results det 3
DESCRIPTION
c20JTRANSCRIPT
Results
DAY 1
Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with Potassium Hydrogen phthalate (KHP)
Weight table (of KHP)
Conical flask #1 0.3133g
Conical flask #2 0.2949g
Conical flask #3 0.2957g
Standardisation Titration Results
cm3
cm3
1
(Flask #2)
2
(Flask #3)
3
(Flask #1)
Final Burette Reading 14.68 30.49 45.90
Initial Burette Reading 0.27 14.68 30.49
Volume of NaOH used 14.41 15.81 15.41
R.M.M of KHP = 204.2gmol-1
Calculation of concentration of NaOH (for flask #1, titration 3)
1 mole of KHP = 204.2g
x mole of KHP = 0.3133g
x = 0.3133g/202.4gmol-1
x = 1.534 x 10 -3 mole KHP
1 : 1 Mole Ratio
15.81cm3 of NaOH contains 1.534 x 10-3 mole
1000cm3 of NaOH contains (1000cm3 x 1.534x10-3mole)/15.81cm3
= 0.0970M
Calculated Concentrations for NaOH
Flask 1 0.0970M
Flask 2 0.0937M
Flask 3 0.1005M
AVERAGE 0.0971M
5
pH meter used – (#2) OAKTON pH/MV/oC meter
Calibration of instrument – Measurement of Buffers
Buffer solution pH measured
Buffer 4 4.03
Buffer 7 6.99
Buffer 10 10.01
Table of pH vs. NaOH volume used in Potentiometric Titration of Mixed Acid
pH BURETTE READING (ml) Volume used (ml) Volume used (ml)
Initial Volume Final Volume 1.38 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.001.36 0.69 1.71 1.02 1.021.34 1.71 2.69 0.98 2.001.36 2.69 3.71 1.02 3.021.38 3.71 4.72 1.01 4.031.42 4.72 5.70 0.98 5.011.46 5.70 6.73 1.03 6.041.50 6.73 7.75 1.02 7.061.56 7.75 8.68 0.93 7.991.61 8.68 9.69 1.01 9.001.67 9.69 10.70 1.01 10.011.76 10.70 11.71 1.01 11.021.86 11.71 12.79 1.08 12.101.99 12.79 13.81 1.02 13.122.16 13.81 14.71 0.90 14.022.48 14.71 15.72 1.01 15.032.94 15.72 16.68 0.96 15.993.37 16.68 17.74 1.06 17.053.62 17.74 18.69 0.95 18.003.81 18.69 19.70 1.01 19.013.96 19.70 20.72 1.02 20.034.09 20.72 21.79 1.07 21.104.20 21.79 22.80 1.01 22.114.29 22.80 23.73 0.93 23.044.39 23.73 24.75 1.02 24.064.48 24.75 25.73 0.98 25.044.57 25.73 26.79 1.06 26.104.65 26.79 27.80 1.01 27.114.74 27.80 28.75 0.95 28.064.84 28.75 29.72 0.97 29.034.94 29.72 30.71 0.99 30.025.05 30.71 31.79 1.08 31.105.18 31.79 32.80 1.01 32.11
6
5.33 32.80 33.82 1.02 33.135.49 33.82 34.70 0.88 34.015.76 34.70 35.79 1.09 35.106.39 35.79 36.88 1.09 36.1911.25 36.88 38.21 1.33 37.5211.55 38.21 39.15 0.94 38.4611.73 39.15 40.13 0.98 39.4411.84 40.13 41.11 0.98 40.4211.91 41.11 42.12 1.01 41.4311.97 42.12 43.10 0.98 42.41
pH of solution vs. Volume of NaOH used
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Volume of NaOH used
pH Series1
ph 2.93 ph 8.51equivalence volume 16.04 volume 36.11
DAY 2
pH meter used – (#2) OAKTON pH/MV/oC meter
Calibration of instrument – Measurement of Buffers
Buffer solution pH measured
Buffer 4 3.99
7
Buffer 7 7.00
Buffer 10 10.00
Note: The results of the standardization of NaOH carried out on day two were rejected due to random
errors that occurred during the process. The results obtained from day 1 were used.
