revision grid - single party states (teacher copy)

8/13/2019 Revision Grid - Single Party States (Teacher Copy)

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Paper Two The Rise and Rule of Single Party States Revision Grid

1. Origins of Single Party States/Rise to Power

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The"

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o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%&

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(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&

'+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+&1$%

onditions

whi!hprodu!e

single&party

states

Similarities The

existence ofa power-

vacuume.g. there

exists norecognised

source of

politicalauthority

Abdication of the Tsar

March 11!."ailure of the #rovisional

$overnment to %olve&ussia's problems during

11!.The existence of the

#etrograd %oviet to rival

the #rovisional$overnment.

The existence of a number

of groups who desiredpolitical authority e.g.

(olshevi)s andMenshevi)s.

The brea)down of law andorder e.g. stri)es in

#etrograd in March 11!*attempted coup by the

+ncreasing use of

#residential ,ecreeArticle /0 to ma)e laws

from 12 onwards.3ac) of ability for parties

within the &eichstag toform functioning coalitions

esp. the failure of the left

%#,* 4#,0 to wor)together.

&ise of support for extreme

groups who opposed thedemocratic system e.g.

5%,A# and 4#, had 6278 in 9uly 1: elections0.

The brea)down of law andorder e.g. the increasing

clashes between the %Aand armed ;ommunist

+ncreasing failure of

parliamentary monarchy1::-16: as 4ing and

#arliament are seen as onlyrepresentative of a narrow*

wealthy* propertied elite e.g.6/7 of cabinet ministers

from the aristocracy 1::-

16:.$rowth of opposition groups

who want change e.g. "ree


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army in August 11!

4ornilov Affair0.

groups.

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onditions

whi!h

produ!esingle&party

states

Similarities &ecent

failure in

war andconflict

The "irst =orld =ar went

badly for &ussia between

11 and 11!. The armywas poorly e>uipped*poorly led and was pushed

bac) 22)m onto its own

soil by the $ermans. (y11? there were food

shortages and massdesertions @ morale was

collapsing.

The "irst =orld =ar too)

many peasants andlivestoc) from thecountryside and created

problems of transport @ ledto mass food shortages in

the towns.Historical

argument that the FirstWorld War created the

Although the "irst =orld

=ar finished fifteen years

before 116* all $ermansstill felt its psychologicaleffect. ,efeat in 11/ and

the resulting Treaty of

ersailles created a senseof shame and a desire to

change the terms of 11.There was a popular

perception that democratic

government had been

responsible for signingaway victory andsubmitting to the di)tat of

ersailles.

+n 1/* Bgypt had suffered

a humiliating and surprising

defeat in the Arab-+sraeli=ar. ,efeat was blamed onthe corrupt nature of

Bgyptian government and

led to the formation of the"ree


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Revolution of 1917.

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onditions

whi!hprodu!e

single&party

states

Differences +nfluence of

externalpowers

There was no dire!t

influence of externalpower.

There was no dire!t

influence of an externalpower.

A lot of the grievances

against the parliamentarymonarchy of 1::-16:were based around the idea

that although Bgypt was

independent* the militarypresence and influence of

$( had not been removed.A factor common to all

opposition groups was this

desire to remove this

remnant of occupation andcolonialism.

"ailure ofthe

democraticprocess

5ot fully evident @ &ussialurched from absolute

monarchy to in theory*;ommunist $ovt. in six

months.

The =eimar &epublic11/-1 was viewed as

wea) and failed to resolveproblems such as the $reat

,epression of 1:-1.

#arliamentary Monarchy1::-16: came to be

viewed as a Csham'democracy* unrepresentative

of the people.


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government and the need

for money wouldeventually fade away but

simply didn't )now howI

differences.

Ditler and the 5aFis hadsome ideas on how they

would create their pure$ermanic society e.g.

persecution of non-

$ermans and creation of avol) communityGemphasis

on re-armament and Hobcreation schemes.

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-"ergen!e

of 0eader

ai"s2

ideology2

support

Differences The natureof support

for the

movement.

The (olshevi)s were onlyone of a number of radical

groups in &ussia who were

vying for political authority

during 11!. Their onlybase of support was theindustrial wor)ing class*

which only accounted for12-167 of the population.

+n the elections to the

constituent assembly of9anuary 11/* the

The 5aFi #arty was acatch-all organisation. The

Twenty "ive #oint

#rogramme of 1:2 had

clause that could be classedas racist* socialist andnationalist. ,uring the

election campaigns of the12's 5aFi propaganda

crossed all groups.

