Review for FinalUse with Review Sheet

World War I1914-1918

Causes of WWI (MAIN)● Militirism- arms races● Alliances- Entangling Alliances- one spark would cause all of

Europe to go to war● Imperialism- Race for colonies- led to friction amongst the major

powers● Nationalism- Extreme pride in country (France v Germany) or

wanting you own nation (Slavic Nations in Austria-Hungary)

● Franz Ferdinand- second in line to Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination was the spark that led to WWI

The Western Front● Used Trenches to fight. Machine Guns are the main killer

● No Man’s Land- area between the trenches, bombed out, dead bodies

The End of EmpiresTwo Empires are broken up following WWI:

Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Palestine…)&

Austria-Hungary (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland)

Treaty of Versailles (1919)● Big Four Leaders

-Clemenceau- France-George- England-Wilson- USA-Orlando- Italy

● Ended WWI● War Guilt Clause- Germany

at fault for WWI

Effects of Germany:1. Loss of Colonies & Land in

Europe2. Limited Military3. Pay Reparations4. Germans will hate treaty- start

going against it immediately5. Will destabilize Germany’s

Economy & Government

1917-1923

The Russian Revolution

Causes of Revolution1. Ineptitude of Czar Nicholas II2. Urban Workers (Problems of

Industrial Revolution)3. Peasants (Lack of Food & Land)4. World War I

Events1. Bloody Sunday- Czars troops

open fire on protesters demanding food

2. March Revolution- Started with protests against Czar, Czar will eventually abdicate

3. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -Treaty between Germany and Lenin’s Russia- Russia gave up a lot of land, but could focus on the Revolution

Causes & Events

Nicholas II● Was Czar/Tsar of Russia● Very Weak● Forced to Abdicate- step down

due to:-Russian failures in WWI-Rise of the Bolsheviks-People didn’t like his rule

Lenin● Leader of the Bolshevik

Communists● “Peace, Land, Bread” Main

Slogan of Lenin-Peace- out of WWI-Land- give land to peasants-Bread- Feed the Hungary

Nicholas & Lenin

Between the Wars1918-1939

India & Great DepressionIndia● British Colony● Gandhi- Indian Independence

Leader-Practiced Non-Violence:

-Hunger Strikes-Boycott British Goods-Non-Violent Marches

Great Depression (1929-1939)● Caused by Stock Market Crash

of 1929● Plunged Global Economies into

Depression● Destabilized governments- led to

many dictatorships

● Fascism- a dictatorial, ultra-nationalistic, imperialists, anti-communist & racist type of Government. Started in Italy. Used by Nazi Germany also

● Totalitarianism- Type of government that tries to control all aspects of your life (Common in dictatorships like Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany & Stalin’s Soviet Union)

Ethiopia- Italy invades in 1930s to show its aggression.

Italy

● Weimar Republic- German Republic following WWI. Very Weak & unstable. Hated by Germans

● Hitler’s Rise to Power-Use German hatred of Versailles- Problems in Germany- economy-Named Chancellor in 1933

● Appeasement: Giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace

-Used by Western Allies with Hitler

Germany

1939-1945

World War II

AxisGermanyJapanItaly (Until 1943)

AlliesUSAGreat BritainSoviet Union...many others

The Sides

● Anti-Semitism is common in Europe

● Jews in Germany lose all rights under the Nazis

● Holocaust- use of extermination camps to murder over six million Jews

-Also called “Final Solution”

● Liberation- name given to the freeing of the concentration & extermination camps by the allies

● Crimes Against Humanity- charge leveled against the Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials following WWII. Purposely killing civilians for no military reason.

The Holocaust

War Starts with the Invasion of Poland in 1939

End of War:Europe: Destroyed, Soviets Occupy

Eastern Europe, US Western Europe

Japan: Ends after two Atomic bombs are dropped

Emperor goes from being god-like to a “normal” constitutional monarch

Start & End of WWII

The Cold War1945?-1989

Cold War● Between US & USSR, “cold”

because we are not directly fighting each other- war would be too destructive due to atomic weapons

● Atomic Weapons & Arms Race- both US & USSR develop more & stronger atomic weapons

● MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

● NATO: Alliance between US & Western European nations against Soviet Aggression

● Warsaw Pact: Formed by Soviets due to fear of invasion by the Western Allies. Used by Soviets to keep satellites under control

● Satellites: Eastern European nations occupied by Soviets in WWII. Controlled by Soviets during Cold War. Main focus area of Soviet Union during Cold War

● Invasion of Czechoslovakia & Hungary- both by Soviets to stop satellites from leaving & to increase Soviet strength in eastern europe

● Berlin Wall- built to separate East & West Berlin. When it fell in 1989 this symbolized the end of the Cold War & the end of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe

● Tiananmen Square- a place where Chinese students were calling for more rights in 1989. Brutally crushed by Chinese government

● Israel- Jewish nation supported by US during the Cold War

● Arab States- supported by Soviets during Cold War- against Israel

● South America- US will intervene to stop any threat of communism

● Non-Alignment- neutral. Be left alone. Receive aid from both USSR & USA. Led by India & Yugoslavia

Cold War continued

Ethnic Conflicts

● Decolonization starts because of the decline of the European powers after WWII

● Partition of India- India is split due to religious reasons (Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan)

-India will have many conflicts with Pakistan and China over it’s borders

● Apartheid-Used in South Africa by the Minority Whites-Used to deprive Black Africans the right to vote and other human rights-Will be ended in 1994

Decolonization after WWII

-Genocide: Targeting a group for extermination.

We have studied Many:-Armenian Genocide-Holocaust-Pol Pot in Cambodia-Rwandan Genocide-Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia

Genocide

● PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

-Group started to fight for Palestinian independence from Israel- Was a terrorist group for most of its history-Many terrorist groups say they are formed to gain liberation for the Palestinians

● Terrorism- use of random violence usually against civilian targets

● Islamic Fundamentalism - A return to Islam’s roots

(Traditional Teaching)-Very Harsh-Removing all “western” ideals- Women have few rights-Used in Iran & Taliban’s Afghanistan

Middle East