost, IP issues

Maintenance


AUTO-ID LABS

Reader & Tag Issues


AUTO-ID LABS Reader Issues

Reader location is important, but local

Antenna Tunnel/Portal (multiple antennas) Circular Vs Linear

Host Interface, online Remote restart Alarm/alerts/Heartbeat Self diagnostic tests Upgrades


AUTO-ID LABS Portal


AUTO-ID LABS Shielding

Photo courtesy of RFID Journal


AUTO-ID LABS RF Friendly


AUTO-ID LABS Neatness Counts!


AUTO-ID LABS Temporary Conditions


AUTO-ID LABS Location Location Location

Tag location will be crucial for performance Want global use for product/tag life

Optimal location for RF Tag may not be the same as the location for a human readable tag/labelConsider composition of the object If lots of metal, then look for gaps! Metal surface can be used to extend the read

range λ/4

Life time environmental exposure


AUTO-ID LABS Location

Photos courtesy of RFID Journal


AUTO-ID LABS Process flow

Consider a change to the process flow How package is handled, stored and pallet

stacked

Change packaging to be RFID friendly

Test tag after application Metal, moisture, damage


AUTO-ID LABS

Data Issues


AUTO-ID LABS Data

RFID data Once installed, no real additional cost to read a tag

Sensor data Temperature, Weight, etc

Savants – filters/concentratorsRFID enabled enterprise applicationsDatabase maintenance

Legacy data Accuracy of data

Exchange data with partners Vendors and Customers UCCnet Global Registry

Scalable


AUTO-ID LABS

The Human Touch!


AUTO-ID LABS Human Issues

Privacy Establish a privacy committee Consider all users, employees, contractors,

customers, vendors, supply chain personnel

Employees Explanation Efficiency, bottom line benefits Training


AUTO-ID LABS

Privacy Issues


AUTO-ID LABS Definition

* The interest that individuals have in sustaining a personal space free from interference by other people and organisations

Source: Roget Clarke of the ANU


AUTO-ID LABS Threats *

Association: Personal identity associated with one or more tags

Transaction: Identity associated with a transaction, even if paying

with cashInventory: Reading the tags/hence items on your person

Location: Identifying the location of tagged objects

Preference: Marketers generating a profile based on tagged

goods* Source RFID and the Law: John O’Callaghan, Impetus 2005


AUTO-ID LABS FIP

Fair Information Practices Origins back to 1973

4 Principles Notice Choice Access Security


AUTO-ID LABS Privacy Issues

However, FIP does not go far enough for RFID Several High Profile RFID trials/tests had

to be withdrawn Benetton The InClass RFID system deployed in and local

school in Sutter, California * In 2003 Marks & Spencer

Consulted multiple groups Addressed concerns BEFORE deployment

* Source http://wired-vig.wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,66554,00.html


AUTO-ID LABS Privacy *

Develop a Privacy Policy and ENFORCE IT!Engage consumer groups BEFORE implementationEducate Users

Adverts, Pamphlets, Posters, Internet, Toll free line.

Disclose the use of RFID Tags and Readers

Not only the tagged goods, but also the presence of readers Consumer acceptance of reader locations But if hidden readers are used, consumer trust could be

shattered! EPCglobal Logo

More printed info on the label Web address for more information

* Source Privacy & Profits, RFID Journal July 2005


AUTO-ID LABS Privacy Cont

Inform on the Use of RFID Even if you are not using RFID, but goods, boxes

etc may come into your facility, tell the consumer.Educate/Inform Staff Management Public relations Store personal, in contact with consumers

Direct to customer service or website

Don’t write personally identifiable information to the TAG Contradiction of FIP Illegal under the European Unions Directive on

Privacy and Electronic Communication



Secure the data and limit what you collect Apply the same level of security to EPC

data as one would apply to any customer data.

Avoid associating the EPC number with the person purchasing the item. No clear benefit in knowing what unique item is

being purchased by an individual



Choice Kill or remove Don’t tie returns to having an active (working) tag Still have discounts and participate in loyalty

programs, even if they choose to kill the tag. Opt in or Opt out

Do consumers opt in , or do they have to opt out. Opt in is safer as the consumer has made a positive choice

Consumer to have the right to view any information stored about them. Correct if wrong, or delete

Consumers to have the right to choose to share that information with 3rd Parties



Keep Privacy policy up to date Reflect changes in technology, processes Reassess the communication strategy to

keep consumers informed


AUTO-ID LABS

Champion


AUTO-ID LABS Champion

Approval from the TOPRealistic Expectations Start small but think big

Small enable fine adjustments (experiment) Big so as to leverage RFID throughout the business

Don’t oversell External/Internal expertise

Partner with both suppliers and customersPossible change to business processesOther infrastructure Sensors, EAS, anti-counterfeit, engineering

Periodic assessment


AUTO-ID LABS

C1G2 de-mystified


AUTO-ID LABS

Differences between C1G1 and C1G2

Single global standardOptimised performance in different regulatory environmentsDesigned with higher class tags in mindDense reader mode

Alternate channels for tag reply Narrower spectrum use

Dual methods of backscatter FM0 and Miller

Secure read-write memory 4 memory banks Longer Passwords for access, lock and kill functions

