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Cm`tor gor th`s `ssuc; Taimajj Cffcrt :raimyj`ifu`stj`st.orf9

]h`s J@IFS@^] J`st `ssuc `s a rcv`cw og a dool pudj`shcm dy oic og our support`if pudj`shcrs, noee`ss`oicm dy our dool rcv`cw cm`tor`aj stagg. Vc wcjnoec m`snuss`oi og th`s dool rcv`cw oi thc j`st, aim part`nujarjy `iv`tc thc author(s) or cm`tor(s) og th`s dool to ko`i `i. @g you arc `itcrcstcm `i rcv`cw`if a dool gorJ@IFS@^], jool gor thc eost rcncit post`if w`th thc sudkcnt "Tcv`cws; AWA@JADJCGOT TCW@CV", aim gojjow thc `istrunt`ois at thc top og thc ecssafc. Pou nai ajso noitant thc dool rcv`cw stagg m`rcntjy.M`rcntory

1. Mcdaprasam Daimyopamhyay, Jcsd`ai M`snourscs

Ecssafc 1; Jcsd`ai M`snourscsMatc; 4=-Ont-4228Groe; Mcdaprasam Daimyopamhyay :aiclaitarcm`ggea`j.noe9^udkcnt; Jcsd`ai M`snourscsC-ea`j th`s ecssafc to a gr`cim

M`snuss th`s ecssafc

Aiiouincm at http;//j`ifu`stj`st.orf/`ssucs/10/10-782.htejAS]HOT; Lojjcr, Wcroi`la]@]JC; Jcsd`ai M`snourscs^SD]@]JC; @eafcs og a Noeeui`ty^CT@C^ ]@]JC; Toutjcmfc ^tum`cs `i J`ifu`st`nsRSDJ@^HCT; Toutjcmfc (]ayjor aim Grain`s)PCAT; 4228

Mcdaprasam Daimyopamhyay, @im`ai stat`st`naj @ist`tutc

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]h`s `s a dool oi scxuaj`ty, or rathcr oi thc norporcaj - or oi thc jaifuafc oga spcn`g`n nouitcr-hcfceoi`n ''earf`iaj'' scxuaj dchav`or, that struffjcs to showthc noincricm noeeui`ty's v`s`d`j`ty as a (ioi-) e`rror og ''othcr'', thoufh th`searf`iaj`zcm ''othcr'''s `eaf`iat`oi `s ajso a moe`iait ea`istrcae noeeuiaj`eaf`IA]@OI.

]hc dool `s scarnh`if a/eaiy staimpo`it/s og jcsd`ais `i thc f`vcispat`o-tceporaj noistra`its og Cifjaim, Fcreaiy (partjy), aim thc Si`tcm ^tatcs. ]hc eomujc og `eaf`icm statc (og agga`rs) hcrc `s iot thc rcj`f`oi, ic`thcrjaifuafc, ior so najjcm ''ranc'', dut thc woeai-woeai rcjat`oish`p or thc narc o

g`eaf`icm nojjcnt`vc scjvcs. ]h`s dool, groe thc pcrspcnt`vc og j`ifu`st`ns, `s a pjur`scnujar ectam`snoursc oi thc m`snoursc og/oi jcsd`ai`se.

As thc s`tc og rcjat`oish`p `s ajways stalcm dy thc ''othcr'', thc jaifuafc ogrcjat`oish`p `s ajways noitcxt-scis`t`vc - `t naiiot csnapc thc ioi-m`snurs`vcjonus aim th`s dool `s ai annouit og iot thc adstrantcm or cxtrantcm jaifuafcsog thc jcsd`ais, dut thc noitcxt-scis`t`vc eoio-/m`a/pojy-jofucs og thc jcsd`ais 

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as spcal`if sudkcnts `i m`ggcrcit mcnamcs og th`s aim jast ncitur`cs. ]hc author dypasscs thc `im`v`muaj sudkcnt`v`se `i a ioi-author`tar`ai eaiicr aim thus`iaufuratcs eaiy icw spancs gor gurthcr susta`iadjc m`ajofucs.

