revised bee research icp (final print)

8/7/2019 Revised Bee Research ICP (Final Print)

1/48

HOPE, HAPPINESS AND LIFE SATISFACTIONS:A STUDY OF EMPLOYED AND JOBLESS STUDENTS

BYBenish Khan

ABSTRACT

This research study aimed to determine the relationship of students hope,

happiness and life-satisfaction. Further it also investigated differences of

these variables on students who were employed and those who were jobless.

The hypotheses of the research were, 1) There would be positive correlation

among scores of hope, happiness and life-satisfaction and 2) Mean scores of

hope, happiness and life-satisfaction of employed students would be more

than jobless students. Sample consisted of 100 students including 50students who were employed and 50 students who were jobless. There age

range was between 20 up to 40 years. Data were collected from students of

different departments of University of Karachi studying in evening and

morning program. After introduction and taking consent, they were requested

to complete demographic information form, Satisfaction With Life Scale

(SWLS, Diener,Emmon, Larsen &Grihin, 1985), the Trait Hope Scal

(THS,Snyder et al., 1991) and Subjective Happiness Scale(SHS, Sonjin, Lus

&Lepper, 1999). After collection of data, Pearson Product Momen

Correlation and t test were applied. Results indicate that our first hypothesis

is proved as there is a positive correlation of students hope with happiness

(r=316,p


2/48

Urdu Translation of Abstract

2


3/48

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION:

Problem.

1. Present Chapter will first focus problem behind conducting

research then literature review related to hypothesis of present

study would be mentioned following man purposes fo

conducting this research in Pakistan .In the end hypothesis and

research design would be given.

2. Problem centered at our research whether there is a

relationship between Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction.

Further concent upon the differences in Hope, Happiness and

Life Satisfaction between employed and jobless students.

3. Literature review of the study would be in following order:

Hope, and its significance in life

Happiness and its significance in life.

Life satisfaction and its significance in life.

Relationship of Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction.

Happiness and the economic problems.

Psychological effects of jobs and joblessness.

Hope begins with thoughts (cognitions) (Benson, 1996). Burns (1980)

writes that thoughts are the manner in which you view things, your

perceptions, mental attitudes, beliefs, and what you say to yourself

about your perceptions. Burns further asserts that thoughts influenceemotions and behavior. Experiences are first processed through the

brain and given a meaning before an emotional response is elicited

(Burns; Meier, Minirth, & Wichern, 1982). Clinical psychologists, Alfred

Ellis (1970) and Aaron Beck (1970), developed therapy models based

3


4/48

on the premise that interpretations of situations and events influence

emotion with corresponding actions and behaviors (Fortinash &

Holoday-Worret, 1996). Ellis and Beck purport that beliefs and values

are formed from experiences, scripting by significant others, and ones

inherited temperament and this in turn determines the interpretation of

and reaction to situation or events (Fortinash & Holloday-Worret ,

1999).

The following classification of hope is derived from the literature.

A) Primary Foundation Components of Hope (determine the ability

and degree to which a person experiences hope):

i) Genetic Temperament

ii) Scripting from Significant Others

iii) Experiences (Personal and Observed)

B) Secondary Foundation Components of Hope (formed by the

primary foundation components):

a) Memories

b) Beliefsc) Values

Events that Elicit Hope: (i)Wished for object (ii)Dilemma (iii)Crisis

Qualities of Hope:

(a) Universal yet unique to each individual

(b)Dynamic in its presence

(c)Enabling

4


5/48

Outcomes of Hope:

(i) Resilience

(ii) (ii)Transcendence

(iii) (iii)Positive psychologically, spiritually, physiologically

Operational Definition:

The cognitive therapy model developed by clinical psychologists, Ellis

and Beck in the 1960s and 1970s(Fortinash & Holoday-Worret, 1996),

serves as the basis for an operational definition of the concept hope.

1. An event is experienced; an object is hoped for.

2. Belief about the event or hoped-for object emerges.

3. Cognitions about the event or hoped-for object begin.

4. Emotional, physiological, and behavioral response elicited.

The following model demonstrates the genesis and evolution of hope.

Hope is born here: Hope is activated here: Hope is expressed here.:

Scripting Memories Emotional OutcomesExperiences > Beliefs > Perceptions and Thoughts > Physiological

Outcomes

Temperament Values Behavioral Outcomes

Definitions of happiness that are used today, and found that most of

them are not suitable as a basis to analyze happiness for one reason

or another. For example, a common type of a happiness definition is

the following, found on wikipedia.org:

Happiness.

"Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by

contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy.