Aloha based anti-collisionSessions

Multi-reader functionalityFaster read rates up to 640 kbpsReduction/elimination of ghost readsSelectionAB Symmetry


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Solution Provider’s Profile


AUTO-ID LABS Associations

Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide autoidlab.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/ RFID Automation (contract research)

www.rfidautomation.org Australasian Adoption Research Initiative

[email protected]

EPCglobal Australia www.ean.com.au/services/epcglobal/_epcglobal.asp

GS1 Australia www.gs1au.org


AUTO-ID LABS Web

Subscribe to online publications Journals, Newsletters, Manufacturers, Industry

Associations

Favourites Http://www.rfidjournal.com/ http://www.hightechaid.com/ http://www.abiresearch.com/reports/RFID.html http://www.rfidtalk.com

Other sources http://members.surfbest.net/eaglesnest/

rfid_mfg.htm


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID newshttp://www.umd.com.au/rfid/links_rfid_news.html


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Solution Providers (alphabetical order)

Alien Technologies www.alientechnology.com

Bar Code Data Systems (BCDS) www.bcds.com.au

Datanet www.data.net.au

Electro-com http://www.electrocom.com.au/

Global Licensing & Innovation www.glandi.com

IBM http://www.ibm.com


AUTO-ID LABS Cont

iCrystal www.icrystal.com.au

Intermec http://www.intermec.com

Magellan Technology www.magtech.com.au

Mirrabooka Systems [email protected]

Radio Terminal Systems www.radterm.com.au


AUTO-ID LABS Cont

Sunshine Technologies www.sunshinetechnologies.com.au

Symbol Technologies http://www.symbol.com/category.php?category=18

Tyco/Sensormatic http://www.sensormatic.com/home.asp

Unique Micro Design (UMD) http://www.umd.com.au/rfid/

UPM Rafsec www.rafsec.com


AUTO-ID LABS

Adelaide, Auto-ID Lab

Contract Research via RFID Automation


AUTO-ID LABS Background

Established in 2002 by the Auto-ID Center, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

One of 7 Auto-ID Labs around the world Others are in UK, USA, Japan, China,

Switzerland and Korea

Now funded by EPCglobal Inc

Contract Research available at the Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide


AUTO-ID LABS Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide

Core Research

Applied Research Integration Applications

Technical Services

Education


AUTO-ID LABS Research Projects

The design of cost effective and small footprint tag antennas, suitable for attachment onto metal surfaces.Interference studies in high density reader environments.Electromagnetic propagation studies applicable to European RegulationsHigh security authentication tagsDual frequency tags, ones that employ UHF techniques for supply chain applications and then HF for item management applications.Passive RFID chip design (modules for implementation)Analysis and measurement of new forms of reader to tag signalling


AUTO-ID LABS Research Projects Cont

Analysis of measuring equipment, i.e. understanding the test regulations with respect to the forms of signalling employed by RFID readersAnalysis and development of reader architecturesAutonomously networking tags (Class IV)Trigger circuits for battery assisted tags.An analysis of noise sources in RFID readersUniversal Class 2 tagsFilters that may be required to reduce spurious emissions (Japan and Australia)The use of LF RFID in applications where HF and UHF may not provide an adequate RFID solution, such as in granular media.Merged EAS and RFID tag


AUTO-ID LABS Contract Research

Available via RFID Automation Separate from the EPCglobal funded work Commercial Infrastructure

Adelaide Research & Innovation Pty Ltd Intellectual Property Protection


AUTO-ID LABS

Australasian Adoption Research Initiative

Established in April 2005Mechanism for the Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide to conduct research into RFID that is relevant to Australian and New Zealand industry.Foster adoption of the RFID technology being developed by EPC Global. Enables participation by companies across a broad range of industries and applications, to network and gain access to the wealth of expertise and experience in RFID.Act as Industry Reference Group for the adoption of RFID including consultation and advice to SMEs and Governments.


AUTO-ID LABS Benefits of membershipOpportunity to input into the direction of research programsAccess to hosted visits at the Labs Invitations to industry networking meetings designed to

keep you informed of key technical and management issues and industry developments

enable you to meet your peers in an informal setting (usually over dinner at a university site) to facilitate business relationships

Access to technology advances through regular activity reports issued by the LabReceive notices of specialist RFID related seminarsReceive periodic reports on EPCglobal’s HAG and SAG action groupsPriority access to personnel at Auto ID Labs Adelaide as well as access to extensive test equipment on agreed basisAbility to access information on RFID vendors and solution providers and have the ability to check their compliance statementsCustomised meetings – arrange presentations seminars and laboratory visits for members in response to requests for university research contacts


AUTO-ID LABS Conclusion

RFID ≡ Automatic Data Capture

RFID is about management

Lots of RFID experience in Australia

Plan

Educate users employees, customers, suppliers


AUTO-ID LABS

Questions


AUTO-ID LABS Further Information

Alfio GrassoDeputy DirectorAuto-ID Lab, AdelaideGeneral Manager

RFID AutomationUniversity of AdelaideWeb: www.rfidautomation.orgEmail : [email protected]: (08) 8303 6473Mob: 0402 037 968

http://www.rfidautomation.org/

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