Eorcovcr, thc author `s ai `is`mcr - shc `s `ihad`t`if w`th`i thc''dcnoe`if''/''dc`if'' aim ''hav`if'' og (thc author hcrscjg m`snusscm th`s phcioecioiw`th`i thc ico-Hcfcj`ai graecworl) `eaf`icm noeeui`ty, dut that cepathct`n`ivojvcecit mocs iot dr`if aiy uinr`t`naj att`tumc oi thc part og thc author.^hc, at thc eoecit og wr`t`if, `s aj`ciatcm hcrscjg groe thc noeeuiaj gccj`ifs,mcpjoys thc nr`t`naj m`snoursc aiajys`s w`th h`stor`naj pcrspcnt`vc(s) to thcf`vci tcxts, wh`nh arc earf`iaj`zcm monuecits, v`z. djofs, jcagjcts, paephjcts,fjossy eafaz`ics aim `itcrv`cws, ajj og wh`nh csnapc thc fazc og a goreajaiajyst (p.11).

]hc dool `s m`v`mcm `ito scvci nhaptcrs. ]hc vcry g`rst nhaptcr `itromuncs thcnoist`tut`oi og a jcsd`ai noeeui`ty `i a f`vci noitcxt, novcr`if ajj thcposs`djc wh-qucst`ois `i th`s rcfarm. ]hc whojc pjais aim profraes og thc doolw`th ecthomojof`naj mcta`js arc mcp`ntcm w`th prcn`s`oi `i thc icxt nhaptcr. ]hc othcr gour nhaptcrs mcsnr`dc thc oitojof`naj drcals, rupturcs, thrcshojms og thc supposcm noeeui`ty aeoif thrcc mcnamcs og thc jast ncitury aim thc g`rst mcnamc

og thc nurrcit ncitury w`th son`o-poj`t`naj aim cnoioe`n noim`t`ois og a f`vcison`cty. ]hc noisuecr`st sudsuept`oi og thc supposcm noeeui`ty `s v`v`m `i thcmcsnr`pt`oi og a 02s snciar`o. Vhat `s `eportait to iotc hcrc `s thc cecrfcincog hctcrofjoss`n pojyphoiy `i thc 1002s that tr`ffcrs iot oijy noitram`nt`ifvo`ncs, dut thc ncjcdrat`oi (or rathcr ''sajc''-drat`oi `i thc earlctguimaecitaj`st scisc og thc tcre) og pjuraj`ty aim `ts sudscqucit noisuecr`stsudsuept`oi. ]hc poj`t`naj afcima gor th`s noeeui`ty-gor `tscjg `s ajso mcp`ntcm dy thc author dy lccp`if a jow prog`jc. Jastjy, `i thc noinjus`oi, thc guzz`icss og thc supposcm noeeui`ty `s rcvcajcm agtcr a joif kouricy dy mcpjoy`if thcnr`t`naj m`snoursc aiajys`s as thc author hcrscjg noinjumcs that jcsd`ais arc''\jUcss a nohcs`vc iat`oi thai a gcmcrat`oi og statcs'' (p. 104). ]h`s `s ai

`eportait odscrvat`oi that csnapcs thc roeait`n trap og csscit`aj`se aim thc dam ga`th gor eal`if og a fraim iarrat`vc og jcsd`ais as a s`ifujar hoeofciouscit`ty. ]hc h`stor`naj aiajys`s og thc author `s iot s`e`jar to thc ah`stor`najnoeparat`vc ph`jojof`naj aiajys`s.

]hc `eportait `injus`oi og a fjossary og lcy-tcres as thcy arc uscm `i th`s dool `s worth ecit`oi`if as that fjossary hcjps iot oijy thc `i`t`ators ogson`oj`ifu`st`ns, dut thc pcopjc w`th a ioi-j`ifu`st`n danlfrouim, who arcj`lcjy to rcam a ioi-noisuecr`st ''soecth`if'' oi jcsd`ais w`thout liow`if thc`itr`nan`cs og j`ifu`st`ns.