5


6/48

The problem with definitions like this is that they use expressions

which need definitions themselves. For example, in the definition

above, what does joy exactly mean? Defining joy is no easy task

either, and we run the risk of using the term happiness again when

defining joy (Wikipedia actually redirects to the Happiness-article

when you enter Joy), i.e. going in circles particularly in our country,

Pakistan where the population divided into rural and urban segments.

Another common form to define happiness is stating examples. For

instance, when people were asked on what is happiness for them, they

replied along the lines of..(Burns; Meier, Minirth, & Wichern,

1982).

"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do

are in harmony."(Alfred Ellis (1970) and Aaron Beck (1970),

Happiness is living in a state of freely choosing to create and

exchange one's rational values with others.(Byrne, 2001).

Happiness is when you balance your emotions with your thinking

ability, constantly facing life's challenges with the thought of

"something better" coming your way. Happiness is being able to face

challenges and overcome them with a smile on your face and a smile

on your heart.(Byrne, 2001).

These examples are certainly pointing to different elements

happiness but are no comprehensive definitions, at least not in a

scientific sense (although it is interesting to hear what makes differentpeople happy).

6


7/48

Characteristics of Happiness.

Measurable and scalable: The extent of happiness should be

able to be measured and in principle be able to put down

various states of happiness on a numeric scale

Comparable: The points on the scale should be able to be

compared to each other, i.e. answering the question how many

slightly positive moments are required to compensate one

very positive moment. This is already implied by the first

criteria but may be worth mentioning explicitly

Comprehensive: Every moment we live through should be able

to be attributed to one point on the scale, which implies that it isnot only the positive direction but also covers unhap

moments and suffering

Agreeable: It should reflect our existing notion of what

happiness is and not be entirely different

The key question, of course, is how a subjective feeling like happiness

can ever be put on an objective scale as mentioned above. Can

happiness be objectivised at all?

Before thinking about how to make this shift, we should be clear about

what we are trying to shift into, i.e. what objective actually means. At

this point, different world views may collide, but I would like go ahead

and use the world view, the world is basically made up of physical and

chemical processes and reactions.

Identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such

that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for

them.

7


8/48


9/48

4. Self-conceptis based on ones present emotional, physical,

and intellectual dimensions. Persons who do not feel old but are

concerned with their appearance and judge themselves to be wise and

competent tend to rate themselves higher on this factor. P

successful living may contribute to this component but only indirectly.

5. Mood tone. The final factor, mood tone, relates to optimism and

happiness and other positive affective responses. Depression,

sadness loneliness, irritability, and pessimism are feelings that would

result in very low scores. Assessing life satisfaction is more complex

than just measuring happiness but happiness with the present life state

is an important contributor (Neugarten et al., 1961).

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure of life satisfaction

developed by Diener and colleagues (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin,

1985). Life satisfaction is one factor in the more general construct of

subjective well being. Theory and research from fields outside

rehabilitation have suggested that subjective well being has at least three

components, positive affective appraisal, negative affective appraisal, and life

satisfaction. Life satisfaction is distinguished from affective appraisal in that it

is more cognitively than emotionally driven. Life satisfaction can be assessedspecific to a particular domain of life (e.g., work, family) or globally. The

SWLS is a global measure of life satisfaction.

The SWLS consists of 5-items that are completed by the individual whose life

satisfaction is being measured. Administration is brief--rarely more than a few

minutes--and can be completed by interview (including phone) or paper and

pencil response. The instrument should not be completed by proxy, though a

proxy can ask questions to the individual and convey answers to an

interviewer (for instance, if the respondent cannot be interviewed directly by

phone).

Happiness and Life Satisfaction Prospectively Predict Self-Rated

Hopes, happiness, and Life satisfactions. The human development

9


10/48

based on conceptualization of human needs and hopes for their

achievements.

We have explored the simultaneous association between hopes,

happiness and life satisfaction and found that a number of different

strengths independently predicted life satisfaction. (Cohort, Koivumaa-

Honkanen, October 2004)

Happiness and subjective well-being have received much less

attention in medicine than negative affect and mental disorder. This

mainly is because prolonged or extreme negative affect may produce

serious problems for individuals and society (Cohort, Koivumaa

Honkanen et al.).

The line of research arises out of an initial attempt to relate time in

unemployment to changes in individuals psychological state as a

source of negative duration dependence (Dockery , 2003).

That study showed that, by almost any measure, the lot of the

unemployed in Australia is indeed a relatively miserable one. However,

we will try to identify in our research, any pronounce deterioration in

the circumstances of the unemployed with duration.

RELATIONSHIP OF HOPE,HAPPINESS AND LIFE SATISGFACTION

Life satisfaction and happiness.

