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Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed wetlands in agricultural watersheds Atle Hauge Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research

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Page 1: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed wetlands in agricultural watersheds

Atle HaugeNorwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research

Page 2: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

What is the problem?

Soil and Phosphorus leak to the river and lakes –algae growth

JOVA yearly lost from agriculture

Soil particles: 10 – 300 kg/daa

Fosfor: 50 - 950 g/daa

Page 3: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Bent C. BraskerudNVE

Atle HaugeBioforsk, jord og miljø

Page 4: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

A typical Norwegian constructed wetland:

bInlet

Outlet

a

c d

Components used in Norwegian constructed wetlands:

(a)sedimentation pond, (b) vegetation filter, (c) overflow

zone covered with vegetation or stones and (d) outlet basin.

Often low dams separate CW-components.

Depths were originally 1 m in a, 0.5 m in b and d, 0 m in c.

Page 5: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 6: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 7: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 8: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 9: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 10: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Particles in sediment

Sedimentationbasin (s)

Wetland filter (f)Threshold with V-notchDelta (d)

1 2 3

4 5 6

#

Inlet Outlet

#

s. 14

0

100

200

300

400

Sed

imen

t (k

g/m

2)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Meter fra innløpet

Grus: > 2.0 mm

Sand: 0.06-2.0 mm

Silt: 0.002-0.06 mm

Leir: < 0.002 mm

Particle size - Meter from inlet

Page 11: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Vegetation

0

20

40

60

80

100

120V

eget

asjo

nsd

ekn

ing

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Alder (år)

D

C

B

A

Vegetation cover in 4 constructed wetlands6 first years.

Page 12: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Vegetation filter and depth

0

20

40

60

80

Til

bak

ehold

t f

osf

or

(%)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Anleggets andel av nedbørfeltets areal (%)

Dype våtmarker/dammer

Grunne våtmarker

Shallow wetlands hold back more Phosphoruss. 15

Page 13: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 14: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Name of pond: Grautholen

Svært lite sed.kammer

1-2 m dyp

Page 15: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Vegetation prevent resuspension

s. 6

Page 16: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Important for phosphorus retention

• Constructed wetlands work best in polluted creeks, with high amount of particles

• Near to pollution source

• Do not mix with clean water

Constructed wetlands should have

• Deep sedimentation pond in the start

• Shallow vegetation zone

• Vegetation cover

• 0,1 % of watershed size

Page 17: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 18: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 19: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed
Page 20: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Partikkeltransport i bekker

0

100

200

300

400

Van

nfø

rin

g (

l/s/

km

2)

0

50

100

150

Jord

par

tik

ler

(mg

/L)

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75

Timer

Vannføring

Partikler i utløp

Partikler i bekk

Figur 2. Partikkelkonsentrasjonen i bekken endrer seg ofte raskt med tida.

First flush Hysterese

Erosjonsrate fra 0,4 til 2,7 tonn, tilbakeholdt fra 40 til 95 %

Erosjonsraten var: 1,5 tonn, tilbakeholdingen: 50 %

Page 21: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Algetilgjengelig fosfor

Berg (A) Kinn (C) Flatabekken (F)

Grautholen (G)

+

+

= Løst reaktivt fosfor

= Totalt reaktivt fosfor

= Partikkelbundet fosfor

Symbolforklaring

Alge-P

s. 9

Page 22: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

AQ

Hydraulisk belastning: QA-1

0

5

10

15

20

Hy

dra

uli

c lo

ad

(m d

-1)

200 509 818

Wetland BERG

1998 1999 2000 2001

Snitt Q/A: 2.3 m d-1. Oppholdstid: 4.3 timers. 11

Page 23: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

-20

0

20

40

60

80

TP

ret

enti

on

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4

Hydraulic load (m d-1)

y = 6.4x + 21.3; r2 = 0.09; P<0.004

Mod1

CW-G2

CW-G1

CW-F

CW-C

CW-A

Legend

Hvor mye fosfor holdes tilbake?

Best når det gjelder

Page 24: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Aggregater gjør at leire oppfører seg som silt og sand

Page 25: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

0

20

40

60

80

Til

bak

ehold

t fo

sfor

(%)

0 1 2 3 4

Hydraulisk belastning (m/d)

Løst fosfor

Partikkelbundet fosfor

Figur 7. Tilbakeholding av fosfor i fangdammer s. 12

Hvor mye fosfor holdes tilbake?