Distorical studies of whovoted for the 5aFis show

The "ree


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(olshevi)s received only

12 million :70 incontrast to the %ocial

&evolutionaries #opulist#arty0 who gained over :2

million votes /70.

that by 1: they gathered

support from a range ofsocio-economic groups e.g.

unemployed* manuallabourers* lower-middle

class business owners*

professionals and largeindustrialists. The 5aFi

#arty was the largestpolitical organisation in

$ermany by 9uly 1:

with !.!7 of the vote.

perform a military coup in

9uly 16:.

. -sta3lish"ent of Single&Party States/onsolidation of Power

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4ethodsfor!e2 legal

Similarities The use ofviolence toestablish

single partystate

The closing of the;onstituent Assembly in9anuary 11/

(olshevi)s could notcommand a maHority so

used force to stop it

meeting.

&eichstag "ire of "ebruary1 @ 3ed to Bmergency,ecree for the #rotection

of #eople and the %tate andthe arresting of hundreds of

political opponents.

;rushing of large textilestri)e in August 16: @leaders were imprisoned and

some executed.


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A period

needed toconsolidate

(etween 11! and 1:1G::

the (olshevi)s wereinvolved in a ;ivil =ar to

establish their authorityacross all of &ussia.

(etween 9anuary 1 and

August 1* the 5aFistuned $ermany from a

parliamentary democracyinto a one-party

dictatorship.

(etween 9uly 16: and

9anuary 16? the &;;established its authority

within Bgypt before draftinga new constitution.

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4ethodsfor!e2 legal

Differences ;hangingthe systemfrom

Cwithin'.

The (olshevi)s changedthe system from the outsideA revolution from

belowJ0. There were noestablished constitutional

laws to wor) within due to

&evolution of 11!Tsarism-,ual Monarchy-

The 5aFis changed thesystem from within Arevolution from aboveJ0.

They used the proceduresof the =eimar &epublic

e.g. such as manoeuvring

the &eichstag into passingthe Bnabling Act of march

The C"ree


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(olshevi) ta)eover0. 1 to destroy

democracy.

parliamentary monarchy.

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#or" of

govt.2

ideology

5left and

right wing6

Similarities %tate

interventionby the

government

$ovt. control of the

economy was one of thepillars of ;ommunistG

%ocialist ideology e.g.

+ndustry and (an)ing werenationalised in 11!G11/*

$ovt. intervention in the

economy was widespreadbetween 1 and 16

e.g. wor) creation schemes

were established to put theunemployed bac) to wor)*

$ovt. intervention in the

economy was necessary torectify the huge income

differences between the

wealthy minority and poormaHority of Bgyptian people


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Differences +deology the

drivingforce behind

the regime

$osplan state planning

commission0 was used toadminister the ".K.#. under

%talin.

The (olshevi)s would try

and create a state based onMarxist Theory.

while the "our Kear #lan

1?-20 prioritised theneed for heavy industry

and re-armament at theexpense of consumer

goods.

The 5aFis would try and

create a state based on5aFism. DitlerismJ0

e.g. Agrarian &eform 3aw

of %eptember 16:.

The "ree


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bodies

3oyalty to

leaderwidespread

to the regime and even

those inside the partyreached its height in 1!-

/0.

3enin and %talin both

enHoyed un>uestionedloyalty as leader e.g. 3enin

naturally emerged as leader

of the #olitburo eventhough there was no actual

leadership position.

opponents and those

targeted for persecution.(etween 1 and 1

approximately ::6*222people arrested by the

above.

Ditler also enHoyed

un>uestioned loyalty asleader e.g. he was always

popular even when the

5aFi #arty 27 approvalratings0 was not and

loyalty to the "uhrer wasa maHor reason why

$ermany fought to thebitter end in 16.

+nterior e.g. during the

1?2's many senior Hudgeslu)ewarm to 5asser's

regime were purged.

5asser enHoyed

un>uestioned loyalty asleader e.g. when he resigned

after the %ix ,ay =ar in

1?! he was persuaded tochange his mind after

massive streetdemonstrations in his favour

in ;airo.

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Totalitarian

is"2

treat"ent

Differences ,egree of

terroremployed

Esed terror on a mass scale

to enforce authority e.g.;DB4A established in

Esed terror on a large

scale* primarily againstthose who the 5aFis

Although 5asser turned

Bgypt into a police statethere was no systematic


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of

opposition

11! and used in the &ed

Terror of 11/-:2 toremove all political

opponents and terrify allhostile groups @ Tsar

murdered in 9uly 11/.

,uring the 12's thedegree of terror reached its

climax with the $reatTerror of 1!-/ where

anybody including

members of the;ommunist #arty could be

purged0. Millions of&ussians died between

11!-11 @ estimatesvary.

viewed as non-Aryan and

thus racially inferior.&eached its climax with

the Dolocaust but othergroups e.g. mentally

handicapped* homosexuals*

were also persecuted.Enli)e ;ommunist &ussia*

the 5aFis did not targetother 5aFis or those whom

it viewed as fitting into

Aryan society. Bxceptionbeing the 5ight of the

3ong 4nives0.

purging of a particular group

of people. +ndeed* 5assereven continued to allow

political elections* eventhough all the candidates

had to be from the 5ational

Enion later the Arab%ocialist Enion0.

