Review QuestionsWhat is an anabolic reaction?What is a catabolic reaction?List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an

enzyme?What does an enzyme do?What is a monomer? Polymer?What is an active site?What is a substrate?Describe the lock and key/induced fit model of

enzymes.1

List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an enzyme?

Agenda for Wednesday Feb 11th 1. Macromolecule notes

Macromolecules

• Large molecules created by joining smaller molecules– Bike chain

• Polymer – many monomers put together

• 4 major categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen– Ratio of 1 C, 2 H, and 1 O

• Supply most of the energy for your body

• Play important health-promoting roles– Digestion, absorption, eliminate toxins/waste

Simple Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides –1 unit– simple sugars– immediate energy– Fruits, cookie, candy, honey

Types of carbohydrates

• Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides linked together (2 units)– "simple sugars"– Includes lactose (milk), sucrose (table sugar), maltose

(starch) – similar to monosaccharides; provide sweet taste to

food and quick energy

Complex Carbohydrates• Polysaccharides – longer carbohydrate chains

– Complex carbohydrates– Digestion takes longer– Extended/sustained source of energy – bread, pasta, oatmeal, rice – broccoli, kidney beans and chick peas

Other uses of Carbs

• Make up cellulose• Cellulose makes up plant cells/cell walls

Lipids• Carbon, hydrogen,

Oxygen– Fats, oils, waxes

• Store energy

• Hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water– Serves as a barrier

• They are a great source of STORED ENERGY

• They INSULATE the body to maintain body temperature

• CUSHION the internal organs for protection

• They produce hormones called STEROIDS (testosterone, estrogen)

• They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes

Lipids• Saturated fats are straight molecules

– solids at room temp.– butter and fats found in meat

• Unsaturated fats – double bond– are liquids at room temperature– olive oil – in oils from grains and seeds, such as flaxseed oil

Lipids and You• Cell membranes contains different kinds of fats

– keeps membrane flexible and moveable– When saturated fats are too high, cell membranes

become inflexible and don't function well

• Body needs unsaturated fats– Cell membrane– Brain– Anti-inflammatory - arthritis

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?

Both carbohydrates and lipids have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

“CHO”

Carbohydrates = twice as many hydrogens as the oxygen

EX: C6H12O6

On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C27H46O cholesterol

Proteins• Composed of C, H, O, N• Made of amino acids

– same structure with a variable group

– 20 different variable group

• Six functions of proteins:1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory:hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

• They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails, hormones

• They make up antibodies in the immune system

• They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

Proteins• Need amino acids

– Your body will begin to break down its own muscle– Stunting, poor muscle formation, thin and fragile hair,

skin lesions, a poorly functioning immune system

• You get the majority of your protein from nuts, legumes, eggs, fish, meats and dairy products

Nucleic Acids

• Store and transmit genetic information– Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base (nucleotide)– Nucleotides form together to create nucleic acid– DNA, RNA

• In everything!

ENERGY Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the food we eat:

BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it provides

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

ENERGY Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a

Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories.

If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.

Energy Gained From Carbohydrates

Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.

Energy Gained from LipidsEating 1 gram of fat provides your body with

9 Calories. Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining more than twice the amount of

Calories than from a gram of carbohydrate or protein!

Nucleic acidsThe nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that the body uses to gain

energy.

ENERGY So…

BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it provides

Carbohydrates 4

Proteins 4

Lipids 9

Nucleic Acids 0

TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can

be found in foods. The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label

are:1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)

(13 grams in this product)

(9 grams in this product)

How to read nutrition labels…

Food #1

BIG MAC!

Food Sample #2

Athletes: Carbs & Lipids

• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BEE5366B-B14F-4A08-B933-F8A2E50E6F4C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Agenda for Thursday Feb 12th 1. Calorimetry

How many calories are in a gram of each macromolecule?

Agenda for Friday Feb 13th 1. Write lab report2. Talk about calories