324 CHAPTER 11

Renaissance Connections (pages 301–306)1. How did the subjects chosen by artists change during the

Renaissance?2. Why were the followers of Martin Luther called Protestants?

Traders, Explorers, and Colonists (pages 307–311)3. Why were spices from Asia so expensive when sold in Europe?4. What did Portuguese explorers bring back from their expedi-

tions to western Africa?

The Age of Revolutions (pages 313–317)5. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?6. What conditions in France during the 1780s led to the French

Revolution?

The Russian Empire (pages 318–322)7. How did Ivan the Terrible earn his nickname?8. What ideas did Catherine the Great borrow from Western

Europe?

Finding Causes1. Using your completed chart from

Reading Social Studies, p. 300, listthe events that led to the growth of cities during the IndustrialRevolution.

Recognizing Effects2. What were the effects of the

Crusades on life in WesternEurope?

Analyzing Causes3. In 19th-century Russia, the lives of

poor citizens were very differentfrom those of wealthy citizens.How do you think this division led to political revolution?

Visual Summary

Explain the significance of each of the following:1. Renaissance 2. Leonardo da Vinci 3. Reformation 4. Ferdinand Magellan 5. circumnavigate6. imperialism 7. Industrial Revolution 8. Napoleon Bonaparte 9. Peter the Great 10. Russian Revolution

RenaissanceConnections

• European society wastransformed by the art,literature, and ideas ofthe Renaissance.

• The accomplishments of thisperiod are animportantpart ofWesternculture.

Traders, Explorers,and Colonists• People on both sides

of the Atlantic werechanged by the voyages of the European explorers.

• European exploration led to colonization and to the slave trade.

The Age ofRevolution• The Age of Revolution

resulted in great changesin European society,industry, and politics.

• These changes were feltaround the world.

The Russian Empire• Many citizens of

the Russian Empire weredeprived of their rights.

• Today, Russia is a large nation experiencing greatchange.

CRITICAL THINKINGREVIEW QUESTIONS

TERMS & NAMES

The Growth of New Ideas 325

1. WRITING ABOUT HISTORY

Imagine that you are a film maker. Write a proposal for adocumentary film about Leonardo da Vinci and one of hisinventions. In your proposal, describe the invention, tell how it works, and explain how da Vinci came up with the idea.Remember that the purpose of your documentary is to inform and entertain the viewer.

• Research the Internet or library books about Leonardo da Vinci to find an interesting invention.

• If possible, include a copy of da Vinci’s sketch or a photograph of the invention.

2. COOPERATIVE LEARNING

With a group of three or four classmates, research the voyage ofFerdinand Magellan, the first explorer to lead an expedition thatsailed around the world. Then prepare a presentation for yourclass. Group members can share the responsibilities of findingout who funded the trip, what hardships the sailors faced, andwhat eventually happened to Magellan. One member cancreate a map of Magellan’s route.

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Use the map and your knowledge of geography to answer questions 1 and 2.

Additional Test Practice, pp. S1–S33

1. Judging from the arrows on the map, how might the plaguehave spread?

A. mostly from north to south

B. through the center of Eastern Europe

C. along trade routes out of Italy

D. in a circular pattern

2. According to the map, which body of water did the plaguecross as it spread through Europe?

A. Adriatic Sea

B. Atlantic Ocean

C. Black Sea

D. North Sea

The following passage is from a biography of Leonardo daVinci. Use the quotation and your knowledge of worldcultures and geography to answer question 3.

Although we have called Leonardo a scientist, it is not atitle he would have understood. The word “scientist” wasnot used before 1840. Leonardo did, however, use theword “science.” To him it meant knowledge proved true byexperience. He contrasted it with “speculation,” by whichhe meant guesswork not proved by experience.

STEWART ROSS, Leonardo da Vinci

3. What did Leonardo da Vinci consider the basis of science?

A. guesses

B. experience

C. dedication

D. speculations

ATLANTICOCEAN

NorthSea

Black SeaAdriatic Sea

40°N

50°N

Arctic Circle

0° 10°E

N

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Spread of Black Death

Extent of Black Death

For Internet links to support this activity, go to

CL AS SZONE .COM

RESEARCH LINKS

Doing Internet ResearchThe Scientific Revolution changed the way people viewed theworld. Use the Internet to research one discovery or inventionof a great scientist of the time, such as Galileo Galilei.

• Using the Internet, as well as other library resources, find outabout the discovery or invention. You might find informationin a biography of the scientist.

• Another source of information might be a science museum.

• Create a poster to explain your findings. Include a diagram orother illustration of the scientific discovery. Explain how thediscovery or invention has affected life in modern times.

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TEST PRACTICE