revision 3 velocity-time graphs v t 1/.constant acceleration v t 2/.constant velocity v t...
TRANSCRIPT
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Revision 3
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Velocity-Time GraphsV
t1/.Constant Acceleration
V
t
2/.Constant Velocity
V
t
3/.Deceleration
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Velocity-time graphs
80
60
40
20
010 20 30 40 50
Velocity
m/s
T/s
1) Upwards line =
Constant Acceleration
2) Horizontal line =
Constant Velocity
3) Shallow line =
Less Acceleration
4) Downward line =
Deceleration
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Force causes a body to change velocity
The unit is called the
Newton (N)A few types
of Forces
Magnetic Force
Tensile Forces
Friction happens when 2 bodies are in contact.
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Friction• Friction is the
force that opposes motion of a body when it is in contact with another.
Friction happens when 2 bodies are in contact.
Lubrication reduces friction
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There are THREE types of blood vessels
• ARTERIES
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Thick, muscular, stretchy wall
• Narrow central tube
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• VEINS• Carry blood towards
the heart• Thin walls with little
muscle• Wide central tube• Have valves stop
the blood flowing backwards
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• CAPILLARIES• carry blood between
arteries and veins• wall only one cell
thick• very narrow central
tube
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• Thick muscular walls• Divided into 4
chambers• Right side pumps
blood to lungs• Left side pumps
oxygenated blood from the lungs to ALL parts of body
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The Blood
• The blood has three main purposes• Transport stuff around the body (Food,
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Urea)• Defence (White Blood Cells)• Clotting (Platelets)
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Parts of the Blood
• Plasma – This is the name for the liquid that all the cells float in. Mostly water with Glucose, Protein and Urea dissolved in it.
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Parts of the Blood
• Red Blood Cells – Carry the oxygen around the body. The oxygen combines with HAEMOGLOBIN to turn the blood red. When there is no oxygen in the Haemoglobin it turns purple.
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Parts of the Blood
• White Blood Cells – Eat the bacteria that invade the body. Forming the main part of the IMMUNE SYSTEM.
• Some can also produce anti-bodies.
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Parts of the Blood
• Platelets – Allow the blood to clot by all rushing to the injury.
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Excretion
Excretion is the removal of toxic chemical substances
Toxic substances are poisonous and canharm the cells of the body if not removed
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Excretion
• Skin - Sweat• Kidneys-Urine• Lungs-Carbon
Dioxide + Water
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bladder
urethra
bladder
renal artery
renal vein
ureter
urethra
kidn
ey
Urea is filtered out of the blood mixed with water and excreted as Urine
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Atoms
C12
6
Mass Number - Number of protons + Neutrons.
Atomic Number - Number of protons
In a neutral atom the number of electrons and protons are the same. In Carbon it is……… 6
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Helium
Neutron
In this atom we see two neutrons and two protons forming the nucleus.
The Neutron has no charge but is the same mass as the proton.
Electron
Proton
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Atomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass Where Found
Proton +1 1 amu Nucleus
Neutron 0 1 amu Nucleus
Electron -1 1 amu
1846
Orbiting the
nucleus
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Sodium
11 Protons
13 neutrons
24
Na11Group 1 – one electron in last
shell
Electric configuration
2,8,1
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Isotopes
• Same number of protons different number of neutrons
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Group VII or 0• All in the same group have the same
properties• Group 8/Noble Gases• Non-reactive/Glow with electricity
Non-reactive as they have a full outer shell
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Ionic Bonding
• An electron is transferred
Na F
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Covalent Bonding
• The electrons are shared
• Elements in the middle of the periodic table
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Monomers small molecules that can be joined together.
Polymer is a large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules
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Properties of an Acid
· Tastes sour· Turns blue litmus paper red
· Has a pH of less than 7· Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples.
ACID
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Properties of a Base · Turns litmus paper blue· Has a pH greater than 7· taste bitter and have a slippery feel
· Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis
Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases
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p Hp H
A measure of how acidic something is
A measure of how acidic something is
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IndicatorsThese are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base.
We get them from Plants.
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All Acid rain is either caused by impurities or not burning fuel well.
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Series Circuit -Parallel Circuit
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Advantages of parallel circuits…
There are two main reasons why parallel circuits are used more commonly than series circuits:
1) Extra appliances (like bulbs) can be added without affecting the output of the others
2) When one breaks they don’t all fail
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Georg Simon Ohm 1789-1854
ResistanceResistance is anything that will
RESIST a current. It is measured in Ohms, a unit
named after me.