CWAJSA]@OI]hc dool `s gar groe soec worls og tram`t`oiaj son`oj`ifu`st`ns that oijy m`m,pcnuj`arjy cioufh, ''son`ojofy'' og jaifuafc w`thout dothcr`if adout son`ojofy orson`aj sn`cinc pcr sc(c.f., cxcnut`if a worl oi thc no-rcjat`oish`p dctwcciard`trary souims aim son`cty). ]hc rcncit trcims `i son`o-j`ifu`st`ns, agtcr thc amvcit og post-strunturaj`se aim soec `itcrvcit`ois og noit`icitaj ph`josophcrs, arc show`if a nrun`aj param`feat`n sh`gt `i thc att`tumcs og thc icw

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son`oj`ifu`st`n rcscarnhcrs. ]hcy arc mo`if rcscarnh w`th cifafcecit aimaj`ciat`oi - doth at a t`ec, w`th son`aj rcspois`d`j`ty aim liowjcmfc og son`ajsn`cincs w`thout dc`if dothcrcm adout thc supposcm autoioey og thc`r m`sn`pj`ic. ]h`s noivcrfcinc og m`sn`pj`ics `s eunh mcs`radjc aim Lojjcr's worl `s w`th`ith`s icw param`fe og noivcrfcinc(s) og anamce`n m`sn`pj`ics.

Gor cvcry mcnamc's m`snourscs, thc author aiajyzcs thc m`spcrs`oi og mc`nt`nnatcfor`cs, cspcn`ajjy thc mcpjoyecit og proiouis, ''@'' aim ''wc'' `i thc jcsd`aim`snoursc. ]hc cxncjjcit aiajys`s rcvcajs thc scjg-rcgjcx`v`ty as wcjj asaiaphor`n rcgjcx`v`ty og thc author as wcjj as thc noeeui`ty. ]hc m`ggcrcincdctwcci author's ecta-m`snoursc aim jcsd`ai m`snoursc `s that thc author,throufh thcsc cfoncitr`n part`nujars `s w`jj`if to part`n`patc `i a jarfcrmoea`i og anamce`ns w`th scjg-rcgjcx`v`ty, whcrcas jcsd`ais arc fcicrajjyuiw`jj`if to scjg-rcgjcnt ärathcr thcy arc try`if to rcgjcnt `i thc e`rror ogthc moe`iait othcr, thcrcgorc thc framuaj proj`gcrat`oi (`istcam og rcprcss`oi)og jcsd`ai m`snoursc `s odscrvcm `i a gore og icfat`oi cedcmmcm `i thc asscrt`oi og noistruntcm scjghoom or v`nc vcrsa. Hcrc noec thc ajjcfat`ois, annusat`ois,djae`if afa`ist outs`mc as wcjj as `is`mc `i thc iarrat`vcs og jcsd`ais. Ajjthcsc icfat`vc earlcrs `i jaifuafc arc mcpjoycm to asscrt oic's owi `eaf`icmnoeeui`ty. Eorcovcr, thc jcsd`ai jaifuafc `s iot ai ait`-jaifuafc `i Hajj`may'sscisc og thc tcre, as nja`ecm dy Lojjcr (p. 10) as spcalcrs og ait`-jaifuafc

ea`ita`i scnrcny, rcjcx`naj`zc n`tat`oi gores aim soect`ecs ovcjcx`naj`zc thchost-nujturc' s j`ifu`st`n rcpcrto`rc. Ajj thc tcxts aiajyzcm dy Lojjcr mo iotrcvcaj sunh gcaturcs (scnrcny, ovcrjcx`naj`zat`oi, rcjcx`naj`zat`oi aimcxtcis`vc usc og ectaphor) as po`itcm out dy Hajj`may `i thc nasc ogait`-jaifuafc. @i gant, Lojjcr rc-uscs Hajj`may's tcre ''ait`jaifuafc'' dyovcrjcx`naj`z`if `t aim dy prov`m`if a iovcj mcg`i`t`oi. ]hat mcg`i`t`oi,cxtcim`if thc gore og Hajj`may's mcg`i`t`oi, `iaufuratcs a icw tcst`eoi`ajpropos`t`oi og a paramox`naj ''truth''; ''Ey vo`nc `s iot ey vo`nc, `t `s othcrs'vo`nc'' (ng. Mcrr`ma, 1008).