Page 26: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Tilbakeholding av jord og fosfor

Tabell 2. Gjennomsnittlig tilbakeholding av jordpartikler og fosfor i fire fangdammer

Q/A Jord partikler Total fosfor

Nr (m/d) Relativ

(%)

Spesifikk

(kg/m2/år)

Relativ

(%)

Spesifikk

(g/m2/år)

A 1,7 66 83 42 51

C 1,9 45 89 27 58

F 1,8 62 36 23 37

G 0,8 68 22 42 46

Q/A – hydraulisk belastning.

s. 11

Page 27: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

0

200

400

600

800

Red

ox

i v

ann

(m

V)

0

100

200

300

400

Van

nfø

rin

g (

l/s)

0

31

62

93

12

4

15

5

18

6

21

7

24

8

27

9

31

0

34

1

A 2001

Redox

Vannføring

J F M A M J J A S O N D

O2

Mn(IV) NO3100

300

Fe(III)-100

P P Ps. 12

Avrenning og tap av alge-fosfor

Page 28: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

0

10

20

30

40

50

Res

usp

ensj

on

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Alder (år)

Vegetasjonen hindrer utspyling (resuspensjon)

0

25

50

75

100

Til

bak

eho

ldt

par

tik

ler

(%)

0 25 50 75 100 125

Vegetasjon (%)

Figur 12. Tilbakeholdingen av jordpartikler økte med vegetasjonsdekning i fangdammene

Figur 14. Resuspensjonen av sediment avtok drastisk med økt vegetasjonsdekning

s. 15s. 16

Page 29: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Vegetasjonen hindrer resuspensjon

0

2

4

6

8

10

Sed

imen

tasj

on

(cm

/år)

A B C D

22 cm

Figur 13. Årlig sedimentasjon i vegetasjonsfiltrene i fangdam A-D over 10 år. Sedimentveksten økte de fire første åra. Deretter var det andre forhold som bestemte tilbakeholdingen s. 16

Page 30: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Forbedring av fangdammkonseptet:Forsøksanlegget i Lier

Forbedre tilbakeholdingen av Løst P og N, samt pesticider

Filter 1= Grus og sand;

2= Algefilter;

3= Div. filtertyper: Leca, torv, skjellsand, bark, sand;

4= Vegertasjonsfilter (dybde 0.4-0.5 m), STANDARD FANGDAM;

5= Grunt vegetasjonsfilter (dybde 0.05 m);

6= Skiferheller (IKKE veg. dybde 0-0.05 m);

7= Dypt vegetasjonsfilter (dybde 0.6-0.7 m);

8= Bygghalm. s. 11

PPP

P

Page 31: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Terskler

s. 19

0.5 m

Steindekke

Plastikk

Jord

Fiberduk

Vannspeil

A

Fiber duk Grus/småstein

B

Jordterskel

Hoppeterskel

Er det fisk som vandrer?

Page 32: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Tersklenes akilleshæl

s. 19

0.5 m

Steindekke

Plastikk

Jord

Fiberduk

Vannspeil

Fiberduk mellom jord og stein

Stor nok stein til overdekning

Page 33: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Plassering og dimensjoneringav anlegget

Page 34: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Størrelse avhenger av tilførsler

Fra dyrka mark og bekk

Page 35: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Beregning av partikkelfjerning

0

20

40

60

80

100

Til

bak

ehold

ing (

%)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

A / Q (m2 /m3 s)

2 µm

0.6 µm

60 µ

m 6 µm20

µm

Fin silt

Middel

silt

Grov leir

s. 25

Ikke planert

Planert

Figur 21. Tilbakeholding av partikler med ulik størrelse i fangdammer avhengig av invers hydraulisk belastning (A/Q).

Page 36: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Hvor stor skal fangdammen være?

Hva er optimalt?

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

TP

ret

enti

on

(%

)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Ratio A /catchment area (%)

y = 31.714x0.166

r2 = 0.102

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

spec

ific

TP

ret

enti

on

(g

m-2

yr-1

)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Ratio A /catchment area (%)

y = 2.3x(-0.83)

r2 = 0.41

?

<1 % ?

Page 37: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Kortslutningsstrømmer – hydraulisk effektivitet

1 2 3

26 % 76 % 61 %

4

76 %

90 % 5

= Vannretning 76 % = Hydraulisk effektivitet

Fig. 22. Hydraulisk effektivitet for fem dammer med dybde 1,5 m

(Etter Persson m.fl., 1999).

s. 27

Page 38: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Sedimentet i fangdammer er matjord

0

1

2

Fo

sfo

r i

sed

imen

tet

(g/k

g)

0 1 2

Fosfor i matjordlaget (g/kg)

G

F

AC

1:1

linje

Figur 26. Fosfor i sedimentet i fangdammeneer ofte høyere enn innholdet i dyrka mark.

s. 31

Figur 20. Aggregater

Page 39: Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/Jedlnia-Atle.pdf · Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed

Hva er viktigst å huske på?

Nedbørfeltene påvirker virkningsgraden

• Ta vare på aggregatene; kort veg fra jorde til tiltak

• Tilbakeholdingen øker med tilførslene; virker best ved høye tap

• Unngå vann fra utmark; reint vann fortynner

Fangdammer skal

• ha sedimentasjonskammer; forlenge levetida

• være grunne; kort sedimentasjonsveg

• ha vegetasjon; hindre utspyling, sprevannet

• være minst 0,1 % av nedbørfeltets størrelse, gjerne 1 %!

Store fangdammer fanger mest og varer lengst!

Fra huskeliste for fangdambyggere s. 33