*. Rule of Single Party States

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Politi!al2

e!ono"i!

and so!ialpoli!ies

Similarities Theimportance

of5ationalism

+mportance

of #lanningin the

Bconomy

Although ;ommunism wasan internationalist

ideology* nationalism wasalso important esp. under

%talin's rule. %ocialism in

one ;ountry became theaccepted political policy*

while the boundaries of the;ommunist Bmpire were

similar to those of the

Tsarist Bmpire e.g.minorities were not

permitted independenceesp. in the E)raine and

$eorgia0.

Ender 3enin and especially

%talin ".K.#.0 the whole&ussian economy was

centrally planned$ualities withinBgyptian %ociety.

5asser eventually came

round widespread planningin the Bgyptian economy.

The ;harter for 5ationalAction of 1?: stated that

planning was the only way

to assure development.

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Role of

edu!ation2

the arts2 the

"edia and

propaganda

Similarities $ovt.

control ofmedia

=idespread

use ofpropaganda

esp. increation of a

personalitycult

=ithin a few days of the

C


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The"

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Role of

edu!ation2

the arts2

"edia2

propaganda

Differences &ole of

education

3enin believed that

education was the essential

building bloc) in creating asocialist society.

"urthermore* youth groupswere established to

indoctrinate the young e.g.

4omsomol.

Ditler believed that from

birth* $erman children

needed to be brought up asloyal 5aFis @ the Ditler

Kouth movements and theeducation system would try

to fulfil this.

There was little emphasis on

indoctrination in 5asser's

Bgypt @ opening access wasthe )ey area of emphasis.


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IB

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(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+&

1$%

Status of

wo"en2

treat"ent

of

"inorities

andreligious

groups

Similarity Attitudetowards

religion @increasing

secular

nature ofsociety

According to Marx*religion was the opium of

the people. 5otsurprisingly therefore* in

11/* the %ovna)om issued

the C,ecree on the%eparation of the ;hurch

and %tate'* which bannedreligious teaching in

schools and the ;hurchfrom owning property. +n

the aftermath of ;ivil =ar

many church buildingswere confiscated by 3enin

and clergy shot. This

persecution continuedunder %talin for all

religions e.g. by 1* /27of pre 11! village

churches had been closed.

According to 5aFi ideology*there was no place for religion

in the Col)sgemeinschaft'people's community0. ,uring

the consolidation of power

1-0 there was co-operation between the new

regime and the ;hurch* but the5aFis soon tried to undermine

religious influence e.g.#rotestant churches were

merged to form the 5aFi

controlled &eich ;hurch @within which some groups

tried to spread 5aFi racial

ideas and "uhrer worship.+ntervention in the ;atholic

;hurch was similar* but the5aFis failed to brea) ;hurch

influence e.g. attendanceremained the same and clergy

acted with much independencefrom the state.

Ender 5asser* Bgyptwent through a

continuing process ofsecularisation that had

been ta)ing place since

the beginning of the 1th

;entury e.g. after 16:*

the government assumedresponsibility for

appointing officials tomos>ues and religious

schools. The Culama'

religious scholars0*were increasingly

portrayed by the media

as members of an oldfashioned priestly caste.


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IBurri

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The"

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o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%&'1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+


Status of

wo"en2

treat"ent

of"inorities

and

religious

groups

Difference Treatmentof

minorities

3enin believed in allowingmaHor national minorities

to secede E)raine*

$eorgia0 and that otherswould be happy to part of amulti-national federation

only 667 of pre-11!

Tsarist Bmpire ethnic&ussians0. Ender %talin

however* all nationalaspirations were

suppressed and tight

control from the centre was

imposed e.g. &ussian wasthe official language of theE%%& while during

;ollectivisation the worsthit areas of famine were

often occupied by national

minorities esp. E)raine.

Membership of theCol)sgemeinschaft' was

not open to Cnon-$ermans'

9ews* gypsies*homosexuals* mentally andphysically handicapped0.

These groups were seen as

Casocial and thus had to beexcluded from society.