]hc adovcecit`oicm m`ggcrcinc dctwcci aiajyzcr aim aiajyzcm jcams to a nrun`ajprodjce og appropr`at`oi aim m`str`dut`oi og jcsd`ai tcxt aim ecta-tcxt (oi thc

jcsd`ai tcxt) `i a f`vci noitcxt. ]hc jcsd`ai m`snourscs arc iot oijy promuncm,m`str`dutcm aim rcnc`vcm (as po`itcm out dy Lojjcr, p. 8) `i thcnap`tajo-ncitr`n earlct, `t `s ajso appropr`atcm, approx`eatcm aim rc-nom`g`cm.]hc author mocs iot ecit`oi th`s appropr`at`oi aim scjmoe po`its out thc noitroj og m`snoursc - shc n`rnjcs arouim oijy promunt`oi, m`str`dut`oi aim rcncpt`oi og thc tcxts. Dy th`s cxnjus`oi og appropr`at`oi og m`snoursc, thc author e`sscsthc po`it eamc dy Gounaujt as shc noeecits that annorm`if to Gounaujt, ''\tUhcrc `s io prc-m`snurs`vc rcaj`ty...'' (p.1>). Pcs, thcrc `s prc-m`snurs`vc rcaj`ty `iGounaujt's ecta-m`snoursc, thoufh Gounaujt avo`mcm thc d`ofraph`naj mcta`js og

thc promuncr og thc m`snoursc to csnapc thc trap og cthioncitr`n`se. ]hat mocsiot cita`j that Gounaujt m`m iot noincitratc oi thc ovcrmctcre`i`st`nrcjat`oish`p dctwcci ioi-m`snurs`vc goreat`oi aim m`snurs`vc goreat`oi. Gounaujt `itromuncm thc iot`oi og m`spot`g or apparatus, wh`nh `s doth m`snurs`vc aimprc-/ioi-m`snurs`vc aim that ajso `injumcs ''sn`cit`g`n statcecit'' or a dool j`lcth`s, whcrc thc pscumo-''scnrcts'' or uisa`m moea`i og oic noeeui`ty `s ovcrtjym`snusscm - thc s`jcincecs og so-najjcm earf`iaj`zcm scxuaj`ty `s rcportcmthroufh thc ''sn`cit`g`n'' dool dy mcgcat`if thc Grcum`ai rcprcss`vc hypothcs`s

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(ng. Gounaujt, 1082). Aim th`s rcport`if throufh ''sn`cit`g`n statcecits'' hcjps to susta`i pcrgcnt fovcriecitaj`ty - rcscarnhcrs arc rcport`if to sudsnr`dcfovcri`if statc aim ecrnait`jc citcrpr`sc dy (rc-)promun`if `ihcr`tcm nujturajnap`taj og liowjcmfc `imustry. ]h`s s`tuat`oi `s ajeost aiajofous to thcnoim`t`oi og ai ait`-patr`arnh, ait`-nap`taj`st froup, say jcsd`ais, who arc,paramox`najjy cioufh, mceaim/mcs`rc-`if to fct thc ''r`fht'' gore thc afciny thatthcy arc oppos`if.

]hus, ioth`if nai dc csnapcm groe thc oei`potcit fazc og paiopt`noi. Ajj thcagorcecit`oicm paramoxcs arc 'csscit`aj' gcaturcs og thc ecta-nr`t`naj m`snoursc promuncrs j`lc us, who, as watnhmofs, arc rcport`if (as wc naiiot susta`iw`thout `t), thoufh `i a ioi-author`tar`ai eaiicr, thc `iicr moea`is ogm`ggcrcit noeeui`t`cs (''thcy'' eay dc jcsd`ais, fay, sjue-mwcjjcrs ornh`jm-jador) to thc ''wcjgarc'' fovcri-ecitaj afcin`cs. ]hc prcscit rcv`cwcr, who`s ajso ai `is`mcr og thc anamce`n noeeui`ty, `s totajjy `fiorait adout thc path og noedat`if groe th`s typc og anamce`n aiatoeo-d`o poj`t`ns or cth`ns, whcrcthc anamce`n`ai hcrscjg `s pcictrat`if/`itcrvci`if thc norporcaj og thc sudkcntdy odkcnt`gy`if ''`t'' aim gore`if a m`sn`pj`ic throufh tcnhi`naj aim nr`t`najm`snourscs. Vhci @ ae fo`if throufh th`s cxncjjcit g`rst-og-`ts-l`im dool, @ was

 ajso suggcr`if groe aed`vajcit apor`a - @ was, as a rcamcr aim as a ecedcr ogthc anamce`n tr`dc, try`if to uimcrstaim ey pos`t`oiaj sudkcnt`v`ty; eay @survcy aim rcport a noeeui`ty's dchav`or, or iot? Ae @ hare`if or dcicg`t`if thc noincricm noeeui`ty at thc eoecit og mcpjoy`if m`sn`pj`iary tcnhiojofy? ]h`sth`il`if eay jcam to aiothcr prodjce og pojyeorphous d`o-powcr that `s ajsom`snusscm `i thc dool `i rcgcrcinc to Gounaujt's powcr/liowjcmfc icxus.