Higher score on an instrument measuring life satisfaction similarly

suggests a higher level of happiness or wellbeing. (Veenhoven (1991),

we can use the definition of life satisfaction as the degree to which an

individual judges the overall quality of his life-as-a-whole favorably.

A number of studies emphasize the importance of the quality of social

relationships and the relative unimportance of income in determining

satisfaction. Indeed, the literature is divided as to the presence of an

income effect (see Frijters, Haisken-De New and Shields 2003; Kraft

10


11/48

2000).

People seem to be far more satisfied with aspects of their private

domain, such as their marriage, family life and job, than they are with

things in the public domain, such as the social security system, public

safety or the environment (Glatzer 1991: 266-267). Cummins Theory

of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis proposes that humans have

evolved such that subjective wellbeing is actively maintained at a

positive level by psychological devices, much like the body biologically

maintains blood temperature and blood pressure in a narrow range

(Cummins, Eckersley, Pallant, Van Vugt and Misajon 2003).

Is the observed variation in happiness or life satisfaction predominantly

due to fixed effects, where certain individuals have a positive

disposition and others a negative disposition towards life, or

satisfaction mainly shaped by life events?

The impact of life events will Dockery also varies according to

mediating factors such as personality traits. Social support networks

for example, may improve wellbeing both directly and indirectly through

an improved capacity to cope with life events. (Headey and Wearing

1991; Veenhoven 1991)How transitory such effects are is another matter. Brickman, Coates,

and Janoff-Bulmans (1978) famous study of lottery winners and

persons who became paralyzed after accidents shows that humans

have a remarkable ability to cope with life events. Such findings

provide strong support for adaptation level theory which suggests that

humans become accustomed to their circumstances or level of stimuli

and that it is only when there is a change in these factors that there is

a resulting change in overall satisfaction (Argyle and Martin 1991: 82).

This theory is useful in explaining the absence of a robust relationship

between income and satisfaction it is only changes in income that

invoke a change in satisfaction. This could be put more generally to

11


12/48

say that it is deviations from the individuals perceived norm that

invokes heightened or diminished satisfaction. Thus a persons income

relative to the average income in their neighborhoods or socio-

economic circle may be more important than absolute income in

shaping feelings of satisfaction.

Happiness and the economic problem

From the micro foundations of economics we can show that relaxing

the budget constraint expands the individuals choice set between

goods, services and leisure and, assuming freedom of choice and

rational behaviour, this must also lead to increased wellbeing or

happiness. In microeconomic theory, unlike theories in psychology

and other disciplines, money does buy you happiness; and

individuals revealed preference for Choice A over Choice B is proof

that they are happier with A. Yet we see from experimental and other

empirical evidence this conclusion may not be so sound (see, for

example, Tversky and Griffin 1991: 114-115).

A paradox in happiness research which has intrigued economists is

that when you take a cross-section of the population at any point in

time, there is a clear positive relationship between income andsubjective wellbeing. Thus one would expect to see a life-cycle effect

in which happiness increases with age in students especially in job,

generally, no such cohort effect seems to have been established from

the literature.

If happiness is purely based on a persons comparative situation, the

policy implication that must logically follow is that there is nothing that

can be done to increase overall wellbeing (Veenhoven 1991).

This can also be taken as a justification for public taxation. One

persons efforts to increase their income will come at a cost of reduced

happiness among others. Akin to pollution, such economic externalities

can be corrected by taxation to ensure the full social costs of agents

12


13/48

activities are taken into account as well as the individual benefits (see

Layard 2003b). In the tradition of earnings functions, estimation of

happiness functions can be used to compare the welfare gain or loss

associated with different factors. Such studies have been used to

estimate the income equivalent of a divorce (Kraft 2000); to imply the

slope of the Philips Curve (Di Tella, MacCulloch and Oswald 2001);

and to suggest that inequality has a significant negative effect of

inequality on happiness in Europe but not in the US (Alesina, Di Tella

and MacCulloch 2001).

Psychological effects of jobs and joblessness:

The importance of work is reflected in an extensive literature that

concentrates on quality of working life, a rapidly growing literature on

the ability of people to balance work and family life and analyses of

the impact of work deprivation or unemployment on mental health and

wellbeing. It seems clear that happiness in ones working life does

spill over into ones non-work life. (Tait, Padget and Baldwins (1989)

review of studies of job and lifesatisfaction across 34 countries finds an

average correlation coefficient of 0.44 between measures of the two.

However, there remains much contention about the direction ocausality and the role of other factors (see Parasuraman and Simmers

2001; Iverson and Maguire 2000; Kossek and Ozeki 1998). Furnham

(1991) outlines the importance of personality traits, including mental

health and extraversion, in determining satisfaction in work and leisure.

