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Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products
Eddah Nang’ole, Dagmar Mithöfer and Steven Franzel
17
The World Agroforestry Centre, an autonomous, non-profit research organization, aims to bring about a rural
transformation in the developing world by encouraging and enabling smallholders to increase their use of trees in
agricultural landscapes. This will help to improve food security, nutrition, income and health; provide shelter and
energy; and lead to greater environmental sustainability.We are one of the 15 centres of the Consultative Group
on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, we operate six regional offices
located in Brazil, Cameroon, India,Indonesia, Kenya, and Malawi, and conduct research in 18 other countries
around the developing world.
We receive our funding from over 50 different investors. Our current top 10 investors are Canada, the European
Union, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States of America
and the World Bank.
Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis
for agricultural and forest products
Eddah Nang’ole, Dagmar Mithöfer and Steven Franzel
Titles in the Occasional Papers series aim to disseminate information on agroforestry research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other publication series from the World Agroforestry Centre include Technical Manuals and Working Papers.
Correct citation: Nang’ole EM, Mithöfer D and Franzel S. 2011. Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products. ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 17. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre
Published by the World Agroforestry Centre United Nations AvenuePO Box 30677, GPO 00100Nairobi, KenyaTel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org
© World Agroforestry Centre 2011 ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 17
ISBN 978-92-9059-301-0
Cover photo: A busy marketplace in Kisumu, Kenya © Wendy Stone
Editing & proofreading: Betty Rabar
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This paper gives an overview of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis in agriculture and forestry. The publications were compiled through web search using key words such as value chain manuals, value chain guidelines, value chain handbooks. Information was also gathered by requesting key informants to provide any guidelines they knew of. The value chain concept has been applied in different ways by different organizations. Thus, this paper starts by reviewing the commonalities and differences in the definition of value chain and other relevant terms. Four stages of value chain analysis are described: appraisal, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. It then lists 32 guidelines and manuals, breaking them into four groups: (1) those that deal with all four stages of value chain analysis, (2) those focusing on the first two stages, appraisal and design, (3) those that focus on forest products, and (4) those examining special topics cutting across the other guidelines such as collective marketing, farmer-trader relations or gender analysis. For each guideline or manual, there is a brief overview of the contents, the specific survey instruments, case studies and the web address or other means of accessing it. Future work should include a more detailed analysis of the approaches and methods used in the different manuals and their strengths and weaknesses.
Marketing; rapid market appraisal; supply chain analysis; development
Eddah Nang’ole is a Research Assistant at the World Agroforestry Centre in the Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. She holds a Masters of Economics from the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Her research interests are value chain analysis of agroforestry products, enterprise viability and marketing.
Dagmar Mithöfer is an Economist/Senior Marketing Specialist at the World Agroforestry Centre in the Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. She holds a PhD in Economics from University of Hannover, Germany. Her main research interests include certification and quality assurance systems, value chain analysis and smallholder market participation and impact assessment.
Steven Franzel is a Principal Agricultural Economist at the World Agroforestry Centre and leads the Centre’s Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. He holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics from Michigan State University, USA. His main research interests include farming systems research, extension approaches, marketing, participatory research and natural resource management.
The authors would like to thank Jason Donovan and Patrick Van Damme, our peer reviewers, for their valuable comments. We also thank Amos Gyau for his input and comments and guidance towards other important references.
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Methods .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
History of value chains .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Value chain analysis for designing and assessing development interventions ..................................................... 4
Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 14
References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
List of Figures
List of Tables
Figure 1: Porter’s generic value chain ....................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Stages of value chain analysis ..................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1: Guidelines and manuals for analyzing value chains for agricultural and
forest products ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-13
Most poverty reduction strategies in developing countries are predicated on improving agricultural production and promoting market access and integration of smallholder producers in formal market exchange. Research has shown at both conceptual and empirical levels the potential benefits of such a market-driven perspective (Barrett 2008). Development practitioners make extensive use of the value chain concept for the design of market-driven rural development projects and strategies. It is also widely used by researchers, as shown by the increasing number of publications (Fasse et al 2009). There is a tremendous interest in learning about marketing and value chain analysis and a great number of publications are available. However, the large number of manuals and guidelines can be confusing due to differing objectives, a lack of guidance on which to use in a particular situation and the inconsistent use of concepts and terms. So far, no overview of these is available. This paper aims to provide an overview of available manuals and guidelines on value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products for field staff of development and research organizations. The aim is to help users identify the manual(s) most suitable for their own needs and circumstances. Private sector analysts and educators may also find this overview useful.
Kaplinsky and Morris (2002) define a value chain as the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phases of production, transformation and delivery to final consumers, and eventual disposal after use. In Kaplinsky and Morris’ approach, value chain analysis seeks to characterize how chain activities are performed and to understand how value is created and shared among chain participants.
In contrast, other definitions exist. For example, Hobbs et al (2000) defines the value chain as one particular form of the supply chain. In this approach, the supply chain refers to the entire vertical chain of activities: from production on the farm, through processing, distribution and retailing to the consumer – in other words – the entire spectrum, from gate to plate, regardless of how it is organized or how it functions. Hobbs’ definition of supply chain is thus similar to Kaplinsky and Morris’ definition of value chain. Hobbs et al defines the value chain as a vertical alliance or
strategic network between a number of independent business organizations within a supply chain. Thus, rather than value creation and sharing, emphasis is placed on the permanence of linkages among chain actors.
Further, value chain analysis can be viewed in a narrow or broad sense (van den Berg et al 2009). In the narrow meaning, a value chain focuses on a single firm and includes the conception and design stage; the acquisition of inputs; production, marketing and distribution activities; and the performance of after-sale services. The broad approach to value chains looks across enterprises at the range of activities implemented by various actors to bring a raw material to the final product. The broad value chain approach starts from the production system of the raw materials used to produce a product. It also includes linkages with other actors engaged in activities such as trading, assembling, processing and providing business development services such as credit and market information. The broad approach also comprises all backward and forward linkages, up to the level in which the raw material produced is linked to the final consumers (van den Berg et al 2009).
More recently, the concept of value chain analysis seems to have become synonymous to market analysis in general by also including aspects of the horizontal1analysis of a set of specific actors at one stage of the chain and the role of policies, institutions and laws in shaping markets. Often, the terms ‘supply chain’ and ‘value chain’ are used interchangeably.
The remaining sections are organized as follows. First, the methods used to assemble the manuals and guidelines are presented, then the history of the value chain and related concepts are discussed. For each manual or guideline, a brief overview of its contents, the methods used to gather evidence, data collection instruments, case studies and the web address or other means of accessing it are presented.
! ‘Horizontal’ relationships refer to ones among actors at a particular stage of the chain such as in retailing. In contrast, ‘vertical’ relationships are those between actors at different stages of the chain, such as one among producers, wholesalers and retailers.
Thirty-two manuals and guidelines were gathered through a web search using Google and Google Scholar. Key words used in the search were value chain manuals, value chain guidelines, guidelines for market chain analysis and value chain handbooks. The manuals selected mainly targeted researchers and development practitioners working with small farmers and traders to improve their incomes through market-driven enterprises. Other manuals were identified by sending out requests to key informants. Certain manuals on market analysis that had not used the term ‘value chain analysis’, were also included, such as ones on rapid
market appraisal (RMA), which is an iterative and interactive research methodology used to understand complex market systems in a short time (Joss et al 2002). RMA is a key element of many value chain analyses. Also included were volumes of case studies of value chain analysis in which tools and guidelines were discussed.
There may be other relevant manuals and guidelines that have been left out because they could not be accessed using electronic search engines. The authors appreciate suggestions from readers on manuals and guidelines that should be included in future versions of this paper.
Figure 1: Porter’s generic value chain
Source: Roduner 2004
The value chain concept is a systems approach that evolved over time drawing from different disciplines (da Silva and de Souza Filho 2007). The scientific discussion about the vertical integration of production and distribution processes started in the 1960s. The ‘filière’ concept was developed at the French Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) as an analytical tool to study the ways in which agricultural production systems were organized in the context of developing countries.
The framework paid special attention to how local production systems are linked to processing industry, trade, export and final consumption (van den Berg et al 2009). The concept was used to describe the flow of physical input and services in the production of a final product and in terms of its concern with quantitative technical relationships. However, ‘filière’ analysis tended to be viewed as having a static character, reflecting relations at a certain point in time. It did not indicate the growing or shrinking flows either of commodity or knowledge nor the rise and fall of actors (Roduner 2004).
The concept of the sub-sector, first introduced by Shaffer (1970), was also an important conceptual development related to value chains. A sub-sector is “an interdependent array of organizations, resources, laws and institutions involved in producing, processing and distributing an agricultural commodity”. A sub-sector thus involves a set of activities and actors and the rules governing those activities (Staatz 1997). Sub-sector analysis encompasses a meaningful grouping of economic activities linked horizontally and vertically by market relationships. It involves studying the networks of relationships linking suppliers, processors, transporters and traders in ways that connect producers and enterprises with final consumers of goods and services.
In the mid 1980s, Porter developed the value chain analysis as an instrument for identifying the value of each step in the production process (Figure 1). The concept of value chain is utilized as a conceptual framework that enterprises can use to detect their sources of competitive advantage. Porter argued that the sources cannot be detected by looking at a firm as a whole; rather the firm
should be disaggregated in a series of activities. Porter identified (1) primary activities, which directly contribute to add value to the production of goods and service and (2) support activities, which have an indirect effect on the final value of the product (van den Berg et al 2009). The primary activities are: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and services. The goal of these activities is to offer the customer a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities thereby resulting in a profit margin (Roduner 2004).
Porter introduced the ‘value system’ as an alternative way of approaching the search of competitive advantage. A value system includes the activities implemented by all the firms involved in the production of a good or service, starting from basic raw materials to those engaged in the delivery to the final consumers. The concept of value system is therefore broader compared to the one of ‘enterprise value chain’ (van den Berg et al 2009). However, in Porter’s framework, the concept of value system is mostly a tool for assisting executive management in strategic decisions. The value chain analysis, according to Porter’s approach, is therefore restricted to the firm level neglecting the analysis of upstream or downstream activities beyond the company (Fasse et al 2009).
A third concept, the “Global Commodity Chain (GCC),” was introduced in the mid 1990s by Gereffi and others. Gereffi et al (2005) utilized the framework of value chain to examine the ways in which firms
and countries are globally integrated and to assess the determinants of global income distribution. GCC focuses on the power relations in the coordination of globally dispersed, but linked production systems. Gereffi shows that commodity chains are generally characterized by a leading party or parties that determine the overall character of the chain. Gereffi established four core elements: (a) input-output structure, (b) territorial (international) structure, (c) institutional framework, and (d) governance structure (Kaplinsky and Morris 2002). The focus was set on governance referring to institutional mechanisms and inter-firm relationships (Fasse et al 2009). This concept has been applied in the area of quality assurance procedures such as in coffee, e.g. Ponte (2002).
