Revolution or Evolution

Ch.4 Revolution or EvolutionBell Ringer The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American. 9/18

-What do you think this quote is saying or means?-When do you think it was written?ObjectivesUnderstand why the British started to follow through

Explain how the colonists responded to the new enforcement.

Be able explain the numerous Acts that the British enforced

Understand the ways Americans countered the Acts. The PressZenger CaseRisk of libel for offending authorities1735- John Peter Zenger (New York editor and publisher)

Brought to trial for criticizing NYC royal governor.

Andrew Hamilton argued Zenger spoke the truth Zenger was acquitted

Consequences of Zenger Huge victory for newspapers and their ability to write more freely.

Importance/significance?George Grenville: Prime Minister 1763Initiates a series of new revenues and regulations:Sugar Act(1764)

Quartering Act (1765)

Stamp Act (1765)

Preamble to the Sugar Act

"it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same.

Preamble to the Sugar ActSugar ActPurpose: It was meant to raise money for the crown.

Duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries.

Stricter regulations on Navigation Acts and smuggling.

Quartering ActColonists had to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers in their colonies.

Stamp ActPurpose: Raise funds to support British military forces. Revenue stamps placed on most printed paper money, legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, & advertisements. WHY is this a big deal???

Stamp Act ProtestsAnger in all the colonies

Patrick Henry- Claimed no taxation without representation. Sons and Daughters of Liberty were created.

Stamp Act ProtestsSons and Daughter of Liberty lead protests

Secret societyPurpose: Intimidate tax agents. Ex: Tar and feather

**Boycott British imports**

Patrick HenryGave a speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses (1765)Argued:

-Taxes should come only from the Virginia assembly

-Anyone in favor of Parliament tax was an enemy.Printed in the Virginia Resolves

Declaratory Act 1766Parliament repealed Stamp Act

Declaratory Act- Full right of Parliament to tax and make laws for the colonies. (in all cases whatsoever)

Declaratory Act Consequences Gives parliament full authority over the colonies. Townshend Acts 1767 Chancellor of the exchequer (economic responsibility)- Charles Townshend proposes

Duties on colonial imports, tea, glass, and paper.$ used to pay for crown officials (previously paid for by colonies)

Writ of assistance- Search all ships and buildings. Ex: Suspended New Yorks assembly

Townshend Act Consequences Makes the crown officials independent from the assemblies

Takes power away from the assemblies.

Takes away colonists right to a warrant for the search of their property.

Colonial Reaction to Townshend ActsAt first, did not react. They were indirect taxes. (paid by the merchants)John Dickinson complains:Writes: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce.Argued: No taxation without representation.

Repeal of Townshend Acts(1770)**Colonists boycott of British goods** Merchants increase their smuggling

Lord Fredrick North (Prime Minister)- urged Parliament to repeal them. (Damage trade and gain minimal revenue)

One Catch to the Repeal Parliament kept a small tax on tea

Symbolic of their power to tax.

Boston MassacreBoston (1770)British troops in the city to protect customs officials.Colonists harassed the troopsBritish troops fire into the crowdKill 5 people (including AA Crispus Attucks)

Boston Massacre ConsequencesJohn Adams defends the troops and the charges for murder are dropped.

Sam Adams called this occurrence a massacre.

Significance: Used by colonial leaders to anger others (anti-British feeling) Peace Time: 1770-1772Sam Adams and others kept the (Anti-British feeling going)Create committees to unify the colonies(Committee of Correspondence)

GaspeeGaspee- British customs ship used for finding smugglers.1772- Ship gets stuck in Rhode IslandColonists dress like Natives and set fire to the ship.

Tea Act (1773)Boycotts by colonists hurt the British

British East India Company had 17 million pounds of tea needing to be sold.

Frederick North(Prime Minister)- Sells the tea with almost no tax.

Boston Tea Party Tea Act angers colonists

December 1773

-Boston Rebels dress up as Natives-Destroyed chests of tea.

British Reaction to Boston Tea PartyInfuriated the King, Lord North, and Parliament

They proposed the Coercive Acts of 1774

British Thomas Gage- appointed new governor of Massachusetts.

-Places Boston under Martial Law- Military control

Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)1774: 4 Actions Taken

Quebec Act 1774Law organizing Canadian lands gained from France

What it did-Made Roman Catholicism the official religion.Set up a gov. without a representative assembly.Extended Quebecs boundaries to the Ohio River.

American colonial ANGERViewed this as a threat to the coloniesProtestants fearful of Catholicism Colonial Response:Committees of Correspondence meet.

Form the First Continental Congress

1774- Delegates Meet in Philadelphia and create a declaration of colonial rights.

DelegatesDiverse group:

Radicals- Ex: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams

Moderates: Ex: George Washington

Conservatives: John Jay

*If colonials rights failed to be recognized, call for a second congress in 1775.*

Brink of WarMinutemen- Civilian soldiers secretly collected weapons.

Thomas Gage discovers this collection of weapons

Rumors that Concord was full of these weapons.

Took Lexington road to Concord.

Shot Heard Round the Worldhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ikO6LMxF4British Troops on their wayJoseph Warren informed Paul Revere of the British plansApril 18th, 1775

Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott rode through the night to warn people.

Church bells and gunshots fired to signal the Regulars were coming.

