Revolutions in Latin AmericaRevolutions in Latin AmericaCASE STUDYCASE STUDY

Social Classes in Spanish-AmericaSocial Classes in Spanish-America

1.1. PeninsularesPeninsulares – People who were born – People who were born in Spain.in Spain.

2.2. CreolesCreoles – Spaniards who were born in – Spaniards who were born in Latin America.Latin America.

3.3. MestizosMestizos - People of mixed European - People of mixed European and Indian ancestryand Indian ancestry

4.4. MulattosMulattos – People of mixed European – People of mixed European and African ancestry.and African ancestry.

5.5. IndiansIndians were at the bottom of the were at the bottom of the Social LadderSocial Ladder

Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture led the led the independence for the island of Haiti.independence for the island of Haiti.

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar led the independence led the independence for Venezuela.for Venezuela.

Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin led the led the independence for Argentina.independence for Argentina.

Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo took the first steps took the first steps toward Mexico’s independence.toward Mexico’s independence.

Mexican Revolution – Case Mexican Revolution – Case StudyStudy

Causes for the Mexican RevolutionCauses for the Mexican Revolution1.1. Mexico was ruled by a brutal Mexico was ruled by a brutal

dictator;dictator; Porfirio Diaz.Porfirio Diaz.

2.2. All the wealth belonged to the upper All the wealth belonged to the upper class.class.

The slogan for the Mexican Revolution was The slogan for the Mexican Revolution was “Liberty, Order, Progress”“Liberty, Order, Progress”

A struggle for PowerA struggle for Power

Porfirio Diaz Porfirio Diaz was was was a was a General that General that overthrew the overthrew the former former President of President of Mexico and Mexico and ruled as a ruled as a dictator.dictator.

A Struggle for PowerA Struggle for Power

Emiliano Emiliano ZapataZapata was a was a Native Native American who American who fought against fought against the tyranny of the tyranny of Mexico.Mexico.

A Struggle for PowerA Struggle for Power

““Pancho” Villa Pancho” Villa was the rebel was the rebel leader in leader in Northern Mexico Northern Mexico that stole from that stole from the rich and gave the rich and gave to poor. (Robin to poor. (Robin Hood)Hood)

Reforms of Mexican Constitution Reforms of Mexican Constitution 19171917

PoliticalPolitical SocialSocial EconomicEconomic

1.1. Break up of Break up of Large Large estates.estates.

2.2. Restrictions Restrictions on foreign on foreign ownership ownership of landof land

3.3. Right to Right to strikestrike

1.1. Public Public Education Education

2.2. Official Official language language of Mexico, of Mexico, SpanishSpanish

1.1. Minimum Minimum wage for wage for workersworkers

2.2. Equal pay Equal pay for equal for equal workwork

Cultural NationalismCultural Nationalism

Mexico broke away Mexico broke away from many Spanish from many Spanish customs and customs and developed developed “Mexican” ones.“Mexican” ones.

NationalismNationalism

NationalismNationalism is the belief that people is the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-that should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people with whom they share a is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history.culture and history.

NationalismNationalism Destroys Empires Destroys Empires

The emergence of nationalism The emergence of nationalism left empires that were ruled with left empires that were ruled with many different ethnic many different ethnic backgrounds in disarray.backgrounds in disarray.

Austro-Hungarian Empire, The Austro-Hungarian Empire, The Ottoman Empire and the Russian Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire were all toppled do to Empire were all toppled do to nationalism.nationalism.

The Austro-Hungarian EmpireThe Austro-Hungarian Empire Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,

Poles, and Serbs were all ethnic Poles, and Serbs were all ethnic backgrounds ruled under Kingbackgrounds ruled under King Francis Francis Joseph I.Joseph I.

In 1866 the In 1866 the Austro-Prussian WarAustro-Prussian War, or (Seven , or (Seven Weeks War), made the emperor give up Weeks War), made the emperor give up territory and eventually broke the empire territory and eventually broke the empire apart.apart.