Based on Gereffi’s GCC, Messner (2002) developed the concept of the world economic triangle. Messner’s concept is based on the assumption that actors, governance and regulation systems determine the scope of action open to the regions in the global commodity chains. He determines six critical aspects in an economic triangle as; actor constellations, interests, power structures, situational mindsets, action orientation and trust. This approach focuses on upgrading entire regions or clusters through their integration into chains. Thus the economic triangle theory links horizontal (cluster development) and vertical approaches (value chain) (Roduner 2004). The global commodity chain concept has also been further developed into the Global Value Chain Concept reflecting a more dynamic view of chain governance (Sturgeon 2008, Gereffi et al 2005).
Various guidelines (also known as manuals or handbooks) exist for carrying out value chain analysis. The guidelines cover four broad stages of value chain analysis (Figure 2):
Appraisal of value chains and related information, e.g., choosing products, areas to work, and partners; conducting surveys to describe value chains and product sub-sectors; rapid market appraisals, and data analysis
Design of interventions to improve value chain performances, including technologies, institutional innovations, and policies
Implementation of interventions
Monitoring and evaluation.
Figure 2: Stages of value chain analysis
Table 1 presents guidelines and models which focus on the agricultural and forest sector. The guidelines are divided into four groups. The first are general ones that present information on all four of the above stages. The second group deals only with the first two stages, appraisal and intervention design. These often focus on the kinds of surveys needed to develop an understanding of value chains and include rapid market appraisals. The third group includes guidelines that focus on a particular set of commodities, such as forest enterprises. The fourth group deals with special topics that are often neglected in other guidelines: collective marketing, gender analysis or farmer-trader relations. Where appropriate, collections of case studies to illustrate concepts and their applications have been included.
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
Ge
ne
ral
gu
ide
lin
es
1A
lbu
M a
nd G
riffi
th A
. 200
5. M
appi
ng
the
mar
ket:
a fr
amew
ork
for
rura
l en
terp
rise
dev
elop
men
t po
licy
and
prac
tice.
War
wic
kshi
re, U
K: P
ract
ical
A
ctio
n. 3
6 pp
.
The
guid
e is p
resente
d in four
sections; it b
egin
s w
ith a
n intr
oduction a
nd
conceptu
al fr
am
ew
ork
. The s
econd p
art
pre
sents
the m
ark
et
map t
hro
ugh
an intr
oduction t
o m
ark
et
mappin
g, m
ark
et
chain
acto
rs, th
e e
nabling
busin
ess e
nvironm
ent
and p
articip
ato
ry m
ark
et
mappin
g. T
he t
hird p
art
is
on t
he o
pera
tional challenges a
nd s
olu
tions o
f th
e m
ark
et
map, and t
he
last
section p
resents
conclu
sio
ns a
nd p
olicy r
ecom
mendations.
Stru
ctur
ed
ques
tionn
aire
, pa
rtic
ipat
ory
tool
s
Frui
t in
Col
umbi
a, ba
mbo
o in
Ec
uado
r, m
edic
inal
mar
ket
in t
he
Balk
ans,
aloe
in K
enya
2Be
rnet
T, T
hiel
e G
and
Zsc
hock
e T.
20
06. P
artic
ipat
ory
mar
ket
chai
n ap
proa
ch (
PMC
A)
– us
er g
uide
. Lim
a, Pe
ru: I
nter
natio
nal P
otat
o C
entr
e (C
IP).
184
pp.
The g
uid
e p
resents
the p
articip
ato
ry m
ark
et
chain
appro
ach (
PM
CA). It
sta
rts
by intr
oducin
g t
he b
asic
concepts
of
mark
et
chain
com
petitiveness
that
influence r
ura
l develo
pm
ent
pro
cesses. T
he s
econd c
hapte
r describes
the t
hre
e p
hases o
f m
ark
et
chain
appro
ach: define, analy
ze a
nd p
ut
in
pla
ce innovations. T
he t
hird c
hapte
r giv
es u
sefu
l to
ols w
hic
h c
an b
e a
pplied
in c
onju
nction w
ith P
MC
A. T
he fourth
chapte
r pro
vid
es c
ase s
tudie
s a
nd
the last
part
giv
es t
he c
hallenges faced w
hen u
sin
g P
MC
A.
Mar
ket
sket
ch, r
apid
m
arke
t ap
prai
sal,
focu
s gr
oup
and
quan
titat
ive
mar
ket
stud
y
Pota
to in
Per
u, B
oliv
ia a
nd U
gand
a
3da
Silv
a C
and
de
Souz
a Fi
lho
HM
. 20
07. G
uide
lines
for
rapi
d ap
prai
sals
of
agr
ifood
cha
in p
erfo
rman
ce in
de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es. R
ome,
Ital
y: FA
O.
111
pp.
The g
uid
elines a
re o
rganiz
ed in four
sections. Follow
ing t
he intr
oduction,
the c
onceptu
al basis for
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis is e
xam
ined in t
he s
econd
section. T
he t
hird s
ection d
iscusses e
ach s
tep o
f th
e p
roposed m
eth
odolo
gy:
definin
g o
bje
ctives, chain
delim
itation, chain
mappin
g, sta
kehold
er
validation, and p
olicy a
nd s
trate
gy im
ple
menta
tion. T
he fourth
section g
ives
recom
mendations o
n t
he a
pplication o
f th
e m
eth
odolo
gy.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s an
d st
ruct
ured
dir
ect
obse
rvat
ions
The
Sou
th A
fric
an b
eef c
hain
, the
Br
azili
an b
eef c
hain
, fis
heri
es s
ecto
r in
Mal
aysi
a
4Fe
rris
S, K
agan
zi E
, Bes
t R
, Ost
erta
g C
, Lun
dy M
and
Wan
dsch
neid
er T
. 20
06. A
mar
ket
faci
litat
or’s
guid
e to
par
ticip
ator
y ag
roen
terp
rise
de
velo
pmen
t. K
ampa
la, U
gand
a: C
IAT.
This g
uid
e is p
resente
d in 1
1 s
ections. It s
tarts
off w
ith a
n o
verv
iew
of
agro
ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent
follow
ed b
y t
he b
asic
s o
f m
ark
eting. T
he t
hird
section g
ives g
uid
elines o
n institu
tional pre
para
tion a
nd p
lannin
g a
nd
the fourth
covers
tools for
work
ing w
ith a
com
munity. T
he fifth
section
is o
n m
anagem
ent
and p
artn
er
sele
ction; sections s
ix a
nd s
even a
re o
n
pro
ject
site s
ele
ction a
nd e
valu
ation, and p
roduct
scre
enin
g a
nd m
ark
et
opportu
nity identification r
espectively. Section e
ight
is o
n s
ele
ction o
f th
e
best
pro
duct
and s
ection n
ine is o
n m
ark
et
chain
analy
sis
. The t
enth
and
ele
venth
sections a
re o
n d
evelo
pin
g a
n e
nte
rprise a
nd e
valu
ating p
rogre
ss
and s
caling u
p.
Rap
id r
econ
nais
sanc
e su
rvey
, sec
onda
ry
data
, key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s an
d re
view
of
tre
nds
Com
mun
ity r
esou
rce
map
(U
gand
a), m
arke
t m
ap (
grou
ndnu
ts
in K
enya
), fa
rmer
s’ m
arke
t su
rvey
(U
gand
a), p
roft
abili
ty a
naly
sis
of
bean
s (U
gand
a), h
isto
rica
l cal
enda
r (T
anza
nia)
, par
tner
ship
s (U
gand
a),
ente
rpri
se s
elec
tion
and
desi
gn
(Uga
nda)
Tab
le 1
: Gui
delin
es a
nd m
anua
ls fo
r an
alyz
ing
valu
e ch
ains
for
agri
cultu
ral a
nd fo
rest
pro
duct
s
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
5Fe
rris
S, M
undy
P a
nd B
est
R. 2
009.
G
ettin
g to
mar
ket;
from
agr
icul
ture
to
agr
oent
erpr
ise.
Bal
timor
e, U
SA:
Cat
holic
Rel
ief S
ervi
ces
(CR
S). 3
44 p
p.
This b
ook p
resents
a s
eries o
f cases, dra
wn f
rom
a r
ange o
f valu
e c
hain
s
and a
cro
ss c
ountr
ies. Each c
ase focuses o
n a
particula
r sta
ge in t
he
agro
ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent
pro
cess, fo
llow
ing a
new
“agro
ente
rprise
develo
pm
ent
cycle
” th
at
outlin
es h
ow
to h
elp
farm
ers
im
pro
ve t
heir
mark
et
perf
orm
ance. It is p
resente
d in 1
0 p
arts
, th
e first
giv
es b
ackgro
und
info
rmation o
n a
gro
ente
rprise, th
e s
econd is o
n t
he a
gro
ente
rprise
cycle
, th
e t
hird is o
n c
hoosin
g a
n e
ntr
y p
oin
t, a
nd t
he fourth
section
covers
gender
in a
gro
ente
rprise. Sections fiv
e t
o n
ine o
utlin
e s
teps t
o b
e
follow
ed w
hen e
sta
blishin
g a
n e
nte
rprise: gett
ing o
rganiz
ed a
nd e
nte
rprise
desig
n, w
hic
h inclu
des a
naly
zin
g t
he v
alu
e c
hain
, m
ark
eting, scaling u
p
and learn
ing a
nd s
haring. Section t
en p
resents
conclu
sio
ns a
nd t
he w
ay
forw
ard
.
Stru
ctur
ed
ques
tionn
aire
, che
cklis
tSe
lect
ing
com
mun
ities
and
or
gani
zing
farm
ers
(ses
ame
in
Nig
er, p
ulse
s in
Ken
ya, c
offe
e in
Ph
ilipp
ines
, alte
rnat
ives
to
popp
y in
Afg
anis
tan)
, ent
erpr
ise
desi
gn
(pot
atoe
s in
Eth
iopi
a, ag
ribu
sine
ss
cent
res
in E
l Sal
vado
r, po
tato
es
in U
gand
a an
d ca
lam
ansi
in
Phili
ppin
es),
mar
ketin
g (g
roup
s in
Ta
nzan
ia, f
inan
cial
ser
vice
s in
Indi
a, m
ilk in
Afg
hani
stan
and
inno
vatio
n gr
oups
in N
icar
agua
), sc
alin
g up
(b
eans
in E
thio
pia
and
coffe
e in
N
icar
agua
), le
arni
ng a
nd s
hari
ng
(Eas
t Afr
ica
and
Mad
agas
car)
6G
TZ
. 200
7. V
alue
links
man
ual.
The
met
hodo
logy
of v
alue
cha
in
prom
otio
n. E
schb
orn,
Ger
man
y: D
euts
che
Ges
ells
chaf
t fü
r Tec
hnis
che
Zus
amm
enar
beit
(GT
Z).
221
pp.