Feather (1990) provides an excellent overview of theoretica

treatments of the link between unemployment and wellbeing. A major

contribution is Johodas Functional Approach, which posits tha

participation in paid employment generates a range of functions in

addition to income that are important for psychological wellbeing, such

as a time-structure to the day,Social interaction, self-identity and

purpose (Jahoda 1982). Unemployment thus results in deprivation of

13


14/48

these functions. Other theories suggest that the impact

unemployment on Psychological wellbeing will be influenced by the

unemployed persons perceptions of the reason they became

unemployed, the main causes of their ongoing unemployment and their

perceived likelihood of finding a job in the near future. An important

observation to be drawn is that the effect of unemployment is very

different for different individuals. Potential mediating or compounding

factors include the availability of financial resources and the ability to

legitimize unemployment, such as by those close to retirement age or

who take on child-minding activities; the level of social support

available; and the individuals attitudes towards work (work ethic) and

their role as a breadwinner. (See Feather 1990: Chapter 4; Warr

1987; Bandura 1982; Harrison 1976.)

Purpose of Study:

The objective of this study was to replicate and extend earlierstudies

of the correlates of hope and happiness to the life satisfaction among

in job and jobless students.The findings concur with previous research

in showing the importanceof perceived hope condition and financial

adequacy as predictorsof life satisfaction. The summary measures of

the relationshipbetween the predictor variables and life satisfaction are

presentedfor the under- and over-age-40 populations to assess the

influenceof age as a moderator variable. The data would be generated

duringan interview study based on a probability sample of the adult

population in the University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Gape in our Knowledge: During the collection of primary data and

statistical analysis it would be problem to maintain the all possible

survey techniques and how to cover up the missing data as well as get

the samples representing the entire population of Karachi University

14


15/48

having the other potential variable which may affect our research

indirectly e.g. socio-economic back ground, ethical values,

psychological fears and sincerity with the objective of the research.

Hypotheses:

1. There would be positive relationship among scores of hope,

happiness and life satisfaction.

2. Mean scores of hope, happiness and life satisfaction

Employed students would be more then jobless students...

Research Design:

It is a correlational and two groups comparison study. Survey method

used for collecting data .

Dependent and Independent Variables:

Independent variables of first hypothesis are Hope, Happiness and Life

Satisfaction and dependant variable is relationship of scores of Hope,

Happiness and Life Satisfaction of students with each others.

Second Independent variable is employed and jobless students ,

dependant variable is scores of these students on Hope, Happyness

and Life Satisfaction.

Results supported the scales reliability and its discriminate and nomological

validity. Our domain-specific dispositional students hope measure predicted

students outcomes, such as subjective knowledge, better than domain-

general alternatives. Furthermore, our context-specific in job students hope

measure in the context of healthy food choice, predicted food-related

outcomes such as impulsive eating, involvement toward food choices, and

anticipated regret from making poor food choices, beyond alternatives.

15


16/48

Results indicated that the Subjective Happiness Scale has high internal

consistency, which was found to be stable across samples. Test-retest and

self-peer correlations suggested good to excellent reliability, and construct

validation studies of convergent and discriminate validity confirmed the use of

this scale to measure the construct of subjective happiness.

16


17/48

CHAPTER-II

METHODOLOGY

In this Chapter first demographic characteristics of participants would

be mentioned followed by means used and procedure of the study.

Participants

Sample would be consisting of 100 students 50 students would job and

50 students without job, their age would be 20 years to 40 years. Data

would be collected from different department of Karachi University.

Descriptive Statistics

Table 1

Descriptive Statistics of demographic characteristics of participants

N =100 Gender Percentage Mean Age

Employed Students 25 Male = 50% 23.32

25 Female = 50% 22.12

Jobless Students 25 Male = 50% 20.88

25 Female= 50% 19.84

Married Students 0.04

0.12

Unmarried Students 0.96

0.88

Joint Family Setup 0.68

0.24

Neuclear Family Setup 0.36

0.76

17


18/48

MEASURE

Following material was used for collecting the data and necessary

calculation for obtaining the results and designing the tables.

1. Demographic Sheet.

2. Introduction to Participants and Consent Information Form

3. The Trait Hope Scale. (THS, Snyder et al., 1991).

4. Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) Sonjin, Lyubomirsky, &

Lepper, 1999).

5. The Satisfaction with Life Scale By (Ed Diener), Emmons, Larsen &

Griffin, 1985).

DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURES

The Trait Hope Scale is a reliable and valid test designed by Dr.Sonja

Lyubomirsky for determining the relationships among hope in its trait

and state forms, goal orientation, verbal persuasion, and ta

performance. Results of a laboratory experiment involving 212

undergraduate students indicated that learning goal orientation was

positively related to trait hope. Findings further indicated that trait hope

was positively related to performance on an anagram task through the

mediating variable of state hope; moreover state hope was influenced

by negative verbal persuasion but unaffected by positive verbal

persuasion.

The Trait hope scale (THS) measures Snyder's cognitive model of

hope which defines hope as "a positive motivational state that is based

on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-

directed energy), and (b) pathways (planning to meet goals)" (Snyder,

Irving, & Anderson, 1991). The adult hope scale contains 4 items. Four

18


19/48

items measure pathways thinking . Participants respond to each item

using a 8-point scale ranging from definitely false to definitely true and

the scale takes only a few minutes to complete. For further detail visit

the website of Snyder (2002) for a review of hope theory and

research.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure of

satisfaction developed by Ed Diener and colleagues (Diener, Emmons,

Larsen & Griffin, 1985). Life satisfaction is one factor in the more

general construct of subjective well being. Theory and research from

fields outside of rehabilitation have suggested that subjective well

being has at least three components, positive affective appraisal,negative affective appraisal, and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is

distinguished from affective appraisal in that it is more cognitively than

emotionally driven. Life satisfaction can be assessed specific to a

particular domain of life (e.g., work, family) or globally. The SWLS is a

global measure of life satisfaction.

The SWLS consists of 5-items that are completed by the individual

whose life satisfaction is being measured. Administration is brief--rarely

more than a few minutes--and can be completed by interv

(including phone) or paper and pencil response. The instrument should

not be completed by proxy, though a proxy can ask questions to the

individual and convey answers to an interviewer (for instance, if the

respondent can not be interviewed directly by phone).

Operational definitions

Ive done research on definitions of happiness that are used today, and

found that most of them are not suitable as a basis to analyze

happiness for one reason or another. For example, a common type of

a happiness definition is the following, found on wikipedia.org:

19


20/48

"Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized

contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy.

The problem with definitions like this is that they use expressions

which need definitions themselves.

Another common form to define happiness is stating examples. For

instance, when people were asked on what is happiness for them, they

replied along the lines of

"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do

are in harmony."

Happiness is living in a state of freely choosing to create and

exchange one's rational values with others.

Happiness is when you balance your emotions with your thinking

ability, constantly facing life's challenges with the thought of

"something better" coming your way. Happiness is being able to face

challenges and overcome them with a smile on your face and a smile

on your heart.

The concept of life satisfaction is a construct universally accepted as a

valid measurement of quality of life in the young, middle and elderly.

While recent investigators have questioned whether life satisfaction

specifically measures happiness, well-being or morale, few doubt its

clinical validity. Recently several of the older measures of

satisfaction, including the LSIA and LSIB, have been found to have

compromised statistical properties. In response to these shortcomings,

the Life Satisfaction in the Elderly Scale (LSES) was designed. The

LSES is multiple choice, Likert-type instrument designed to assess

quality of life in older adults. The development of the LSES stems from

20


21/48

the growing interest in evaluating subjective well-being states as a

means of assessing older adult reactions to their ecological, emotional

and social environments. Studies of reliability and validity indicate that

the LSES is both clinically and theoretically appropriate.

Reliability and Validity of the Scales:

The SWLS is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of life satisfaction,

suited for use with a wide range of age groups and applications, which makes

possible the savings of interview time and resources compared to many

measures of life satisfaction. In addition, the high convergence of self- and

peer-reported measures of subjective well-being and life satisfaction provide

strong evidence that subjective well-being is a relatively global and stablephenomenon, not simply a momentary judgment based on fleeting influences.

Procedure:

We will try to use the random survey techniques for collection of primary

data. First of all we explain through introduction to participants than handed

over the questionnaires to them for completion and return the same on the

spot. After getting data, designing he table and imply statistical tolls over thedata and find out the results and checked it whether hypothesis of this

research, accepted or rejected at P0.05 level of significant than analyze the

data and make a comprehension discussion over the result and

consequences of the research.

Ethical Consideration: Data would be collected only from students of

different departments of Karachi University, giving their consent for voluntarily

participation in it. They reserve the rights to withdraw from the research atanytime during administrations of prescribed questionnaires. In collection of

data and writing of results ad discussion all ethical principles would be

followed.