The Russian EmpireThe Russian Empire

Poles, Ukrainians, Turks, Jews, Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, Turks, Jews, Finns, Russians, and Romanians were all a Russians, and Romanians were all a part of the Russian Empire.part of the Russian Empire.

The Romanov Dynasty ruled for 400 The Romanov Dynasty ruled for 400 years under the policy of years under the policy of Russification,Russification,

RussificationRussification is imposing Russian is imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the culture on all ethnic groups in the empire.empire.

The Collapse of the Russian The Collapse of the Russian EmpireEmpire

The combination of World War I, The combination of World War I, and the Communist Revolution and the Communist Revolution weakened the czarist empire.weakened the czarist empire.

The Empire collapsed in 1917.The Empire collapsed in 1917.

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans controlled Greeks, The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians.Armenians.

After World War I, the Ottoman After World War I, the Ottoman Empire broke apart into Empire broke apart into nationalistic nations.nationalistic nations.

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic group called group called Young Italy.Young Italy.

The Nationalists looked to The Nationalists looked to Piedmont-SardiniaPiedmont-Sardinia to unify Italy because it was the most powerful to unify Italy because it was the most powerful and largest of the Italian states.and largest of the Italian states.

King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of Sardinia. He appointed Sardinia. He appointed Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister.as his Prime Minister.

Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy Cavour made an Cavour made an

alliance with France alliance with France and soon provoked a and soon provoked a war with Austria. war with Austria. Austria was dispelled Austria was dispelled from Italy.from Italy.

Cavour then recruited Cavour then recruited a nationalist army a nationalist army called the called the Red ShirtsRed Shirts led by led by Giuseppe Giuseppe Garibaldi.Garibaldi.

Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany

In 1861 In 1861 Wilhelm IWilhelm I became the emperor became the emperor to the throne of Prussiato the throne of Prussia..

Wilhelm appointed the Junker Wilhelm appointed the Junker Otto von Otto von Bismarck.Bismarck.

Junker were members of Prussia’s Junker were members of Prussia’s wealthy land owners.wealthy land owners.

Bismarck took on the policy Bismarck took on the policy “Blood and “Blood and Iron”.Iron”.

Unification through WarUnification through War Bismarck picks a Bismarck picks a

fight with Austria-fight with Austria-Hungary over Hungary over territories in territories in Denmark in the Denmark in the Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War..

Then, in order to Then, in order to persuade southern persuade southern Catholic Germans to Catholic Germans to unify, he picked a unify, he picked a fight with France.fight with France.

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War Causes:Causes: Bismarck altered a telegram Bismarck altered a telegram

between Wilhelm I and the French between Wilhelm I and the French Ambassador that insulted the Ambassador that insulted the French.French.

80,000 French forces were 80,000 French forces were surrounded including Napoleon III.surrounded including Napoleon III.

King Wilhelm I was crowned King Wilhelm I was crowned KaiserKaiser at the Palace of Versailles. at the Palace of Versailles.

The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War

The Balance of Power shiftsThe Balance of Power shifts By 1871, By 1871, Great Britain and GermanyGreat Britain and Germany

were the two most powerful nations in were the two most powerful nations in Europe; both militarily and economically.Europe; both militarily and economically.

Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons A French newspaper A French newspaper

portrayed Otto von portrayed Otto von Bismarck as gobbling Bismarck as gobbling up individuals.up individuals.

The knife represents The knife represents foreign policy through foreign policy through means of war.means of war.

The author portrays him The author portrays him moving very fast; don’t moving very fast; don’t get in his way, if you do get in his way, if you do then you are eaten up.then you are eaten up.

A Struggle for PowerA Struggle for Power

Emiliano Emiliano ZapataZapata was a was a Native Native American who American who fought against fought against the tyranny of the tyranny of Mexico.Mexico.