The m
anual str
uctu
res t
he k
now
-how
of
valu
e c
hain
pro
motion into
12 m
odule
s o
rganiz
ed a
ccord
ing t
o t
he p
roje
ct
cycle
. It s
tarts
with t
he
decisio
n w
heth
er
to e
ngage in v
alu
e c
hain
pro
motion a
t all, and h
ow
to
com
bin
e V
C p
rom
otion w
ith o
ther
develo
pm
ent
appro
aches. T
he first
ste
p in v
alu
e c
hain
pro
motion is t
he identification o
f a v
alu
e c
hain
to
pro
mote
(m
odule
1), follow
ed b
y v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis (
module
2)
and t
he
form
ula
tion o
f a c
hain
upgra
din
g s
trate
gy (
module
3). M
odule
4 p
resents
know
-how
for
facilitato
rs o
f valu
e c
hain
pro
motion p
roje
cts
. M
odule
s
(5-1
0)
are
all d
evote
d t
o t
he im
ple
menta
tion o
f pro
jects
. Fin
ally, m
odule
11 c
loses t
he c
ycle
with k
now
-how
on m
onitoring im
pacts
and m
anagin
g
for
develo
pm
ent
results.
Seco
ndar
y in
form
atio
n,
key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s
Man
go in
Ken
ya, h
oney
in M
exic
o,
jute
in B
angl
ades
h, a
mon
g ot
hers
7H
err
M a
nd M
uzir
a T.
200
9. C
hain
de
velo
pmen
t fo
r de
cent
wor
k: a
gu
ide
for
deve
lopm
ent
prac
titio
ners
, go
vern
men
t an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
in
itiat
ives
. Gen
eva,
Switz
erla
nd:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Lab
our
Org
aniz
atio
n (I
LO).
244
pp.
“D
ecent
work
” is a
n a
ppro
ach t
o s
usta
inable
develo
pm
ent
pro
mote
d b
y
the Inte
rnational Labour
Org
aniz
ation h
ighlighting s
ocia
l ju
stice a
nd s
ocia
l
inclu
sio
n. T
he g
uid
e g
ives a
spects
that
need t
o b
e t
aken into
account
when w
ork
ing t
o im
pro
ve v
alu
e c
hain
s h
ighlighting d
ecent
work
. C
hapte
r
1 g
ives t
he a
ppro
priate
crite
ria a
nd m
eth
odolo
gy for
secto
r sele
ction,
while C
hapte
r 2 p
rovid
es g
uid
ance o
n p
roje
ct
setu
p a
nd initia
l evalu
ation.
Chapte
r 3 e
xplo
res v
alu
e c
hain
mappin
g. C
hapte
r 4 e
xplo
res k
ey t
ypes
of
valu
e c
hain
researc
h, in
clu
din
g w
hy a
nd h
ow
to a
ssess t
he n
atu
re o
f
dia
logue, w
ork
ing c
onditio
ns, pow
er
rela
tions a
nd t
he p
ositio
n o
f w
om
en
within
a v
alu
e c
hain
, as w
ell a
s t
he r
ole
of
lead firm
s a
nd b
usin
ess
serv
ices. C
hapte
r 5, on v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
, explo
res a
num
ber
of
key
inte
rvention s
trate
gie
s. C
hapte
r 6 d
iscusses m
onitoring a
nd e
valu
ation a
nd
offers
guid
ance o
n b
aseline a
nd p
eriodic
surv
eys, and t
he s
ele
ction a
nd
trackin
g o
f in
dic
ato
rs, fr
om
inputs
to o
utp
uts
, to
outc
om
es, to
im
pacts
.
Inte
rvie
ws,
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons,
seco
ndar
y da
ta
Vege
tabl
e se
ctor
in B
angl
ades
h,
flori
cultu
re in
Sri
Lan
ka
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
5Fe
rris
S, M
undy
P a
nd B
est
R. 2
009.
G
ettin
g to
mar
ket;
from
agr
icul
ture
to
agr
oent
erpr
ise.
Bal
timor
e, U
SA:
Cat
holic
Rel
ief S
ervi
ces
(CR
S). 3
44 p
p.
This b
ook p
resents
a s
eries o
f cases, dra
wn f
rom
a r
ange o
f valu
e c
hain
s
and a
cro
ss c
ountr
ies. Each c
ase focuses o
n a
particula
r sta
ge in t
he
agro
ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent
pro
cess, fo
llow
ing a
new
“agro
ente
rprise
develo
pm
ent
cycle
” th
at
outlin
es h
ow
to h
elp
farm
ers
im
pro
ve t
heir
mark
et
perf
orm
ance. It is p
resente
d in 1
0 p
arts
, th
e first
giv
es b
ackgro
und
info
rmation o
n a
gro
ente
rprise, th
e s
econd is o
n t
he a
gro
ente
rprise
cycle
, th
e t
hird is o
n c
hoosin
g a
n e
ntr
y p
oin
t, a
nd t
he fourth
section
covers
gender
in a
gro
ente
rprise. Sections fiv
e t
o n
ine o
utlin
e s
teps t
o b
e
follow
ed w
hen e
sta
blishin
g a
n e
nte
rprise: gett
ing o
rganiz
ed a
nd e
nte
rprise
desig
n, w
hic
h inclu
des a
naly
zin
g t
he v
alu
e c
hain
, m
ark
eting, scaling u
p
and learn
ing a
nd s
haring. Section t
en p
resents
conclu
sio
ns a
nd t
he w
ay
forw
ard
.
Stru
ctur
ed
ques
tionn
aire
, che
cklis
tSe
lect
ing
com
mun
ities
and
or
gani
zing
farm
ers
(ses
ame
in
Nig
er, p
ulse
s in
Ken
ya, c
offe
e in
Ph
ilipp
ines
, alte
rnat
ives
to
popp
y in
Afg
anis
tan)
, ent
erpr
ise
desi
gn
(pot
atoe
s in
Eth
iopi
a, ag
ribu
sine
ss
cent
res
in E
l Sal
vado
r, po
tato
es
in U
gand
a an
d ca
lam
ansi
in
Phili
ppin
es),
mar
ketin
g (g
roup
s in
Ta
nzan
ia, f
inan
cial
ser
vice
s in
Indi
a, m
ilk in
Afg
hani
stan
and
inno
vatio
n gr
oups
in N
icar
agua
), sc
alin
g up
(b
eans
in E
thio
pia
and
coffe
e in
N
icar
agua
), le
arni
ng a
nd s
hari
ng
(Eas
t Afr
ica
and
Mad
agas
car)
6G
TZ
. 200
7. V
alue
links
man
ual.
The
met
hodo
logy
of v
alue
cha
in
prom
otio
n. E
schb
orn,
Ger
man
y: D
euts
che
Ges
ells
chaf
t fü
r Tec
hnis
che
Zus
amm
enar
beit
(GT
Z).
221
pp.
The m
anual str
uctu
res t
he k
now
-how
of
valu
e c
hain
pro
motion into
12 m
odule
s o
rganiz
ed a
ccord
ing t
o t
he p
roje
ct
cycle
. It s
tarts
with t
he
decisio
n w
heth
er
to e
ngage in v
alu
e c
hain
pro
motion a
t all, and h
ow
to
com
bin
e V
C p
rom
otion w
ith o
ther
develo
pm
ent
appro
aches. T
he first
ste
p in v
alu
e c
hain
pro
motion is t
he identification o
f a v
alu
e c
hain
to
pro
mote
(m
odule
1), follow
ed b
y v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis (
module
2)
and t
he
form
ula
tion o
f a c
hain
upgra
din
g s
trate
gy (
module
3). M
odule
4 p
resents
know
-how
for
facilitato
rs o
f valu
e c
hain
pro
motion p
roje
cts
. M
odule
s
(5-1
0)
are
all d
evote
d t
o t
he im
ple
menta
tion o
f pro
jects
. Fin
ally, m
odule
11 c
loses t
he c
ycle
with k
now
-how
on m
onitoring im
pacts
and m
anagin
g
for
develo
pm
ent
results.
Seco
ndar
y in
form
atio
n,
key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s
Man
go in
Ken
ya, h
oney
in M
exic
o,
jute
in B
angl
ades
h, a
mon
g ot
hers
7H
err
M a
nd M
uzir
a T.
200
9. C
hain
de
velo
pmen
t fo
r de
cent
wor
k: a
gu
ide
for
deve
lopm
ent
prac
titio
ners
, go
vern
men
t an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
in
itiat
ives
. Gen
eva,
Switz
erla
nd:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Lab
our
Org
aniz
atio
n (I
LO).
244
pp.
“D
ecent
work
” is a
n a
ppro
ach t
o s
usta
inable
develo
pm
ent
pro
mote
d b
y
the Inte
rnational Labour
Org
aniz
ation h
ighlighting s
ocia
l ju
stice a
nd s
ocia
l
inclu
sio
n. T
he g
uid
e g
ives a
spects
that
need t
o b
e t
aken into
account
when w
ork
ing t
o im
pro
ve v
alu
e c
hain
s h
ighlighting d
ecent
work
. C
hapte
r
1 g
ives t
he a
ppro
priate
crite
ria a
nd m
eth
odolo
gy for
secto
r sele
ction,
while C
hapte
r 2 p
rovid
es g
uid
ance o
n p
roje
ct
setu
p a
nd initia
l evalu
ation.
Chapte
r 3 e
xplo
res v
alu
e c
hain
mappin
g. C
hapte
r 4 e
xplo
res k
ey t
ypes
of
valu
e c
hain
researc
h, in
clu
din
g w
hy a
nd h
ow
to a
ssess t
he n
atu
re o
f
dia
logue, w
ork
ing c
onditio
ns, pow
er
rela
tions a
nd t
he p
ositio
n o
f w
om
en
within
a v
alu
e c
hain
, as w
ell a
s t
he r
ole
of
lead firm
s a
nd b
usin
ess
serv
ices. C
hapte
r 5, on v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
, explo
res a
num
ber
of
key
inte
rvention s
trate
gie
s. C
hapte
r 6 d
iscusses m
onitoring a
nd e
valu
ation a
nd
offers
guid
ance o
n b
aseline a
nd p
eriodic
surv
eys, and t
he s
ele
ction a
nd
trackin
g o
f in
dic
ato
rs, fr
om
inputs
to o
utp
uts
, to
outc
om
es, to
im
pacts
.
Inte
rvie
ws,
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons,
seco
ndar
y da
ta
Vege
tabl
e se
ctor
in B
angl
ades
h,
flori
cultu
re in
Sri
Lan
ka
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
8Lu
ndy
M, G
ottr
et M
V, O
ster
tag
C, B
est
R a
nd F
erri
s S.
200
7. P
artic
ipat
ory
mar
ket
chai
n an
alys
is fo
r sm
allh
olde
r pr
oduc
ers.
Balti
mor
e, U
SA:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cen
tre
for T
ropi
cal
Agr
icul
ture
(C
IAT
), C
atho
lic R
elie
f Se
rvic
es, (
CR
S). 1
30 p
p.