This began gradually e.g.boycott of 9ewish shops

April 10* gained pace

e.g. C4ristallnacht'

5ovember 1/0 andreached its climax during==: e.g. Buthanasia

#rogramme 1-1 andthe C"inal %olution to the

9ewish #roblem' 1:-

16. Ditler blamed$erman defeat in ==1 on

Bgypt was a fairlyhomogenous society under

5asser e.g. only approx -

67 classed as minorities.Although there was minordiscrimination against some

religious groups e.g. the

#rotestant Anglican ;hurchwas suspended in 16/* and

tried to reform Bgypt'slargest minority* (eduins

who lived in the Bastern and

=estern ,eserts* by

persuading them to settlepermanently* there was nopersecution of minority

groups. Apart from theirrelative small numbers

within Bgypt* the lac) of an

ideological base in origin forthe single-party state helps


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the racial divisions with

$erman society pre-11.

explain this situation.

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The"

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o" #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%&

'1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+&1$%

Status of

wo"en2treat"ent

of

"inorities

and

religious

groups

Diffe %tatus of

women

Marxist theory was based

on e>uality @ that appliedto relations between menand women. (y the end of

the civil war* laws had

been passed to ma)edivorce available to all

women* abortion waspermitted and e>ual rights

and e>ual pay for women

had to be granted* although

many traditional attitudesremained and some ofthese changes were

reversed under %talin in theearly 12's to bring some

stability bac) to family life.

5evertheless* in the "K#'smany women were able to

5aFi ideology was completely

opposed to social and economice>uality for women @ nature hadallocated women a separate

function* that of staying in the home

and raising the family 4inder*4uche* 4irche @ ;hildren* )itchen

and church0. (etween 1 and1?* women were increasingly

excluded from various Hobs e.g.

medicine* law* teaching. 3aws

against abortion were enforced*contraception restricted and familyallowance increased. =omen were

given rewards e.g. medalsI 8 lowinterest loans0 for larger families.

5aFi success was mixed e.g. there

was an increase in the birth rate to1 and employment rates for

5asser wanted to increase

opportunities for women e.g.women could hold publicoffice from 16? onwards*

socialist legislation passed

mandated e>ual pay whilemothers were guaranteed paid

maternity leave from 16. +nlegal terms however* women

continued to be discrminated

against perhaps not to

encourage further religiousopposition0 e.g. lawspertaining to marriage and

divorce favoured the socialposition of men. Muslim

husbands were traditionally

allowed to have up to fourwives at a time in accordance


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find employment in offices

and factories and theeffective mobilisation of

women was a maHor reasonfor %oviet victory in ==:.

women remained steady. Eltimately*

$ermany's failure to mobilisewomen for the war effort until 1

was a maHor reason for its defeat.

with +slamic religious custom*

but a woman could have onlyone husband at a time.

'. Regional and Glo3al I"pa!t

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The"

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o""unist Russia 1$1%&'1 (itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+&1$%

Regional

and Glo3al

i"pa!t

#oreign

Poli!y

;ommunism was an

Cinternationalist' ideologythrough its conception and

".#. dominated until the endof the ;ivil =ar. =ith the

failure of =orld &evolution

however* domestic policy

too) priority with %talin'spolicy of C%ocialism in one;ountry'. Although admitted

into the 3. of 5. in 1* theE%%& remained primarily

ostrocised by the international

community between the wars.The E%%& shoc)ed the world

Although 5aFism was a

Cnationalist' ideology byinception* the very aim of

creating a $ermanic nationentailed expanding the borders

of $ermany. "urthermore*

coupled with anti-%emitism* ".#.

was the area of government thatdominated Ditler's thin)ing.Ditler's popularity during the

H12's can be attributed to$ermany's ".#. successes and

early victories in ==:. After

1* the 5aFis tried toimplement their racial policies


21/21

with the signing of the 5aFi-

%oviet #act but %talin wasaware that the Cwar of

ideologies' would eventuallyhappen. After victory in the

$reat #atriotic =ar* ".#.

became very dominant as theE%%& extended its control

into other countries e.g. B.Burope and engaged in an

ideological struggle with the

E%A.

throughout con>uered territories

and this resulted in the hugepersecution of minorities.

$ermany's defeat led to thecollapse of 5aFism and the

>uestion of $ermany was one of

the maHor reasons for thebrea)down of the $rand

Alliance and the beginning ofthe ;old =ar.

1!2* 5asser tried to persuade

other Arab states to adopt hispolicies of Arab %ocialism and to

try to wor) together moreeffectively. +n this extent* his

polices met with some failure*

firstly with the collapse of theEA& in 1?1* failure to resolve

;ivil =ar in Kemen and defeatagainst +srael in 1?!. After 1?!*

Bgypt was dependent on the E%%&

to rebuild the Bgyptian military.5asser however* was viewed as

the champion of #an-Arabismbetween 16? and 1!2.

7lti"ately for all single&party states2 war was the vital test for their regi"es o""unist Russia su!!eeded2 ,a8i Ger"any

and ,asser)s -gypt failed.

revision grid - single party states (teacher copy)

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