Lexington and ConcordBritish arrive in Lexington Minutemen waiting for them.Shots firedBritish retreat back to BostonPatriots use surprise attacks and kill 3 times as many British

Shots heard round the world

*Start of Revolution*

American Revolution BeginsWar for IndependenceSecond Continental Congress created in May 1775Much DisagreementGoal: PeaceWhat they do!!!Central GovernmentCreate Continental ArmyMake George Washington the GeneralCreate paper $Ideas Help Start a RevolutionWhat were some of the causes, ideas, and results related to the Declaration of Independence?SUMMARIZINGCauses ofBritish reject Olive Branch PetitionCommon Sense publishedIdeas inGovernment based on a social contractInalienable rights of AmericansThe Declaration of Independence- July 4, 1776Results ofColonies became independentColonists forced to choose revolution or loyaltyBattle of Bunker HillJune 17, 1775

Battle at Bunker Hill

Battle at Bunker Hill: First Phase 1st major engagement of WarBritish decide to attack coming up Breeds HillPatriots hold the British off twice3rd time works for British but because Patriots ran out of ammunition.

SignificanceHUGE moral victory for untrained AmericansWHO WAS GOING TO WIN???only had to hold out to win- had the most powerful government in the world - were fighting in their own backyard- more $ - war was not popular in Europe- more disciplined troops- had superior leadershiphad command of the seas- had support of foreign nations (France)

Olive Branch PetitionSecond Continental Congress was very divided-Independence-Negotiation

Second Continental Congress agreed on peaceJuly 1775, send Olive Branch Petition for peace.

King George rejects, ordering a naval blockade to America. (Prohibitory Act)

Second Continental Congress Second declarationJuly 6, 1775

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms

Two Options:Unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministersResistance by force

Common Sense (January 1776)Thomas Paine wrote a 50 Page Essay Main argument:-Colonies should be independent and have no affiliation with the British Monarchy. -Against common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small island thousand of miles away.

Common Sense SignificanceSold over 500,000 copies

Huge influence over public opinion

Dispersed radical and extreme ideas to most people in the colonies.

Ex: George Washington felt it greatly impacted society. Declaration of Independence Slow progress eventually led to the colonies agreeing on a need for independence.

June 7, 1776: Richard Henry Lee declared the colonies to be united and independent.

Thomas Jefferson asked to write this Declaration

Dec of Independence contJefferson influenced by philosophers John Locke (Two Treatises of Government)Jean-Jacques Rousseaus (Social Contract)

We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. *First Part of Declaration (Preamble)-Necessity of independence to preserve basica natural laws and rights.

Second Part of the DeclarationList of abuses and usurpations

Pointed out how the king and parliament violated their social contract with the colonies.Why the need for Independence?Americans needed supplies but could not make alliance until they were independent. Ex: France.

Voted on by delegates on July 2, 1776

Signed on July 4, 1776Declaration Significance:Argued that the British King violated unalienable rights. Unified the coloniesOfficially separated the colonies from BritainAllowed for allies

Taking Sides!Patriots- Those in favor of independence

Loyalists- Loyal to the King. Also called Tories.

American issues for the warShort on suppliesShort on money (couldnt raise taxes)Inflation

Second Phase of the War: Mid- Atlantic Region1776-1778British in a great position to win the war.

Traditional form of fighting favored the British

Early Battles: New YorkBritishAmericans32,000 well trained and armed troops under Howe VS

*British Capture NY*

19,000 poorly armed and trained soldiers under Washington.

*Washington pushed back and left with less than 8,000 men.*

Washington makes a bold moveBattle of Trenton, NJ

Washington decides to make a bold move.

Late Christmas night 1776, Washington and his men cross the icy Delaware River Attack a group of Hessians. Big victory. 8 Days later another victory at Princeton.

Washington crossing the Delaware

Surprise Attack ConsequencesWashington becomes a heroMany more men enlist

Months to follow are very difficult. Fight for Philadelphia: July 1777General Howe attacks the capital and takes Philadelphia-Congress has to flee the city.-British Capture Philadelphia

Battle at Saratoga: New York October 1777General Burgoyne for British caused many defeats on the Americans. (Made many mistakes)

-General Horatio Gates for America attack and get the British to surrender.

Significance: Biggest victory yet and the turning point for the war. France allies with AmericaSignificance of Frances involvementFrance adds immediate supplies and aid

France divides the British and makes them fight a two-front war.

Struggling Toward Saratoga33What were the early battles of the Revolution and their outcomes?SUMMARIZINGBATTLEOUTCOMENew YorkBritish force Continental Army to retreatTrentonColonial victory prompts reenlistmentsSaratogaColonial win leads to alliance with FrancePhiladelphiaBritish victory forces Congress to fleeWinter at Valley ForgeThese are the times that try mens soulsAmericans face a horrible winterWhile British happily occupy Philadelphia, Washington, and parts of New England.

10,000 started the winter and around 2000 died.

British Move Efforts South Americans receive better training and continued French aid. (Friedrich von Steuben)

British Generals Clinton and Cornwallis take Charles Town & South Carolina. In 1780.

Cornwallis faces constant attack by Patriots.

They force him to retreat

Americans refuse to back down!Nathanael Greene goes after Cornwallis to continue attack efforts.

Outnumbered, Americans force the British to surrender.

Cornwallis attacks again 2 months later out of pride and loses of his men. Cornwallis moves to Yorktown

Yorktown October 1781Huge French enforcements aided the Americans.

Americans surround Cornwallis and outnumber him.

Cornwallis surrenders.

Treaty of Paris: 1783Treaty signed. What the treaty stated:1)Britain would recognize the existence of the US as an independent nation.2)Americans gained fishing rights off of Canada. 3)Americans would pay debts owned to British merchants.

America sent Franklin, Adams, & John Jay