The g
uid
e is p
resente
d in 1
1 s
ections; th
e first
part
giv
es a
n a
rea-b
ased
appro
ach t
o r
ura
l ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent, t
he s
econd s
ection is o
n
mark
et
chain
s a
nd s
erv
ice p
rovid
ers
. The t
hird p
art
giv
es b
asic
ste
ps in
develo
pin
g a
com
petitive m
ark
et
chain
str
ate
gy a
nd t
he fourth
section
giv
es t
he g
uid
elines for
adapting t
he p
rocess t
o local needs. T
he fifth
section is o
n s
ele
cting a
mark
et
chain
and t
he s
ixth
part
pre
sents
the
pro
cess o
f pla
nnin
g a
nd e
xecuting a
rapid
mark
et
surv
ey. S
ection s
even
pre
sents
the p
rocess o
f id
entify
ing k
ey a
cto
rs in m
ark
et
chain
s a
nd s
teps
for
busin
ess p
lannin
g w
hile s
ection e
ight
pre
sents
the p
articip
ato
ry m
ark
et
chain
analy
sis
. Section n
ine a
naly
ses c
ritical poin
ts in t
he m
ark
et
chain
and s
ection t
en is o
n n
egotiating a
str
ate
gy t
o incre
ase c
om
petitiveness.
The last
part
pre
sents
guid
elines for
monitoring o
f str
ate
gie
s t
o incre
ase
com
petit
iven
ess.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sion
s, st
ruct
ured
an
d se
mi-s
truc
ture
d in
terv
iew
s, se
cond
ary
data
Cof
fee
in H
ondu
ras,
dair
y m
arke
t in
C
osta
Ric
a
9Lu
ndy
M, G
ottr
et M
V, C
ifuen
tes
W, O
ster
tag
C, B
est
R, F
erri
s S,
Pe
ters
D. 2
004.
Incr
easi
ng t
he
com
petit
iven
ess
of m
arke
t ch
ains
fo
r sm
allh
olde
r pr
oduc
ers
- M
anua
l 3:
Ter
rito
rial
app
roac
h to
rur
al
agro
-ent
erpr
ise
deve
lopm
ent.
Cal
i, C
olom
bia:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cen
tre
for
Trop
ical
Agr
icul
ture
(C
IAT
) R
ural
A
groe
nter
pris
e D
evel
opm
ent
Proj
ect.
117
pp.
The g
uid
e c
om
prises 1
1 m
odule
s. T
he first
module
is o
n t
he t
err
itorial
appro
ach for
rura
l ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent. M
odule
2 is o
n m
ark
et
chain
s
and s
erv
ice p
rovid
ers
: basic
concepts
. M
odule
3 p
resents
the b
asic
ste
ps in
develo
pin
g a
com
petitive m
ark
et
chain
str
ate
gy. M
odule
4 g
ives g
uid
elines
for
adapting t
he p
rocess t
o local needs, m
odule
5 g
ives t
he p
ractical w
ork
for
sele
cting a
mark
et, a
nd m
odule
6 p
resents
pra
ctical w
ork
for
pla
nnin
g
and e
xecuting a
rapid
mark
et
surv
ey. M
odule
7 is o
n t
he Identification
of
key a
cto
rs in t
he m
ark
et
chain
and s
teps for
convenin
g t
hem
. M
odule
8 is o
n p
articip
ato
ry m
ark
et
chain
analy
sis
, M
odule
9 g
ives a
n a
naly
sis
of
critical poin
ts in t
he m
ark
et
chain
, M
odule
10 is o
n n
egotiating a
str
ate
gy t
o incre
ase c
om
petitiveness a
nd M
odule
11 c
overs
monitoring o
f
str
ate
gie
s.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, st
ruct
ured
, se
mi-s
truc
ture
d in
terv
iew
s, ch
eckl
ist
for
diffe
rent
act
ors,
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
on
Map
of t
he c
offe
e m
arke
t ch
ain
in
Hon
dura
s, da
iry
mar
ket
chai
n in
Ec
uado
r
10R
iisga
rd L
, Bol
wig
S, M
atos
e F,
Pont
e S,
du
Toit
A a
nd H
albe
rg N
. 200
8. A
st
rate
gic
fram
ewor
k an
d to
olbo
x fo
r ac
tion
rese
arch
with
sm
all p
rodu
cers
in
val
ue c
hain
s. C
open
hage
n: D
anis
h In
stitu
te fo
r In
tern
atio
nal S
tudi
es
(DIIS
). 79
pp.
The p
aper
pre
sents
a s
trate
gic
and p
ractical guid
e o
n h
ow
to d
esig
n
and im
ple
ment
action r
esearc
h in v
alu
e c
hain
s in a
way t
hat
inte
gra
tes
poverty
, environm
enta
l and g
ender
concern
s. T
he focus is o
n s
mall
pro
ducers
in d
evelo
pin
g c
ountr
ies a
nd o
ther
weak c
hain
acto
rs s
uch a
s
sm
all t
radin
g a
nd p
rocessin
g firm
s. T
he p
aper
is p
resente
d in fiv
e s
ections;
it s
tarts
by g
ivin
g a
n intr
oduction a
nd b
ackgro
und o
n a
ction r
esearc
h. T
he
second s
ection is o
n v
alu
e c
hain
upgra
din
g for
sm
all p
roducers
. The t
hird
section p
resents
the e
valu
ation o
f m
eth
ods for
action r
esearc
h in v
alu
e
chain
s. T
he fourth
section p
resents
seven s
teps o
f action r
esearc
h in v
alu
e
chain
s a
nd t
he fifth
part
giv
es a
n e
xam
ple
of
how
the t
oolb
ox c
ould
be
applied.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, sa
mpl
e su
rvey
s, ge
nder
an
alys
is, g
roup
in
tera
ctio
n, fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sion
s, pa
rtic
ipat
ory
map
ping
an
d en
terp
rise
bud
gets
Pige
on p
ea a
nd c
offe
e in
Uga
nda,
tea
and
cala
mar
i in
Sout
h A
fric
a
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
11R
oyal
Tro
pica
l Ins
titut
e (K
IT),
Faid
a M
ali,
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Rur
al R
econ
stru
ctio
n. 2
006.
C
hain
em
pow
erm
ent
– su
ppor
ting
Afr
ican
farm
ers
to d
evel
op m
arke
ts.
Am
ster
dam
& N
airo
bi: R
oyal
Tro
pica
l In
stitu
te a
nd In
tern
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
of
Rur
al R
econ
stru
ctio
n. 2
12 p
p.
The t
oolb
ook is p
resente
d in n
ine c
hapte
rs. T
he first
chapte
r giv
es
backgro
und info
rmation, th
e s
econd intr
oduces v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis a
nd
describes t
he f
ram
ew
ork
for
analy
zin
g t
he farm
ers
’ positio
n in a
valu
e
chain
. C
hapte
rs 3
–6 p
resent
19 c
ase s
tudie
s s
how
ing h
ow
gro
ups o
f
farm
ers
have im
pro
ved t
heir p
ositio
n in t
he c
hain
. These c
hapte
rs a
lso
describe t
he r
ole
of
the inte
rmedia
ry o
rganiz
ations. C
hapte
r 7 d
istills
lessons f
rom
these c
ases. It d
escribes t
he s
trate
gie
s t
hat
the inte
rmedia
ry
org
aniz
ation c
an u
se t
o h
elp
farm
ers
im
pro
ve t
heir p
ositio
n in t
he c
hain
.
Chapte
r 8 d
escribes t
he v
arious r
ole
s t
hat
the inte
rmedia
ry o
rganiz
ation
may c
onsid
er
pla
yin
g in p
rom
oting v
alu
e c
hain
s. C
hapte
r 9 g
ives a
brief
overv
iew
of
various t
ools t
hat
inte
rmedia
ry o
rganiz
ations c
an u
se in
analy
zin
g a
nd facilitating t
he d
evelo
pm
ent
of
valu
e c
hain
s T
he h
andbook
is inclu
ded h
ere
because o
f its c
ollection o
f case s
tudie
s.
Seco
ndar
y da
ta,
stak
ehol
der
wor
ksho
psC
ashe
w in
Moz
ambi
que,
pin
eapp
le
in G
hana
and
Tan
zani
a, ja
trop
ha,
onio
n an
d su
garc
ane
in T
anza
nia,
goat
s an
d m
aize
in K
enya
, pap
rika
in
Mal
awi,
sunf
low
er in
Tan
zani
a, m
ango
mar
ket
linka
ges
thro
ugh
farm
er fi
eld
scho
ols
in K
enya
, or
gani
c co
ffee
from
Kili
man
jaro
Ta
nzan
ia, M
ozam
bica
n pi
neap
ples
12W
ebbe
r M
and
Lab
aste
P. 2
007.
Usi
ng
valu
e ch
ain
appr
oach
es in
agr
ibus
ines
s an
d ag
ricu
lture
in s
ub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a; a
met
hodo
logi
cal g
uide
: too
ls t
hat
mak
e va
lue
chai
ns w
ork:
dis
cuss
ion
and
case
s. W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: W
orld
Ban
k. 2
16 p
p.
The g
uid
e is d
ivid
ed into
fiv
e s
ections: th
e first
section g
ives a
n intr
oduction
and o
bje
ctives. T
he s
econd s
ection g
ives t
he d
efinitio
n o
f valu
e c
hain
s,
a d
escription o
f th
eir s
tructu
re, and b
ackgro
und o
n u
sin
g a
nd a
naly
zin
g
valu
e c
hain
s. T
he t
hird s
ection r
evie
ws litera
ture
on v
alu
e/s
upply
chain
s, in
clu
din
g c
urr
ent
theories a
nd a
pplications. T
he fourth
pre
sents
meth
odolo
gic
al to
ols a
nd a
ppro
aches t
hat
incorp
ora
te im
porta
nt
valu
e
chain
concepts
with t
he t
hem
es d
iscussed a
nd w
ith s
ound b
usin
ess
princip
les. T
he a
ccom
panyin
g c
ases illustr
ate
the a
pplication o
f th
e t
ools
.
The fin
al section s
um
marizes t
he g
uid
e’s p
rincip
les a
nd lessons a
nd
suggests
futu
re s
teps for
achie
vin
g v
alu
e c
hain
com
petitiveness.
Seco
ndar
y da
ta, k
ey
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
sU
gand
a flo
ricu
lture
; Ken
yan
gree
n be
ans
and
othe
r fr
esh
vege
tabl
e ex
port
s
Gu
ide
lin
es f
or v
alu
e c
hain
ap
prais
al
an
d d
esig
n o
f i
nte
rve
ntio
ns
1Bo
omga
rd J,
Dav
ies
SP, H
aggb
lade
S a
nd
Mea
d D
C. 1
986.
Sub
-sec
tor
anal
ysis
: its
nat
ure,
con
duct
and
pot
entia
l co
ntri
butio
n to
sm
all e
nter
pris
e de
velo
pmen
t. M
SU In
tern
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t Pa
pers
, Wor
king
Pap
er
No
26. 6
5 pp
.
This p
aper
describes t
he s
ub-s
ecto
r appro
ach t
o s
mall e
nte
rprise r
esearc
h.
The b
ody o
f th
e p
aper
begin
s in S
ection 2
, w
ith a
genera
l description o
f
the s
ub-s
ecto
r appro
ach. Section 3
follow
s w
ith a
num
ber
of
brief
case
stu
die
s. T
he c
ase s
tudie
s g
ive a
feel of
what
sub-s
ecto
r analy
sis c
an o
ffer.