]hc author m`st`ifu`shcs thc spolci aim wr`ttci m`snourscs `i a ^aussur`aieaiicr. As shc ecit`oicm thc propcr iaec og ''Mcrr`ma'' scvcraj t`ecs, thcm`snoursc oi prodjceat`n ioi-nausaj, ioi-mctcre`i`st`n rcjat`oish`p dctwccispcal`if aim wr`t`if as rcprcscitat`ois `s eunh cxpcntcm `i rcgcrcinc to

arnhcwr`t`if. ]hc saec noeecit `s ajso appj`nadjc to thc scx/fcimcr m`nhotoey as uscm `i thc dool. ]houfh thc author `s wcjj awarc og thc m`ggcrcinc, thc prodjce og d`ojof`naj scx aim nujturaj fcimcr `s iot rcgjcntcm `i thc aiajys`s ogm`snoursc.

]hc m`spjancecit-noimcisat`oi phcioecia `i ectaphor aim ectoiyey arc m`snusscmgroe thc staimpo`it og nofi`t`vc sn`cinc, iot groe thc pcrspcnt`vcs ogpsynhoaiajys`s, so ajso thc nascs og ''`eafcs'' as m`snusscm dy Lojjcr. ]hcsctrancs og strunturaj`se aim ''sn`cinc'' `i th`s worl jcam th`s worl eorc njoscjy to a strunturaj sn`cit`g`n worl rathcr thai a so-najjcm post-eomcri worl, thoufh

 so najjcm post-eomcri`se `s ajso a part og th`s dool aim oic og thc author's`itcit`ois. ]hc mcnamc-w`sc survcy, gojjow`if thc Frcfor`ai ajeaian, `s ajso aprodjceat`n oic as prc-m`snurs`vc rcaj-syedoj`n-`eaf`iary mo iot ajways gojjowsunh ai ard`trary j`icar path, thoufh, prafeat`najjy spcal`if, `t scrvcs tonoeeui`natc cas`jy.

]hus thc spanc og th`s dool `s hydr`m (s`e`jar to quaitue-njass`naj gus`oi `ithc soec moea`is og noitceporary phys`ns) - aim th`s hydr`m spanc naiiot dcavo`mcm `i a ''wcjj strunturcm ioreaj`zcm'' anamce`n dool - as cvci thc jaifuafc

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 og eamicss was rcprcscitcm `i a ''ioreaj'' jaifuafc - wc ajj liow that njass`naj cxaepjc og eamicss aim n`v`j`zat`oi.

TCGCTCINC^Mcrr`ma, K. 1008. _Eoioj`ifuaj`se og thc Othcr< or, ]hc Rrosthcs`s og Or`f`i_.^taigorm Naj`gori`a; ^taigorm Si`vcrs`ty Rrcss.

Gounaujt, E. 1082. _Rowcr/liowjcmfc; ^cjcntcm @itcrv`cws_, Cm. Formoi, N. Taimoe Housc, @in.

Gounaujt, E.1088. _]hc H`story og ^cxuaj`ty; ai @itromunt`oi_. Woj.1. Icw Porl;W`itafc Dool.

Hajj`may, E. A. L. 1068. _Jaifuafc as a ^on`aj ^ce`ot`n_. Joimoi Cmwarm Ariojm.

ADOS] ]HC TCW@CVCTMcdaprasam Daimyopamhyay `s a ganujty ecedcr og thc @im`ai ^tat`st`naj@ist`tutc, Lojlata, @im`a. Hc has pudj`shcm = dools, eorc thai 182 rcscarnhart`njcs, papcrs, rcv`cws aim popujar wr`t`ifs `i Daifja aim `i Cifj`sh `ircputcm kouriajs aim anamce`n eafaz`ics. Hc `s iow worl`if oi ^`jcincec, Payat`Noepjcx aim oi thc noincpt og ''crrors'' `i eam(wo)eai's jaifuafc .