Table of pH vs. NaOH volume used in Potentiometric Titration of Mixed Acid
pHBURETTE READING
(ml)Volume used (ml)
Volume used (ml)
Change in pH
1st Derivative
Change in 1st
Derivative2nd
Derivative
Initial Volume Final Volume
1.18 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00001.14 0.32 1.30 0.98 0.98 -0.04 -0.0408 -0.0408 -0.04161.14 1.30 2.31 1.01 1.99 0.00 0.0000 0.0408 0.04041.16 2.31 3.32 1.01 3.00 0.02 0.0198 0.0198 0.01961.17 3.32 4.32 1.00 4.00 0.01 0.0100 -0.0098 -0.00981.20 4.32 5.40 1.08 5.08 0.03 0.0278 0.0178 0.01651.23 5.40 6.35 0.95 6.03 0.03 0.0316 0.0038 0.00401.27 6.35 7.39 1.04 7.07 0.04 0.0385 0.0069 0.00661.30 7.39 8.31 0.92 7.99 0.03 0.0326 -0.0059 -0.00641.35 8.31 9.35 1.04 9.03 0.05 0.0481 0.0155 0.01491.39 9.35 10.31 0.96 9.99 0.04 0.0417 -0.0064 -0.00671.44 10.31 11.35 1.04 11.03 0.05 0.0481 0.0064 0.00621.51 11.35 12.35 1.00 12.03 0.07 0.0700 0.0219 0.02191.58 12.35 13.35 1.00 13.03 0.07 0.0700 0.0000 0.00001.67 13.35 14.38 1.03 14.06 0.09 0.0874 0.0174 0.01691.77 14.38 15.32 0.94 15.00 0.10 0.1064 0.0190 0.02021.90 15.32 16.35 1.03 16.03 0.13 0.1262 0.0198 0.01931.92 16.35 16.35 0.00 16.03 0.02 0.0000 -0.1262 0.00001.92 16.35 16.38 0.03 16.06 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00001.94 16.38 16.41 0.03 16.09 0.02 0.6667 0.6667 22.22221.94 16.41 16.48 0.07 16.16 0.00 0.0000 -0.6667 -9.52381.96 16.48 16.65 0.17 16.33 0.02 0.1176 0.1176 0.69201.96 16.65 16.71 0.06 16.39 0.00 0.0000 -0.1176 -1.96081.96 16.71 16.78 0.07 16.46 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00001.96 16.78 16.80 0.02 16.48 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00001.99 16.80 16.85 0.05 16.53 0.03 0.6000 0.6000 12.00001.99 16.85 16.92 0.07 16.60 0.00 0.0000 -0.6000 -8.57142.01 16.92 17.00 0.08 16.68 0.02 0.2500 0.2500 3.12502.01 17.00 17.05 0.05 16.73 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -5.00002.03 17.05 17.10 0.05 16.78 0.02 0.4000 0.4000 8.00002.03 17.10 17.20 0.10 16.88 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -4.00002.05 17.20 17.22 0.02 16.90 0.02 1.0000 1.0000 50.00002.07 17.22 17.30 0.08 16.98 0.02 0.2500 -0.7500 -9.3750
8