Section 4
lays o
ut
som
e k
ey p
rocedure
s t
o b
e follow
ed in c
arr
yin
g o
ut
sub-s
ecto
r re
searc
h.
Inte
ract
ive
and
prob
ing
inte
rvie
ws
Sorg
hum
bee
r in
Bot
swan
a, fu
rnitu
re in
Tha
iland
, gar
men
ts in
Eg
ypt,
shri
mp
in In
done
sia,
batik
cl
oth
in In
done
sia
2H
aggb
lade
SJ a
nd G
amse
r, M
S.
1991
. A fi
eld
man
ual f
or s
ub-s
ecto
r pr
actit
ione
rs; t
ools
for
mic
roen
terp
rise
pr
ogra
ms.
GEM
INI P
roje
ct, U
SAID
. 90
pp.
This m
anual describes t
he p
rocedure
s involv
ed in c
onducting s
ub-s
ecto
r
analy
sis
. Sub-s
ecto
r analy
sis is p
resente
d a
s a
tool fo
r fa
cilitating “
sm
all
firm
moves t
o p
rom
isin
g t
echnolo
gie
s a
nd m
ark
et
nic
hes”
by e
valu
ating t
he
dynam
ics a
nd p
rospects
for
inte
rvention. T
he m
anual is d
ivid
ed into
thre
e
sections. T
he first
section, giv
es t
he intr
oduction t
o s
ub-s
ecto
r and m
icro
sm
all e
nte
rprise a
nd k
ey c
oncepts
. The s
econd s
ection g
ives t
he a
naly
tical
pro
cedure
s for
a s
ub-s
ecto
r stu
dy a
nd t
he t
hird g
ives p
oin
ters
for
movin
g
from
analy
sis t
o a
ction.
Trad
e st
atis
tics,
key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, op
en-e
nded
di
scus
sion
s
Bots
wan
a’s s
orgh
um b
eer
sub-
sect
or, T
haila
nd’s
silk
sub
-sec
tor
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
3H
ellin
J an
d M
eije
r M
. 200
6. G
uide
lines
fo
r va
lue
chai
n an
alys
is. R
ome:
Foo
d an
d A
gric
ultu
ral O
rgan
izat
ion
(FA
O).
24 p
p.
The p
aper
pre
sents
the c
onceptu
al fr
am
ew
ork
that
guid
es m
appin
g in t
he
valu
e c
hain
. It d
escribes v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
, giv
es t
ools for
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis a
nd m
ark
et
maps. T
he p
aper
furth
er
giv
es t
he p
ractical use o
f
mark
et
map f
ram
ew
ork
, usin
g M
exic
o a
s a
case s
tudy. In t
he c
ase s
tudy
mark
ets
were
mapped a
long t
he v
alu
e c
hain
. The p
aper
can b
e u
sed
as a
guid
e for
those inte
ndin
g t
o c
arr
y o
ut
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis in t
he
agricultura
l secto
r.
Part
icip
ant
obse
rvat
ion
tech
niqu
es, f
ocus
gro
up
disc
ussi
on, s
emi-
stru
ctur
ed in
terv
iew
s an
d qu
estio
nnai
re
The
cas
e of
mai
ze in
Chi
apas
M
exic
o
4H
oltz
man
John
S. 1
986.
Rap
id
reco
nnai
ssan
ce g
uide
lines
for
agri
cultu
ral m
arke
ting
and
food
sys
tem
re
sear
ch in
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s. M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
, Wor
king
Pa
per
No
30. 8
5pp.
This p
aper
pre
sents
rapid
reconnaissance g
uid
elines for
conducting
researc
h o
n a
gricultura
l m
ark
eting c
om
ponents
of
food s
yste
ms. It
is d
ivid
ed into
11 s
ections, sta
rting w
ith t
he intr
oduction, fo
llow
ed b
y
importa
nt
chara
cte
ristics o
f ra
pid
reconnaissance. T
he t
hird s
ection
pre
sents
the a
naly
tical fr
am
ew
ork
; th
e fourth
is o
n k
ey a
reas o
f
investigation in r
apid
reconnaissance o
f com
modity s
ub-s
ecto
rs. T
he
fift
h s
ection p
resents
an a
naly
sis o
f prices a
nd m
ark
eting c
osts
and
marg
ins. Section s
ix c
overs
key indic
ato
rs a
nd p
roxy v
ariable
s in r
apid
reconnaissance. T
he s
eventh
part
is o
n t
he institu
tional and n
on-m
ark
et
facto
rs in food s
yste
ms a
nd t
he e
ighth
chapte
r is o
n p
reparing for
rapid
reconnaissance fie
ld w
ork
. Section n
ine a
nd t
en a
re o
n im
ple
menting a
nd
pre
senting r
apid
reconnaissance s
urv
eys r
espectively. T
his is follow
ed b
y
lim
itations o
f ra
pid
appra
isal and c
onclu
sio
n.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, di
rect
ob
serv
atio
n, s
econ
dary
da
ta, g
roup
inte
rvie
ws
Sene
gal f
ood
syst
em
5Jo
ss S
, Sch
alte
nbra
nd H
and
Sch
mid
t P.
2002
. Clie
nts
first
! A r
apid
mar
ket
appr
aisa
l too
l kit
theo
retic
al
back
grou
nd a
nd e
xper
ienc
es fr
om
vari
ous
RM
A e
vent
s. Ex
peri
ence
and
le
arni
ng in
inte
rnat
iona
l co-
oper
atio
n –
Hel
veta
s Pu
blic
atio
ns, N
o 3.
Hel
veta
s. 51
pp.
This p
ublication d
escribes t
he m
ain
chara
cte
ristics o
f a b
asic
mark
et
stu
dy a
s w
ell a
s t
he m
eth
odolo
gy o
f a r
apid
mark
et
appra
isal (R
MA). It
is
pre
sente
d in t
hre
e c
hapte
rs; th
e first
chapte
r discusses t
he R
MA t
oolk
it, it
pre
sents
the p
rere
quisites for
RM
A, th
e p
articip
ato
ry t
ools u
sed in R
MA,
and it
advises o
n h
ow
to a
naly
ze d
ata
and h
ow
to w
rite
an R
MA r
eport.
Chapte
r tw
o g
ives c
ase s
tudie
s for
RM
A e
xperiences w
hile c
hapte
r th
ree
pre
sents
the c
onclu
sio
ns.
Dir
ect
obse
rvat
ion,
se
mi-s
truc
ture
d in
terv
iew
s, se
ason
al
cale
ndar
s, ra
nkin
g m
etho
ds, v
enn
diag
ram
s
Ani
mal
hus
band
ry in
Vie
tnam
, lin
king
K
yrgy
z ho
rtic
ultu
ral p
rodu
cers
with
th
e Si
beri
an m
arke
ts
6K
aplin
sky
R a
nd M
orri
s M
. 200
2. A
ha
ndbo
ok fo
r va
lue
chai
n re
sear
ch.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t R
esea
rch
Cen
tre
(ID
RC
). 11
3 pp
.
This h
andbook g
ives g
uid
elines o
n h
ow
to c
arr
y o
ut
researc
h o
n v
alu
e
chain
s. T
he b
ook is d
ivid
ed into
thre
e p
arts
. It s
tarts
by d
efinin
g v
alu
e
chain
s, in
troducin
g k
ey c
oncepts
and d
iscussin
g t
he c
ontr
ibution o
f valu
e
chain
analy
sis a
s a
n a
naly
tical and p
olicy t
ool.
Part
2 is c
oncern
ed w
ith
underlyin
g t
heore
tical constr
ucts
in v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
. Part
3 lays o
ut
a
meth
odolo
gy for
underta
kin
g v
alu
e c
hain
researc
h. T
his h
andbook is m
ore
researc
h-focused b
ut
pro
vid
es t
he c
onceptu
al basis for
most
of
the o
ther
more
applied h
andbooks.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, op
en-
ende
d di
scus
sion
s, ke
y in
form
ant
inte
rvie
ws
Can
ned
peac
h va
lue
chai
n in
Sou
th
Afr
ica
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
7M
ayou
x L.
200
3. P
artic
ipat
ory
valu
e ch
ain
anal
ysis
for
pro-
poor
ent
erpr
ise
deve
lopm
ent.
WIS
E D
evel
opm
ent.
30
pp.
This p
aper
pro
vid
es a
pra
ctical guid
e t
o v
alu
e c
hain
s a
naly
sis
. It focuses
on t
he w
ays in w
hic
h v
alu
e c
hain
action c
an b
e u
sed a
s p
art
of
a s
uitable
particip
ato
ry p
rocess for
str
ate
gic
learn
ing a
nd o
ngoin
g a
ccounta
bility
within
and b
etw
een e
nte
rprise s
ecto
rs. T
he p
aper
begin
s b
y c
onsid
ering
pro
-poor
ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent
in a
glo
balized w
orld. T
he s
econd
section d
iscusses p
articip
ato
ry v
alu
e c
hain
s a
naly
sis in m
ore
deta
il a
nd, in
particula
r, c
onsid
ers
the u
nderlyin
g p
rincip
les, key s
tages, pote
ntial users
as
well a
s p
ractical guid
elines. T
he p
ote
ntial fo
r in
tegra
ting g
ender
analy
sis is
also c
onsid
ere
d. T
he fin
al section o
f th
e p
aper
then looks a
t th
e p
ossib
ility
of
movin
g f
rom
particip
ato
ry a
naly
sis t
o t
he e
mpow
erm
ent
pro
cess.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s an
d pa
rtic
ipat
ory
brai
nsto
rmin
g
Supp
ly c
hain
for
Ken
ya fl
ower
pr
oduc
tion;
the
fore
stry
tim
ber
valu
e ch
ain
8O
ster
tag
C, L
undy
M, G
ottr
et M
V, B
est
R a
nd F
erri
s S.
200
7. Id
entif
ying
mar
ket
oppo
rtun
ities
for
rura
l sm
allh
olde
r pr
oduc
ers.
Cal
i, C
olum
bia
and
Balti
mor
e, U
SA: I
nter
natio
nal C
entr
e fo
r Tro
pica
l Agr
icul
ture
(C
IAT
) an
d C
atho
lic R
elie
f Ser
vice
s. 12
4 pp
This g
uid
e c
om
bin
es m
ark
et
researc
h, pro
duct
concept
evalu
ation a
nd
busin
ess a
naly
sis t
echniq
ues, w
ithin
a p
ractical,
innovative a
ppro
ach for
identify
ing m
ark
et
opportu
nitie
s for
rura
l agro
ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent
pro
jects
within
a d
efined a
rea. It is p
resente
d in t
hre
e s
ections; th
e first
one c
overs
the m
ark
eting c
oncepts
and t
he p
rocess o
f fo
rmin
g a
mark
et
researc
h t
eam
. The s
econd s
ection p
resents
ste
ps t
o b
e follow
ed w
hen
desig
nin
g a
nd c
onducting a
rapid
mark
et
surv
ey. T
he t
hird s
ection is o
n
assessin
g a
nd s
ele
cting m
ark
et
options.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sion
s, se
cond
ary
info
rmat
ion,
che
cklis
t
Mar
ket
optio
ns in
Puc
allp
a, C
olom
bia,
prof
itabi
lity
anal
ysis
of
cass
ava
proc
essi
ng in
Gha
na
9R
enga
sam
y S.