21


22/48

CHAPTER-III

RESULTS

Results finding:

Inferential Statistics

Table 2

Correlation of Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction of universitystudents

Variables Hope

Happine

ss

LifeSatisfactio

nHope Pearson

Correlation.316(**) .246(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .007

N 100 100

Happiness PearsonCorrelation

.316(**) .255(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .005

N 100 100

LifeSatisfaction

PearsonCorrelation

.246(**) .255(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .007 .005

N 100 100

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

22


23/48

Table 3

Correlation of Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction of employed

university students

VariablesEmployed

HopeEmployedHappiness

EmployedLife

Satisfaction

Employed Hope PearsonCorrelation

.176 .129

Sig. (1-tailed) .111 .185

N 50 50

Employed

Happiness

Pearson

Correlation

.176 .023

Sig. (1-tailed) .111 .438

N 50 50

Employed LifeSatisfaction

PearsonCorrelation

.129 .023

Sig. (1-tailed) .185 .438

N 50 50

Table no 3.shows insignificant correlation among hope, happiness andlife-satisfaction of employed students.

It also reflects the fact that these students are comparatively moresaturated with the unemployed student and enjoy the more lifesatisfaction. They feel themselves more secure and protected due totheir employment but they seek advancement

23


24/48

Table 4

Correlation of Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction of Jobless

university students

JoblessHope

JoblessHappiness

JoblessLife

Satisfaction

Jobless Hope PearsonCorrelation

.433(**) .334(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .009

N 50 50

JoblessHappiness

PearsonCorrelation

.433(**) .461(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .000

N 50 50

Jobless LifeSatisfaction

PearsonCorrelation

.334(**) .461(**)

Sig. (1-tailed) .009 .000

N 50 50

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).Table No 4.shows significant positive correlation among hope,happiness and life-satisfaction of jobless students.These values also described the eagerness of these unemployed

24


25/48

Table 5

Mean Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction scores of Employed andJobless Students

Group Statistics

Students N MeanStd.

Deviation t df Sig.level

Hope ofEmployedStudents

50 50.30 7.846

1.323 98 .189

Hope ofJoblessStudents

50 48.08 8.900

Happiness of

EmployedStudents

50 18.72 4.243

.592 98 .555

Happiness ofjobless

Students50 18.22 4.205

LifeSatisfactionof Employed

Students

50 22.82 5.439

.345 98

.731Life

Satisfaction

of joblessStudents

50 22.42 6.141

25


26/48

Table No 5. Shows insignificant difference of hope, happiness and life-satisfaction between employed and jobless university students.

Supplementary Analyses

Table 6

Mean Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction scores of female andmale employed university students

Employed female andmale students N Mean

Std.Deviation T df Sig.

Hope of femaleemployed Students

25 50.56 8.211

.232 48 .817

Hope of male

employed Students

25 50.04 7.624

Happiness of femaleemployed Students

25 19.44 5.026

1.205 48 .234Happiness of maleemployed Students

25 18.00 3.227

26


27/48

Life Satisfaction offemale

employed Students25 23.56 4.831

.961 48 .341

Life Satisfaction ofmale

employed Students

25 22.08 5.992

Results:

When we obtained some supplementary finding from the data we haveobserved the a interesting tendency of high level of hope as compareto Happiness but the Hope has positive direction which reflect thepositive approaches used for getting Life Satisfaction instead of shortcut in the life. Where as it is also evident that female employedstudents are slightly high values as compare to male employed

students. Some time its also feels due to the secured and married lifesatisfaction.

Table 7

Mean Hope, Happiness and Life satisfaction scores of female andmale Jobless university students

27


28/48

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

Students N MeanStd.

Deviation t Df Sig.

Hope offemaleJobless

Students

25 46.88 8.647

-.952 48 .346Hope of male

JoblessStudents

25 49.28 9.163

Happiness offemalejobless

Students

25 18.00 3.547

-.367 48 .716Happiness ofmale jobless

Students25 18.44 4.840

LifeSatisfactionof femalejobless

Students

25 22.00 5.951

-.480 48 .634Life

Satisfactionof malejobless

Students

25 22.84 6.421

28


29/48

According to Pearson Correlation( 1-tailed) the value of relationship

among Hope and Happiness is significant at the p


30/48

Conclusions.

It is proved by this research that there is a positive relationship among

the hope, happiness and life satisfaction. The results show that our

hypothesis No.1 is correct and proved.

Our second hypothesis was rejected due to the some reasons that

there are so many other uncontrolled variables which directly or

indirectly affect the hope, happiness and life satisfaction relationship

e.g our joint family system, level of faith, trust over destiny and faith

and some Islamic norms and values etc. But the rapid economics

changes and deploring conditions of the life styles will disturbed the

whole pattern of out society and rapidly increase in Psychological

problems and deficiencies among the youngsters and members of the

civilized society in everywhere of Pakistan .