2.07 17.30 17.35 0.05 17.03 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -5.00002.09 17.35 17.42 0.07 17.10 0.02 0.2857 0.2857 4.08162.09 17.42 17.49 0.07 17.17 0.00 0.0000 -0.2857 -4.08162.13 17.49 17.53 0.04 17.21 0.04 1.0000 1.0000 25.00002.13 17.53 17.58 0.05 17.26 0.00 0.0000 -1.0000 -20.00002.14 17.58 17.61 0.03 17.29 0.01 0.3333 0.3333 11.11112.14 17.61 17.70 0.09 17.38 0.00 0.0000 -0.3333 -3.70372.16 17.70 17.80 0.10 17.48 0.02 0.2000 0.2000 2.00002.18 17.80 17.89 0.09 17.57 0.02 0.2222 0.0222 0.24692.18 17.89 17.92 0.03 17.60 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -7.40742.21 17.92 17.96 0.04 17.64 0.03 0.7500 0.7500 18.75002.22 17.96 18.00 0.04 17.68 0.01 0.2500 -0.5000 -12.50002.24 18.00 18.05 0.05 17.73 0.02 0.4000 0.1500 3.00002.26 18.05 18.09 0.04 17.77 0.02 0.5000 0.1000 2.50002.29 18.09 18.19 0.10 17.87 0.03 0.3000 -0.2000 -2.00002.31 18.19 18.29 0.10 17.97 0.02 0.2000 -0.1000 -1.00002.32 18.29 18.31 0.02 17.99 0.01 0.5000 0.3000 15.00002.34 18.31 18.39 0.08 18.07 0.02 0.2500 -0.2500 -3.12502.36 18.39 18.41 0.02 18.09 0.02 1.0000 0.7500 37.50002.38 18.41 18.49 0.08 18.17 0.02 0.2500 -0.7500 -9.37502.40 18.49 18.52 0.03 18.20 0.02 0.6667 0.4167 13.88892.42 18.52 18.59 0.07 18.27 0.02 0.2857 -0.3810 -5.44222.44 18.59 18.68 0.09 18.36 0.02 0.2222 -0.0635 -0.70552.47 18.68 18.79 0.11 18.47 0.03 0.2727 0.0505 0.45912.49 18.79 18.81 0.02 18.49 0.02 1.0000 0.7273 36.36362.52 18.81 18.85 0.04 18.53 0.03 0.7500 -0.2500 -6.25002.54 18.85 18.90 0.05 18.58 0.02 0.4000 -0.3500 -7.00002.58 18.90 18.99 0.09 18.67 0.04 0.4444 0.0444 0.49382.61 18.99 19.03 0.04 18.71 0.03 0.7500 0.3056 7.63892.64 19.03 19.08 0.05 18.76 0.03 0.6000 -0.1500 -3.00002.67 19.08 19.15 0.07 18.83 0.03 0.4286 -0.1714 -2.44902.71 19.15 19.23 0.08 18.91 0.04 0.5000 0.0714 0.89292.74 19.23 19.30 0.07 18.98 0.03 0.4286 -0.0714 -1.02042.76 19.30 19.38 0.08 19.06 0.02 0.2500 -0.1786 -2.23212.79 19.38 19.40 0.02 19.08 0.03 1.5000 1.2500 62.50002.80 19.40 19.45 0.05 19.13 0.01 0.2000 -1.3000 -26.00002.83 19.45 19.50 0.05 19.18 0.03 0.6000 0.4000 8.00002.87 19.50 19.58 0.08 19.26 0.04 0.5000 -0.1000 -1.25002.92 19.58 19.65 0.07 19.33 0.05 0.7143 0.2143 3.06122.94 19.65 19.70 0.05 19.38 0.02 0.4000 -0.3143 -6.28572.96 19.70 19.75 0.05 19.43 0.02 0.4000 0.0000 0.00002.99 19.75 19.80 0.05 19.48 0.03 0.6000 0.2000 4.00003.04 19.80 19.98 0.18 19.66 0.05 0.2778 -0.3222 -1.79013.07 19.98 20.04 0.06 19.72 0.03 0.5000 0.2222 3.70373.10 20.04 20.12 0.08 19.80 0.03 0.3750 -0.1250 -1.56253.12 20.12 20.20 0.08 19.88 0.02 0.2500 -0.1250 -1.56253.14 20.20 20.22 0.02 19.90 0.02 1.0000 0.7500 37.50003.16 20.22 20.27 0.05 19.95 0.02 0.4000 -0.6000 -12.00003.20 20.27 20.35 0.08 20.03 0.04 0.5000 0.1000 1.25003.22 20.35 20.40 0.05 20.08 0.02 0.4000 -0.1000 -2.00003.22 20.40 20.43 0.03 20.11 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -13.3333