200
9. S
ub-s
ecto
r/va
lue
chai
n an
alys
is fo
r liv
elih
ood
inte
rven
tion.
Put
huko
ttai
, Ind
ia: M
adur
ai
Inst
itute
of S
ocia
l Sci
ence
s. 23
pp.
The p
aper
giv
es g
uid
elines for
carr
yin
g o
ut
sub-s
ecto
r and v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
. It s
tarts
by d
efinin
g s
ub-s
ecto
r analy
sis a
nd g
ives s
teps t
o b
e
follow
ed w
hen c
arr
yin
g o
ut
a s
ub-s
ecto
r analy
sis
.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
sFr
amew
ork
for
rura
l non
-far
m
empl
oym
ent
sub-
sect
or a
naly
sis,
sub-
sect
or m
ap -
- gr
een
bean
s fo
r ex
port
, milk
sub
-sec
tor
valu
e ch
ain
map
, Ind
ia
10Sc
ott
Gre
gory
J. 1
995.
Pri
ces,
prod
ucts
an
d pe
ople
. Ana
lyzi
ng a
gric
ultu
ral
mar
kets
in d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies.
Col
orad
o: In
tern
atio
nal P
otat
o C
entr
e.
493p
p.
The b
ook p
resents
applied m
eth
ods for
data
collection a
nd a
naly
sis
.
The first
section o
n fie
ld m
eth
ods for
sub-s
ecto
r analy
sis inclu
des r
apid
appra
isal m
eth
ods, policy a
naly
sis m
atr
ix a
nd m
eth
ods for
evalu
ating
mark
et
pote
ntial.
Part
2 o
n fie
ld m
eth
ods for
mark
et
analy
sis inclu
des
secondary d
ata
collection a
nd m
eth
ods for
analy
sis o
f in
put
mark
ets
.
Part
3 c
overs
analy
tical m
eth
ods for
price a
naly
sis e
xam
ines m
ark
et
channels a
nd m
arg
ins, spatial and t
em
pora
l analy
sis
, effic
iency a
nd m
ark
et
inte
gra
tion, w
hile P
art
4 p
rovid
es m
odels for
mark
et
analy
sis
, exam
ines
financia
l m
odels
, spatial equilib
rium
models a
nd p
rogra
mm
ing m
odels
.
Form
al a
nd in
form
al
surv
eys,
seco
ndar
y da
ta
Mai
ze in
Par
agua
y, co
arse
gra
ins
in M
ali,
mul
ti-pr
oduc
t su
b-se
ctor
st
udy
in R
wan
da, f
ield
met
hods
in
Gua
tem
ala,
seed
pot
ato
in
Arg
entin
a, ri
ce a
nd m
aize
in
Ecua
dor,
and
pota
to s
tora
ge in
Tu
nisi
a
11va
n de
n Be
rg M
, Boo
msm
a M
, Cuc
co
I, C
una
L, Ja
nsse
n N
, Mou
stie
r P,
Prot
a L,
Pur
cell
T, S
mith
D a
nd v
an W
ijk
S. 2
009.
Mak
ing
valu
e ch
ains
wor
k be
tter
for
the
poor
: a t
oolb
ook
for
prac
titio
ners
of v
alue
cha
in a
naly
sis.
Mak
ing
mar
kets
wor
k be
tter
for
the
poor
(M
4P).
85 p
p.
The t
oolb
ook is d
esig
ned a
s a
concise d
ocum
ent
aim
ed t
o p
rovid
e v
alu
e
chain
pra
ctitioners
with a
n e
asy-to-follow
set
of
tools for
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis
, fo
cused o
n p
overty
reduction. It is d
ivid
ed in t
wo m
ain
sections.
The first
section g
ives a
theore
tical backgro
und t
o v
alu
e c
hain
s a
nd
expla
ins t
he p
ro-p
oor
entr
y p
oin
ts for
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis
. The s
econd
section c
onta
ins a
set
of
eig
ht
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis t
ools
, th
e first
four
of
whic
h a
re c
onsid
ere
d t
o b
e “
core
tools”
that
should
be u
nderta
ken t
o
form
a m
inim
um
pro
-poor
valu
e c
hain
analy
sis
. The n
ext
four
tools a
re
“advanced t
ools”
whic
h c
an b
e u
nderta
ken in o
rder
to p
rovid
e a
more
com
pre
hensiv
e p
ictu
re o
f som
e p
ro-p
oor
dim
ensio
ns o
f th
e v
alu
e c
hain
.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, se
cond
ary
info
rmat
ion
Han
dicr
afts
in V
ietn
am, h
oney
in
Mex
ico,
soy
bean
in L
aos
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
12Ve
rmeu
len
S, W
oodh
ill J,
Pro
ctor
F
and
Del
noye
R. 2
008.
Cha
in-w
ide
lear
ning
for
incl
usiv
e ag
rifo
od m
arke
t de
velo
pmen
t: a
guid
e to
mul
ti-st
akeh
olde
r pr
oces
ses
for
linki
ng s
mal
l-sc
ale
prod
ucer
s to
mod
ern
mar
kets
. IIE
D. 1
14 p
p.
This g
uid
e p
rovid
es c
oncepts
and t
ools for
work
ing w
ith a
cto
rs a
long
the e
ntire
valu
e c
hain
so t
hat
modern
mark
ets
can b
e m
ore
inclu
siv
e o
f
sm
all-s
cale
pro
ducers
and e
ntr
epre
neurs
. It e
xpla
ins t
he d
rivers
of
change
in m
odern
agrifo
od m
ark
ets
, pro
vid
es a
fra
mew
ork
for
analy
zin
g h
ow
institu
tions a
nd p
olicie
s s
hape t
he r
isks a
nd o
pportu
nitie
s for
sm
all-s
cale
pro
ducers
and e
ntr
epre
neurs
and s
how
s h
ow
to d
esig
n m
ulti-sta
kehold
er
pro
cesses t
hat
help
acto
rs f
rom
alo
ng t
he c
hain
work
togeth
er
to r
ealize
com
mon inte
rests
and s
ecure
dom
estic a
nd r
egio
nal m
ark
ets
inclu
siv
e o
f
sm
all-s
cale
pro
ducers
and e
ntr
epre
neurs
. The g
uid
e a
lso o
ffers
pra
ctical
ideas for
facilitating w
ork
shops a
nd p
olicy d
ialo
gues.
Part
icip
ator
y pr
oces
ses,
stak
ehol
der
wor
ksho
p
Pota
to v
alue
cha
in in
Ban
glad
esh,
to
mat
o va
lue
chai
n in
Tur
key,
stra
wbe
rry
valu
e ch
ain
in M
exic
o
13W
ebbe
r M
and
Lab
aste
P. 2
009.
Bui
ldin
g co
mpe
titiv
enes
s in
Afr
ica’s
agr
icul
ture
: a
guid
e to
val
ue c
hain
con
cept
s an
d ap
plic
atio
ns. W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: W
orld
Ba
nk. 2
04 p
p.
This g
uid
e is d
esig
ned for
those w
ho w
ant
to k
now
more
about
valu
e
chain
-based a
ppro
aches a
nd h
ow
to u
se t
hem
in w
ays t
hat
can c
ontr
ibute
to s
ound o
pera
tional decisio
ns, im
pro
ved m
ark
et
linkages, and r
esults
for
ente
rprise a
nd industr
y d
evelo
pm
ent. U
sin
g r
eal exam
ple
s, m
ostly
from
Afr
ican c
ountr
ies, it r
evie
ws a
nd illustr
ate
s a
range o
f concepts
,
analy
tical to
ols
, and m
eth
odolo
gie
s c
entr
ed o
n t
he v
alu
e c
hain
. These
can b
e u
sed t
o d
esig
n, im
ple
ment, a
ssess a
nd e
valu
ate
agricultura
l and
agribusin
ess d
evelo
pm
ent
initia
tives t
hat
str
ive t
o e
nhance p
roductivity a
nd
com
petitiveness o
f agricultura
l supply
and v
alu
e c
hain
s.
Seco
ndar
y da
taVa
lue
chai
n se
lect
ion
in
Moz
ambi
que,
Uga
ndan
flor
icul
ture
Value chains fo
r forest enterprises
1Le
cup
I and
Nic
hols
on K
. 200
0.
Com
mun
ity-b
ased
tre
e an
d fo
rest
pr
oduc
t en
terp
rise
s: m
arke
t an
alys
is
and
deve
lopm
ent.
Rom
e, It
aly:
Fore
st,
Tree
s an
d Pe
ople
Pro
gram
. FA
O. 3
60
pp.
This p
ublication is a
series o
f m
anuals for
facilitato
rs w
ho a
ssist
local
com
munitie
s in c
onducting m
ark
eting a
naly
sis a
nd d
evelo
pm
ent.
It d
iscusses h
ow
to a
ssess t
he e
xisting s
ituation, id
entify
pro
ducts
,
mark
ets
and m
eans o
f m
ark
eting, and p
lan e
nte
rprises for
susta
inable
develo
pm
ent. A
main
them
e is t
he four
are
as o
f ente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent:
mark
et
econom
y, r
esourc
e m
anagem
ent, s
ocia
l/in
stitu
tional issues, and
scie
nce a
nd t
echnolo
gy.
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s, pa
rtic
ipat
ory
rapi
d ap
prai
sal,
chec
klis
t
Use
of t
he m
arke
t an
alys
is a
nd
deve
lopm
ent
met
hodo
logy
in
Vie
tnam
2M
acqu
een
DJ (
Ed),
Bara
l S, C
hakr
abar
ti L,
Dan
gal S
, du
Ples
sis
P, G
riffi
ths
A, G
rouw
els
S, G
yaw
ali S
, Hen
ey
J, H
ewitt
D, K
amar
a Y, K
atw
al P
, M
agot
ra R
, Pan
dey
SS, P
anta
N,
Sube
di B
and
Ver
meu
len
S. 2
009.
Su
ppor
ting
smal
l for
est
ente
rpri
ses
– a
faci
litat
ors’
too
lkit.
Edi
nbur
gh, U
K:
Pock
et In
tern
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
for
the
Envi
ronm
ent
and
Dev
elop
men
t. 11
8 pp
.