Now there are some many corners are left for exploring the different

types of hopes and different categories of happiness as well as

different levels of life cycles produced varieties of relationships which

requires further research studies.

Implication of Results:

The net product of this research study is the results which shows the

positive correlations among the Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction,

so it is quite easy to determine the implications of the result in human

life generally and career/educational planning and advancement

specially. The whole development of the world based on the concept of

Hope and Life Satisfaction and if the person is Happy he or she

become more positive and productive with the peace of mind and law

abiding in the society.

Limitation of the Research Avenue:

30


31/48

When we chose our universe we have selected the most convenient

and educated environments of Karachi University where as th

population of the Karachi and the other Provinces are m

dimensional and diversified in several characteristic so their study of

the same variable may be provided some other picture of the ground

realities. Due to scare of time and resource we have limited our

research Avenue for only two dependant and three independent

variables despite the facts that there are various untouched variable

are exist in the society.

Recommendations:

There are so many unexplored dimensions and aspects related to

Hope, Happiness and Life Satisfaction are existing in human life which

are to be explored by the extension of this Research Study.

REFERENCES

31


32/48


33/48

Felson, M. (1986). Routine activities, social controls, rational decisions

and criminal outcomes. In D. Cornish and R. Clarke (Eds), The

reasoning criminal(pp. 302-327). New York: Springer Verlag.

Felson, M. (1998). Crime and everyday life: Insights and implications

for society, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Furnell, S. (2002). Cyber crime: Vandalizing the information society.

London: Addison Wesley.

Gibbs, J. J., Giever, D. (1995). Self-control and its manifestations

among university students: an empirical test of Gottfredson and

Hirshis general theory. Justice Quarterly, 12, 231-235.

Gibbs, J. J., Giever, D., & Higgins, G. E. (2003). A test of the

Gottfredson and Hirschi general theory of crime using structural

equation modeling. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 441-458.

Gordon, M. P., Loef, M. P., Lucyshyn, W., & Richardson, R. (2004).

CSI/FBI computer crime and security survey. Los Angeles:Computer Security Institute.

Grabosky, P., & Smith, R. (2001). Telecommunication fraud in the

digital age: The convergence of technologies. In D. Wall (Ed.)

Crime and the Internet(pp. 23-45). London: Routledge.

Hidelang, M. J., Gottfredson, M. R., & Gaffalo, J. (1978). Victims of

personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal

victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

33


34/48

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle

(Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and

applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Internet Fraud Complaint Center. (2003). IFCC 2002 Internet fraud

report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and

extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Karmen, A. (2006). Crime victims. Thousand Oaks, CA: Thomson

Higher Education

Kabay, M. E. (2001). Studies and surveys of computer crime. Norwich,

CT: Department of Computer Information Systems.

Kennedy, L. W., & Forde, D. R. (1990). Routine activities and crime:

An analysis of victimization in Canada. Criminology28, 137-151.

Klausner, Z. (1968). Why men take chances. New York: Anchor.

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practices of structural equation

modeling. New York: Guildford Press.

Kowalski, M. (2002). Cyber-crime: Issues, data sources, and feasibility

of collecting police-reported statistics. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

34


35/48

Lyng, Stephen (1990). Edgework: A social psychological analysis of

voluntary risk taking. The American Journal of Sociology 95, 851-

886.

McConnell International LLC. (2000). Cyber crime and punishment?

Archaic laws threaten global Information. Washington, DC:

McConnell International.

McQuade, S. C. (2006). Understanding and managing cyber crime.

Boston:Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

Massey, J., Krohn, M., & Bonati, L. (1989). Property crime and the

routine activities of individuals. Journal of Research in Crime and

Delinquency 26, 378-400.

Meier R., & Miethe, T. (1993). Understanding theories of criminal

victimization. Crime and Justice 17, 459-499.

Miethe, T., Stafford, M., & Long, J. S. (1987). Social differentiation incriminal victimization: A test of routine activities/ lifestyle theories.

American Sociological Review 52(2), 184-194.

Moitra, S. D. (2005) Developing policies for cyber crime. European

Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 13(3), 435-

464

Mustaine, E., & Tewksbury, R. (1998). Predicting risks of larceny theft

victimization: A routine activity analysis using refined lifestyle

measures. Criminology 36, 829-857.

35


36/48

Piazza, P. (2006, November). Technofile:Antisocial networking sites.

Security Management, 1-5.

Ramasastry, A. (2004). Cable News Network (CNN).com. Can Utahs

new antispyware law work?Retrieved January 16, 2007, from

LAW/06/03/ramasastry.spyware/index.html

Roncek, D. W., & Maier, P. A. (1991) Bars, blocks, and crimes

revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of

hot spots. Criminology, 29, 725-753.

Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of

predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place.

Criminology,27(2), 27-55.

Standler, B. R. (2002, September 4). Computer crime. Retrieved

February 6, 2005, from http://www.rbs2.com/ccrime.htm

Thomas, D., & Loader, B. (2000). IntroductionCyber crime: Law

enforcement, security and surveillance in the information age. In D.Thomas & B. Loader (Eds.), Cyber crime: Law enforcement,

security and surveillance in the information age. London:

Routledge.

Williams, F. P., & McShane, M. D. (1999). Criminological theory. Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

36


37/48

Appendix -A

Demographic Information Sheet.

37


38/48

Demographic Information Sheet.

Name: ______________________________________________Age:___________

Sex: _____________.

Qualification:_________________________________________________________

Department:__________________________________________________________

Marital Status ____________________No. of Children /Dependants: ____________.

No. of Siblings:____________________Family( Joint or Neuclear):______________.

Designation (If employed):___________________Monthly Income(apprx)_________.

Organization:________________________________________________________.

Area of Residence:____________________________________________________.

38


39/48

Appendix -B.

INTRODUCTION TO PARTICIPANTS AND INFORMED CONSENT FORM

39


40/48

INTRODUCTION TO PARTICIPANTS AND INFORMED CONSENT FORM

I am conducting a research for find out the relation between hope, happiness and lifesatisfaction, which you are invited to participate as sample. Your participation in the study

would be completely voluntary. If you are interested in participation you would be required to

complete the following questionnaires.

1-Demografic sheet

2-Scale of hope.

3-Scale of happiness .

4-Scale of life satisfaction .

The questionnaires will take about 15 to 20 minutes to complete. Please follow the direction atthe beginning of each questionnaire and fill it completely. Do not leave any Column blank or

incomplete.

Consent

I have read and understand the introduction to participants and informed my free voluntary

consent through this form. I agree to participate in the present study as a sample and I have

no objection if this data used for any article/research paper or any other publication material.

NAME OF THE PARTICIPANT:__________________________________________________SIGNATURE:_______________.Dated:_____________________. Res

BENISH KHAN,Intern,MS-4/201Institute of Clinical Psychology,University of Karachi, Karachi

40


41/48

Appendix -C

Authors Permission for using Scales.

41


42/48


43/48


44/48

Directions: Read each item carefully. Using the scale shown below,please select the number thatbest describes YOU and put that number in the blank provided.

1. = Definitely False2. = Mostly False3. = Somewhat False4. = Slightly False5. = Slightly True6. = Somewhat True7. = Mostly True8. = Definitely True

___ 1. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam.___ 2. I energetically pursue my goals.

___ 3. I feel tired most of the time.___ 4. There are lots of ways around any problem.___ 5. I am easily downed in an argument.___ 6. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that areimportant to me.___ 7. I worry about my health.___ 8. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way tosolve the problem.___ 9. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future.___10. Ive been pretty successful in life.___11. I usually find myself worrying about something.

___12. I meet the goals that I set for myself.

Note. When administering the scale, it is called The Future Scale. Theagency subscale score is derived by summing items 2, 9, 10, and 12;the pathway subscale score is derived by adding items 1, 4, 6, and 8.The total Hope Scale score is derived by summing the four agency andthe four pathway items.

44


45/48

Appendix-E

Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)

Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)Sonja Lyubomirsky,

45


46/48

For each of the following statements and/or questions, please circle the point on thescale that you feelis most appropriate in describing you.

1. In general, I consider myself:

1 2 3 Not a very happy person person

2. Compared to most of my peers, I consider myself:

1 2 3 Less happy

3. Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is goingon, getting the

most out of everything. To what extent does this characterization describe you?

1 2 3 Not at all

4. Some people are generally not very happy. Although they are not depressed, theynever seem asHappy as they might be. To what extent does this characterization describe you?

1 2 3 Not at all

Note: Item #4 is reverse coded.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

46


47/48

Appendix - F.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale

The Satisfaction with Life Scale

Ed Diener.

47


48/48

DIRECTIONS: Below are five statements with which you may agree ordisagree. Using the 1-7 scale below, indicate your agreement witheach item by placing the appropriate number in the line preceding thatitem. Please be open and honest in your responding.

1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Slightly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree5 = Slightly Agree 6 = Agree 7 = Strongly

______1. In most ways my life is close to my ideal.______2. The conditions of my life are excellent.______3. I am satisfied with life.______4. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.______5. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

revised bee research icp (final print)

Documents