The resistance of a component can be calculated using Ohm’s Law:
Resistance = Voltage (in V)
(in ) Current (in A)
V
RI
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Wiring a plug
Earth wire
Neutral wire
Insulation
Live wire
Fuse
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Cable grip
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Diode as Valve
• Only allows current in one direction
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
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Light Dependent Resistor LDR
• Resistance decreases when light shines on it
• Used to turn on street light
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Nerve cells carry information between the CNS and every area of the body…
…nerve cells are very long narrow cells…
…there are two types of nerves cells:
1. SENSORY nerves bring messages from the sense organs to the CNS
2. MOTOR nerves bring messages from the CNS to the muscles of the body
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The male reproductive system
The male reproduction system produces and delivers the male gamete (sperm)
link to interactive diagram at Kid’sHealth
Seminal Vesicle
Sperm Duct
Side view
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• Occurs when a male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
• Also referred to as conception
Sperm + egg = zygote
Fertilisation
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• Fertilisation usually happens in the fallopian tube
• A fertilised egg – zygote - then moves down into the wall of the uterus / womb
Fertilisation
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© 2005 Chugoku Rosai Hospital
• DNA is what makes a chromosome• A part of the DNA that controls a characteristic is
called a GENES• The gene is the code for any one inherited
character
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• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
• It is twisted into a double helix and contains all the codes to build a body
• the code contains instructions for every structure and function the body will ever need
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Weight vs. Mass
• Mass is the amount of matter in us• Same on Earth and Space
• Weight is the pull of gravity on us• Different on Earth and Space
900kg
900kg
9000N 0N
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Hookes Law
123456789
1011121314151617181920
Force
Extension
More force means more Extension Force is
proportional to extension
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Work Done Lifting• Lift a mass of 80kg a height of
6m.. How much work is done?• Work done = Force x distance
moved
• Work done = 800N x 6m• Work done = 4800 Joules
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Pressure – in Fluids
Pressure increases with depth
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Atmospheric Pressure• The earth is covered with
layer of Gas.• We are at the bottom of a gas
ocean 200km deep.• The effect of this huge
column of gas is 1 Tonne of weight on our shoulders.
• This is called• ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Heavy!
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Center of Gravity
• The place where all the mass of the body appears to act.
• How do we find the center of gravity of this flat piece of card?
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Center of Gravity of a LaminaWe must freely suspend the lamina from three places
Then we trace the plumb line onto the paper.
Center of Gravity
Where all the mass
of the body acts
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Moments=Force x Perpendicular distance
FORCE =10N
Perpendicular distance=5m
= 10N x 5m = 50Nm
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What is a micro-organism?
An organism which is very small.Examples of micro-organisms:
• Bacteria – e.g. E.coli, Samonella
• Virus - e.g. flu virus, HIV
• Fungi
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Micro-organisms need:
• Food• Correct temperature• Suitable medium on which to grow…
Bacteria grow quickly between 300C and 400C
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ANTIBIOTICS…these are chemical made by some micro-organisms to kill bacteria.
• Penicillin was ‘discovered’ in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming
• White blood cells do the same job.
http://www.uio.no/conferences/imc7/NFotm2000/February2000.htm
Penicillin is produced by the fungus we call ‘blue mould’
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BACTERIAL VIRAL
food poisoning cold
septic throat flu
bronchitis AIDS
meningitis can be caused by either
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Fungi
• Not all are small• No chlorophyll so live
on organic matter.• Yeast and producing
antibiotics the main uses
• Also athlete’s foot and other poisons
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Adding acids to metals
Words – gold, corroded, fizzes, disappears
If an acid is added to a (fairly reactive) metal the metal will be quickly ________ by the acid. We can see a reaction happening because the mixture _________ and the metal eventually __________.
Some metals, like ____, are so unreactive that nothing will happen.
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The Reaction
Metals + Acid Hydrogen Gas + Salt
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Hydrogen + Magnesium
Acid Gas Chloride
Mg + 2HCl H2 + MgCl2
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Testing for hydrogen
“POP”
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Oxygen
• Catalyst speeds up reaction but is not used up – Manganese Dioxide
• Oxygen does not dissolve in the water
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Test for Oxygen
• Relights a glowing splint
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Adding acid to carbonatesCarbonates are compounds containing carbon and oxygen. When an acid is added to a carbonate the carbonate starts to _______. A gas called ______ _______ is produced.
Carbonates used to be used as building materials but aren’t any more because acid rain would eventually ________ the building.
Words – dissolve, fizz, carbon dioxide
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Different Metals in Acid
• Some metals react more than others this
is called the reactivity series
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc Copper