The g
uid
e is p
resente
d in t
hre
e c
om
ponents
and 1
6 m
odule
s. T
he first
com
ponent
is o
n facilitation c
apacity b
uildin
g w
hic
h c
overs
managin
g a
n
inte
rnational peer-
peer
learn
ing g
roup o
r allia
nce o
n s
mall e
nte
rprise
support
and s
ett
ing u
p a
n e
valu
ation p
rocess. T
he s
econd c
om
ponent
pre
sents
facilitation p
lannin
g w
hic
h c
overs
intr
oducin
g t
he m
ark
et
syste
m d
evelo
pm
ent
appro
ach, conducting a
nd p
resenting s
mall fore
st
ente
rprise d
iagnostics, particip
ato
ry v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis
, m
appin
g a
nd
benchm
ark
ing s
upport
serv
ices a
nd d
esig
nin
g c
om
munic
ation s
trate
gie
s.
The t
hird c
om
ponent
is o
n facilitation in a
ction, covers
develo
pin
g m
ark
et
unders
tandin
g, pro
duct
develo
pm
ent, b
usin
ess p
lannin
g a
nd t
he facilitation
of
busin
ess d
evelo
pm
ent
serv
ices, financia
l pla
nnin
g, str
ength
enin
g
com
munity e
nte
rprise g
overn
ance, buildin
g in e
colo
gic
al susta
inability a
nd
policy r
esearc
h for
change.
Moz
ambi
que’
s sm
all a
nd m
ediu
m
fore
st e
nter
pris
e di
agno
stic
, al
oe m
arke
t sy
stem
in K
enya
, pa
rtic
ipat
ory
mar
ket
anal
ysis
in
the
dair
y se
ctor
in N
epal
, cha
rcoa
l en
trep
rene
urs
in M
alaw
i, id
entif
ying
bu
sine
ss s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
in In
dia
amon
g ot
hers
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
3W
ill M
. 200
8. P
rom
otin
g va
lue
chai
ns
of n
egle
cted
and
und
erut
ilize
d sp
ecie
s fo
r pr
o-po
or g
row
th a
nd
biod
iver
sity
con
serv
atio
n. G
uide
lines
an
d go
od p
ract
ices
. Rom
e, It
aly:
Glo
bal
Faci
litat
ion
Uni
t fo
r U
nder
utili
zed
Spec
ies.
This p
aper
pre
sents
guid
elines a
nd g
ood p
ractices for
valu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent
(VC
D)
of
negle
cte
d a
nd u
nderu
tilized s
pecie
s (
NU
S). T
he
guid
elines d
raw
upon lessons learn
t and g
ood p
ractices d
escribed in e
ight
case s
tudie
s f
rom
Afr
ica, A
sia
, Euro
pe a
nd S
outh
Am
erica im
ple
mente
d
by t
he G
FU
and its
partn
ers
, oth
er
published a
nd g
rey litera
ture
on
NU
S a
nd V
CD
, and e
xperiences in h
orticultura
l m
ark
eting a
nd V
CD
. The
paper
begin
s b
y first
giv
ing a
brief
intr
oduction t
o b
asic
concepts
. This
is follow
ed b
y intr
oduction o
f th
e s
trate
gic
cycle
for
particip
ato
ry v
alu
e
chain
develo
pm
ent. T
he fourth
chapte
r ta
kes s
tock o
f m
eth
odolo
gie
s a
nd
tools for
buildin
g s
tructu
res a
nd c
apacitie
s for
susta
inable
negle
cte
d a
nd
underu
tilized v
alu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent. B
uildin
g o
n t
hese g
uid
ing p
rincip
les
and p
ossib
le a
ppro
aches t
o N
US-V
CD
, th
e last
two c
hapte
rs look a
t
the q
uestions o
f how
far
and w
ith w
hat
pre
conditio
ns N
US-V
CD
can
contr
ibute
to t
he m
ain
obje
ctives o
f bio
div
ers
ity c
onserv
ation a
nd p
ro-p
oor
gro
wth
by d
iscussin
g s
ocia
l, environm
enta
l and e
conom
ic im
pacts
and
sum
marizin
g lessons learn
t fr
om
case s
tudie
s a
nd o
ther
field
experience.
Rap
id a
ppra
isal
, key
in
form
ant
inte
rvie
w,
in d
epth
sur
veys
, des
k su
rvey
Afr
ican
gar
den
egg
in G
hana
, A
fric
an le
afy
vege
tabl
es in
Ken
ya,
amla
, kok
um a
nd t
amar
ind
in In
dia,
garc
inia
spe
cies
in S
outh
Indi
a, m
inor
mill
ets
in In
dia,
emm
er in
Tu
rkey
, far
ro in
Ital
y an
d m
aca
in
Peru
Special top
ics
1R
obbi
ns P
, Bik
ande
F, F
erri
s S,
Kle
igh
U, O
kobo
i G, W
ands
chne
ider
T. 2
005.
C
olle
ctiv
e m
arke
ting
for
smal
lhol
der
farm
ers.
Man
ual 4
; Ter
rito
rial
app
roac
h to
rur
al a
groe
nter
pris
e de
velo
pmen
t. C
ali,
Col
ombi
a: In
tern
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
r Tro
pica
l Agr
icul
ture
, CIA
T,
Rur
al A
groe
nter
pris
e D
evel
opm
ent
Proj
ect.
104
pp.
This g
uid
e is d
esig
ned t
o a
ddre
ss t
he e
ntr
epre
neurial develo
pm
ent
needs
of
institu
tions t
hat
support
rura
l com
munitie
s. It is d
esig
ned t
o h
elp
serv
ice p
rovid
ers
advise s
mall-s
cale
farm
ing c
om
munitie
s o
n h
ow
they
could
incre
ase t
he v
alu
e o
f th
eir s
ale
able
goods u
sin
g g
roup m
ark
eting
str
ate
gie
s. It is p
resente
d in four
sections; th
e first
section g
ives t
he
backgro
und o
n c
ollective m
ark
eting a
nd w
hy s
mall-s
cale
farm
ers
should
mark
et
their p
roducts
collectively. T
he s
econd s
ection p
resents
the p
ractical
work
on m
eeting w
ith farm
er
gro
ups. T
he t
hird s
ection p
resents
a t
ool fo
r
collective m
ark
eting a
nd t
he fourth
is o
n m
ain
tain
ing t
he m
om
entu
m a
nd
susta
inability.
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons,
seco
ndar
y da
ta
Rak
ai a
nd M
asak
a fa
rmer
as
soci
atio
ns a
nd K
apch
orw
a co
mm
erci
al fa
rmer
s gr
oup
in
Uga
nda
2R
oyal
Tro
pica
l Ins
titut
e (K
IT),
Faid
a M
ali,
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Rur
al
Rec
onst
ruct
ion.
200
8. T
radi
ng u
p.
Build
ing
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
farm
ers
and
trad
ers
in A
fric
a. A
mst
erda
m
and
Nai
robi
: Roy
al T
ropi
cal I
nstit
ute
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Rur
al
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
(IIR
R).
282
pp.
This m
anual fo
cuses o
n t
he v
ital ro
le t
hat
traders
pla
y in t
he v
alu
e c
hain
.
It d
efines t
wo t
ypes o
f str
ate
gie
s for
impro
vin
g a
gricultura
l m
ark
eting:
str
ength
enin
g c
hain
rela
tions a
nd b
uildin
g m
ark
et
institu
tions. C
hapte
rs
inclu
de u
nders
tandin
g A
fric
an m
ark
ets
, fr
am
ew
ork
for “tr
adin
g u
p”,
str
ength
enin
g c
hain
rela
tions, buildin
g m
ark
et
institu
tions, fo
ste
ring c
hain
partn
ers
hip
s, str
ate
gie
s for
tradin
g u
p, and r
esourc
es.
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons
with
key
in
form
ants
Live
stoc
k an
d fe
rtili
zer,
in
Zim
babw
e, t
omat
oes,
soyb
eans
an
d ya
ms
in G
hana
, milk
, tom
atoe
s, liv
esto
ck a
nd m
arke
t in
form
atio
n in
Ken
ya, m
arke
t in
form
atio
n an
d m
ango
s in
Bur
kina
Fas
o, c
offe
e in
Ta
nzan
ia, w
ool i
n Le
soth
o, g
reen
be
ans
in E
thio
pia
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
3W
ill M
. 200
8. P
rom
otin
g va
lue
chai
ns
of n
egle
cted
and
und
erut
ilize
d sp
ecie
s fo
r pr
o-po
or g
row
th a
nd
biod
iver
sity
con
serv
atio
n. G
uide
lines
an
d go
od p
ract
ices
. Rom
e, It
aly:
Glo
bal
Faci
litat
ion
Uni
t fo
r U
nder
utili
zed
Spec
ies.
This p
aper
pre
sents
guid
elines a
nd g
ood p
ractices for
valu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent
(VC
D)
of
negle
cte
d a
nd u
nderu
tilized s
pecie
s (
NU
S). T
he
guid
elines d
raw
upon lessons learn
t and g
ood p
ractices d
escribed in e
ight
case s
tudie
s f
rom
Afr
ica, A
sia
, Euro
pe a
nd S
outh
Am
erica im
ple
mente
d
by t
he G
FU
and its
partn
ers
, oth
er
published a
nd g
rey litera
ture
on
NU
S a
nd V
CD
, and e
xperiences in h
orticultura
l m
ark
eting a
nd V
CD
. The
paper
begin
s b
y first
giv
ing a
brief
intr
oduction t
o b
asic
concepts
. This
is follow
ed b
y intr
oduction o
f th
e s
trate
gic
cycle
for
particip
ato
ry v
alu
e
chain
develo
pm
ent. T
he fourth
chapte
r ta
kes s
tock o
f m
eth
odolo
gie
s a
nd
tools for
buildin
g s
tructu
res a
nd c
apacitie
s for
susta
inable
negle
cte
d a
nd
underu
tilized v
alu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent. B
uildin
g o
n t
hese g
uid
ing p
rincip
les
and p
ossib
le a
ppro
aches t
o N
US-V
CD
, th
e last
two c
hapte
rs look a
t
the q
uestions o
f how
far
and w
ith w
hat
pre
conditio
ns N
US-V
CD
can
contr
ibute
to t
he m
ain
obje
ctives o
f bio
div
ers
ity c
onserv
ation a
nd p
ro-p
oor
gro
wth
by d
iscussin
g s
ocia
l, environm
enta
l and e
conom
ic im
pacts
and
sum
marizin
g lessons learn
t fr
om
case s
tudie
s a
nd o
ther
field
experience.
Rap
id a
ppra
isal
, key
in
form
ant
inte
rvie
w,
in d
epth
sur
veys
, des
k su
rvey
Afr
ican
gar
den
egg
in G
hana
, A
fric
an le
afy
vege
tabl
es in
Ken
ya,
amla
, kok
um a
nd t
amar
ind
in In
dia,
garc
inia
spe
cies
in S
outh
Indi
a, m
inor
mill
ets
in In
dia,
emm
er in
Tu
rkey
, far
ro in
Ital
y an
d m
aca
in
Peru
Special top
ics
1R
obbi
ns P
, Bik
ande
F, F
erri
s S,
Kle
igh
U, O
kobo
i G, W
ands
chne
ider
T. 2
005.
C
olle
ctiv
e m
arke
ting
for
smal
lhol
der
farm
ers.
