Review

1)What did the Christian Humanists believe?

2)What is an indulgence?3)Where did Luther post his 95

Theses? (city)

Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

• Chapter 5 Section 4

The Zwinglian Reformation

• Huldrych Zwingli, a priest in Zurich began a new Christian group in Switzerland.

• Relics and images were forbidden in the city

• A new service of scripture reading, prayer and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass.

Zwingli continued…

• Swiss and German reformers sought an alliance but could not agree on the meaning of sacrament.

• In 1531 Zwingli was killed in a war between Protestant and Catholic states.

Zwingli

Calvin and Calvinism

•John Calvin assumed the leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland.

•Calvin placed a new emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God.

Calvin continued….

• Calvin developed the idea of predestination- which meant that God in an eternal decree had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be condemned.

Calvin Ctd…

• Calvin’s followers believed they were certain of salvation.

• He began a church gov’t called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline.

• People were punished for dancing and gambling.

Calvin continued…..

Reformation in England

•Not religion but politics brought about the English Reformation.

•King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Reformation in England continued…..

•However, the pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage.

•Henry turned to the courts and his marriage to Catherine was null and void.

Henry VIII

• Henry wanted a male heir to succeed him. Catherine of Aragon did not give him an heir.

• Henry married Anne Boleyn and they had a girl who eventually became Queen Elizabeth I.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII continued….

•1534 - Henry requested that Parliament break with the Catholic Church.

•The Act of Supremacy of 1534 - the king was the supreme head of the new Church of England.

Henry VIII

• Thomas Moore (A Christian Humanist and devout Catholic) famously opposed the king and was beheaded.

• When Anne Boleyn didn’t give him a male heir, Henry had her beheaded.

Henry VIII continued…

• Henry would then marry Jane Seymour who would give him his male heir in Edward VI.

• While Henry broke away from the Catholic Church, he still stuck close to the church’s teachings.

Reformation in England

• However during Edward VI’s (sickly 9 year old as king) reign, the Church officials moved the Church of England (aka the Anglican Church) in a Protestant direction.

Reformation in England

• Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in 1553 and wanted England to return to Catholicism.

• She earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” by having 300 Protestants burned as heretics.

“Bloody” Mary

Reformation in England

• By the end of Bloody Mary’s reign, England was more Protestant than ever.

*Don’t Write*• (This is also where Queen Elizabeth

I reign begins. More to come on this later on)

The Anabaptists

•Anabaptists were radicals who rejected the involvement of the state in church affairs.

• Contemporary Mennonites and Amish are Anabaptist communities.

Protestants new view

• Protestants now viewed the family as the center of human life.

• Wife was still subservient.• Women’s role was to bear children.

Catholic Reformation

• Catholic Church was revitalized in the 16th Century for three reasons

• The Jesuits• Reform of the papacy• Council of Trent

The Jesuits

• Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. They spread Catholicism through education.

Reform of the papacy

• Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the papacy and appointed a Reform Commission in 1537.

• It blamed the corrupt policies of the popes.

Pope Paul III

Council of Trent

•In 1545 a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots and theologians met in Trent.

•The council met at Trent on and off for 18 years.

Council of Trent continued…

•The Council’s final decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teaches in opposition to Protestant beliefs.

•Selling of indulgences were now forbidden.

After the Council of Trent…..

•The Catholic Church had….•A clear body of doctrine•A church unified under the

pope•A renewed spirit of

confidence

Review

•Who was Zwingli?•Who was John Calvin?•Who was Henry VIII and

what did he do in regards to Church reform?

•Who was “Bloody” Mary?

Review continued….

•Who were the Anabaptists?

•Who founded the Jesuits?•What was the Council of Trent?