Man
ual 4
; Ter
rito
rial
app
roac
h to
rur
al a
groe
nter
pris
e de
velo
pmen
t. C
ali,
Col
ombi
a: In
tern
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
r Tro
pica
l Agr
icul
ture
, CIA
T,
Rur
al A
groe
nter
pris
e D
evel
opm
ent
Proj
ect.
104
pp.
This g
uid
e is d
esig
ned t
o a
ddre
ss t
he e
ntr
epre
neurial develo
pm
ent
needs
of
institu
tions t
hat
support
rura
l com
munitie
s. It is d
esig
ned t
o h
elp
serv
ice p
rovid
ers
advise s
mall-s
cale
farm
ing c
om
munitie
s o
n h
ow
they
could
incre
ase t
he v
alu
e o
f th
eir s
ale
able
goods u
sin
g g
roup m
ark
eting
str
ate
gie
s. It is p
resente
d in four
sections; th
e first
section g
ives t
he
backgro
und o
n c
ollective m
ark
eting a
nd w
hy s
mall-s
cale
farm
ers
should
mark
et
their p
roducts
collectively. T
he s
econd s
ection p
resents
the p
ractical
work
on m
eeting w
ith farm
er
gro
ups. T
he t
hird s
ection p
resents
a t
ool fo
r
collective m
ark
eting a
nd t
he fourth
is o
n m
ain
tain
ing t
he m
om
entu
m a
nd
susta
inability.
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons,
seco
ndar
y da
ta
Rak
ai a
nd M
asak
a fa
rmer
as
soci
atio
ns a
nd K
apch
orw
a co
mm
erci
al fa
rmer
s gr
oup
in
Uga
nda
2R
oyal
Tro
pica
l Ins
titut
e (K
IT),
Faid
a M
ali,
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Rur
al
Rec
onst
ruct
ion.
200
8. T
radi
ng u
p.
Build
ing
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
farm
ers
and
trad
ers
in A
fric
a. A
mst
erda
m
and
Nai
robi
: Roy
al T
ropi
cal I
nstit
ute
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Rur
al
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
(IIR
R).
282
pp.
This m
anual fo
cuses o
n t
he v
ital ro
le t
hat
traders
pla
y in t
he v
alu
e c
hain
.
It d
efines t
wo t
ypes o
f str
ate
gie
s for
impro
vin
g a
gricultura
l m
ark
eting:
str
ength
enin
g c
hain
rela
tions a
nd b
uildin
g m
ark
et
institu
tions. C
hapte
rs
inclu
de u
nders
tandin
g A
fric
an m
ark
ets
, fr
am
ew
ork
for “tr
adin
g u
p”,
str
ength
enin
g c
hain
rela
tions, buildin
g m
ark
et
institu
tions, fo
ste
ring c
hain
partn
ers
hip
s, str
ate
gie
s for
tradin
g u
p, and r
esourc
es.
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons
with
key
in
form
ants
Live
stoc
k an
d fe
rtili
zer,
in
Zim
babw
e, t
omat
oes,
soyb
eans
an
d ya
ms
in G
hana
, milk
, tom
atoe
s, liv
esto
ck a
nd m
arke
t in
form
atio
n in
Ken
ya, m
arke
t in
form
atio
n an
d m
ango
s in
Bur
kina
Fas
o, c
offe
e in
Ta
nzan
ia, w
ool i
n Le
soth
o, g
reen
be
ans
in E
thio
pia
R
efe
re
nce
sO
ve
rvie
w
Su
rve
y
instru
me
nts
Case
stu
die
s
3R
ubin
D, M
anfr
e C
and
Bar
rett
KN
. 20
09. P
rom
otin
g ge
nder
equ
itabl
e op
port
uniti
es in
agr
icul
tura
l val
ue
chai
ns: a
han
dboo
k. U
SAID
. 137
pp.
This h
andbook w
as d
evelo
ped t
o b
ring t
ogeth
er
concepts
fro
m
diffe
rent
technic
al are
as in d
evelo
pm
ent, s
pecific
ally g
ender, a
griculture
,
mic
roente
rprise d
evelo
pm
ent, a
nd v
alu
e c
hain
s. It is d
ivid
ed into
tw
o p
arts
;
the first
part
intr
oduces g
ender
issues a
nd t
heir r
ela
tionship
to a
gricultura
l
valu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent. It
also p
rovid
es a
fra
mew
ork
for
analy
zin
g
gender
issues. T
he first
part
is c
om
posed o
f th
e follow
ing s
ections: (a
)
Gender
analy
sis b
riefly e
xpla
ins t
his a
naly
tical m
eth
od; (b
) G
ender
dim
ensio
ns f
ram
ew
ork
describes o
ne a
naly
tical m
eth
od for
analy
zin
g
gender
issues a
nd for
identify
ing g
ender-
based c
onstr
ain
ts, w
hic
h is u
sed
thro
ughout
the h
andbook; and (
c)
Lin
kin
g g
ender
issues t
o a
gricultura
l
valu
e c
hain
develo
pm
ent
illu
str
ate
s h
ow
gender-
based c
onstr
ain
ts a
ffect
the s
tructu
re a
nd r
ela
tionship
s o
f th
e v
alu
e c
hain
. The s
econd p
art
offers
pra
ctitioners
a fiv
e-s
tep p
rocess for
identify
ing a
nd e
valu
ating
gender
-based c
onstr
ain
ts w
ithin
agricultura
l valu
e c
hain
s w
ith t
ools a
nd
work
sheets
for
imple
menting t
he p
rocess.
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
on,
field
inte
rvie
ws
Agr
icul
tura
l pra
ctic
es in
Tw
anya
(a
fictit
ious
Afr
ican
nat
ion)
4D
onov
an J
and
Stoi
an D
. 201
0. A
n as
set-
base
d ap
proa
ch fo
r as
sess
ing
the
impa
ct o
f val
ue c
hain
app
roac
hes
on
rura
l pov
erty
: met
hodo
logi
cal g
uide
lines
fo
r de
velo
pmen
t pr
actit
ione
rs a
nd
priv
ate
sect
or r
epre
sent
ativ
es. C
ATIE
/Fo
rd F
ound
atio
n
This h
andbook d
oes n
ot
deal w
ith v
alu
e c
hain
analy
sis b
ut
with im
pact
evalu
ation o
f valu
e c
hain
appro
aches. It is inclu
ded h
ere
because o
f th
e
gro
win
g inte
rest
in im
pact
evalu
ation o
f develo
pm
ent
initia
tives. In
this
publication, th
e v
alu
e c
hain
appro
ach is d
efined a
s a
“set
of
inte
rventions
by c
hain
acto
rs (
buyers
, pro
cessors
, sm
allhold
ers
) and/o
r serv
ice p
rovid
ers
(govern
ment
agencie
s, N
GO
s, consultants
, pro
jects
) to
genera
te h
igher
valu
e-a
dded a
nd c
reate
win
-win
rela
tionship
s a
mong s
evera
l chain
acto
rs”.
Inte
rventions a
ssocia
ted w
ith t
he v
alu
e c
hain
appro
ach a
im t
o s
trength
en
rela
tions b
etw
een s
mallhold
ers
and o
ther
chain
acto
rs. T
he g
uid
elines
mostly focus o
n v
alu
e c
hain
appro
aches, w
hic
h a
im t
o r
educe r
ura
l poverty
and facilitate
the a
ssessm
ent
at
the h
ousehold
and e
nte
rprise level. At
both
of
these levels
, changes in a
ssets
are
the m
ain
indic
ato
r used for
evalu
ation. W
ork
ing d
efinitio
ns o
f valu
e c
hain
, valu
e c
hain
appro
aches,
and im
pact
assessm
ent
are
pre
sente
d a
nd d
eta
ils o
n h
ow
to c
arr
y o
ut
such a
n a
ssessm
ent
are
inclu
ded. T
his is a
work
ing v
ers
ion. Fin
al vers
ion is
expecte
d in 2
011.
Seco
ndar
y in
form
atio
n an
alys
is, h
ouse
hold
su
rvey
s, ke
y in
form
ant
inte
rvie
ws
and
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons
There is growing recognition of the relevance of value chain analysis concepts and their application in agriculture and forestry for market-led rural development strategies. The concepts are applicable across a wide range of products in the primary sector and therefore have great potential to help in developing rural enterprises and the rural economy.
The guidelines and manuals follow similar steps in carrying out value chain analysis; some deal with all of them while others deal with only one or some. These are: appraisal of value chains (choosing products, mapping of chains, networks and systems), design of interventions (identifying opportunities), implementation of interventions and monitoring and evaluation (observing, monitoring and adapting). Though they follow similar steps, some of the handbooks do not explicitly mention the steps. The manuals also differ in the methodologies used for each step. For example, in the appraisal stage, some use participatory methodologies, e.g. Mayoux (2003), others use rapid market appraisals while others use more formal questionnaire surveys that involve household and key informant interviews
The manuals and handbooks reviewed in this paper provide considerable room for contextual adjustment. In some instances, manuals and handbooks do not provide definitions (or provide only very loose ones) of terms and concepts used. This level of flexibility is useful for indepth analysis of a particular situation. However this is not suitable for cross-study comparisons. Due to this flexibility, the application of the manuals also depends on the analytical skills and expertise of the team that wants to carry out the value chain analysis.
Development practitioners can use the handbooks to improve development intervention strategies that address economic growth and poverty reduction. For development practitioners case-specific analysis is more applicable and if possible can be replicated in other regions.
For researchers, value chain approaches and analyses need to be combined with more analytical methods to go beyond case-specific conclusions and ensure comparability across sites and applications (e.g. Rich et al 2011). Rich et al (2011) have identified System Dynamics and Agent-Based models as two promising approaches for more quantitative analysis and understanding of value chains. Shiferaw et al (2008) provides a good example of precise definitions and their use for more quantitative analysis based on surveys.
This overview is descriptive; it describes the manuals and guidelines in order to help readers identify which ones are most suited to their needs. Future work should expand more analytically on the approaches and methods used in the different manuals and their strengths and weaknesses. Ideally, the results of such analyses could help users to better understand the alternative methods available so as to choose appropriate modules from different manuals. The results could also help identify gaps in our knowledge of how to conduct value chain analysis for different purposes and in different contexts.
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Barrett C. 2008. Smallholder market participation: concepts and evidence from eastern and southern Africa. Food Policy Vol. 33, pp. 299-317.
Bernet T, Thiele G and Zschocke T. 2006. Participatory market chain approach (PMCA) – user guide. Lima, Peru: International Potato Centre (CIP). http://www.cipotato.org/pmca/index.htm.
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Hellin J and Meijer M. 2006. Guidelines for value chain analysis. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esa/lisfame/guidel_valueChain.pdf
Herr M and Muzira T. 2009. Chain development for decent work: a guide for development practitioners, government and private sector initiatives. International Labour Organization (ILO). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_115490.pdf
Hobbs J, Cooney A and Fulton M. 2000. Value chains in the agri-food sector. What are they? How do they work? Are they for me? Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Saskatchewan.
http://www.usaskstudies.coop/pdf-files/valuechains.pdf
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