9
3.25 20.43 20.50 0.07 20.18 0.03 0.4286 0.4286 6.12243.27 20.50 20.54 0.04 20.22 0.02 0.5000 0.0714 1.78573.30 20.54 20.62 0.08 20.30 0.03 0.3750 -0.1250 -1.56253.30 20.62 20.69 0.07 20.37 0.00 0.0000 -0.3750 -5.35713.33 20.69 20.74 0.05 20.42 0.03 0.6000 0.6000 12.00003.34 20.74 20.79 0.05 20.47 0.01 0.2000 -0.4000 -8.00003.37 20.79 20.85 0.06 20.53 0.03 0.5000 0.3000 5.00003.39 20.85 20.91 0.06 20.59 0.02 0.3333 -0.1667 -2.77783.41 20.91 21.00 0.09 20.68 0.02 0.2222 -0.1111 -1.23463.44 21.00 21.05 0.05 20.73 0.03 0.6000 0.3778 7.55563.44 21.05 21.15 0.10 20.83 0.00 0.0000 -0.6000 -6.00003.46 21.15 21.19 0.04 20.87 0.02 0.5000 0.5000 12.50003.49 21.19 21.29 0.10 20.97 0.03 0.3000 -0.2000 -2.00003.51 21.29 21.34 0.05 21.02 0.02 0.4000 0.1000 2.00003.53 21.34 21.42 0.08 21.10 0.02 0.2500 -0.1500 -1.87503.53 21.42 21.49 0.07 21.17 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -3.57143.55 21.49 21.53 0.04 21.21 0.02 0.5000 0.5000 12.50003.59 21.53 21.68 0.15 21.36 0.04 0.2667 -0.2333 -1.55563.61 21.68 21.78 0.10 21.46 0.02 0.2000 -0.0667 -0.66673.61 21.78 21.80 0.02 21.48 0.00 0.0000 -0.2000 -10.00003.63 21.80 21.85 0.05 21.53 0.02 0.4000 0.4000 8.00003.63 21.85 21.90 0.05 21.58 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -8.00003.65 21.90 21.99 0.09 21.67 0.02 0.2222 0.2222 2.46913.65 21.99 22.01 0.02 21.69 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -11.11113.67 22.01 22.10 0.09 21.78 0.02 0.2222 0.2222 2.46913.69 22.10 22.19 0.09 21.87 0.02 0.2222 0.0000 0.00003.69 22.19 22.25 0.06 21.93 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -3.70373.71 22.25 22.31 0.06 21.99 0.02 0.3333 0.3333 5.55563.73 22.31 22.40 0.09 22.08 0.02 0.2222 -0.1111 -1.23463.75 22.40 22.50 0.10 22.18 0.02 0.2000 -0.0222 -0.22223.77 22.50 22.61 0.11 22.29 0.02 0.1818 -0.0182 -0.16533.77 22.61 22.70 0.09 22.38 0.00 0.0000 -0.1818 -2.02023.80 22.70 22.79 0.09 22.47 0.03 0.3333 0.3333 3.70373.93 22.79 23.80 1.01 23.48 0.13 0.1287 -0.2046 -0.20264.07 23.80 24.82 1.02 24.50 0.14 0.1373 0.0085 0.00844.20 24.82 25.90 1.08 25.58 0.13 0.1204 -0.0169 -0.01564.32 25.90 26.99 1.09 26.67 0.12 0.1101 -0.0103 -0.00944.41 26.99 27.89 0.90 27.57 0.09 0.1000 -0.0101 -0.01124.50 27.89 28.90 1.01 28.58 0.09 0.0891 -0.0109 -0.01084.60 28.90 29.91 1.01 29.59 0.10 0.0990 0.0099 0.00984.70 29.91 30.91 1.00 30.59 0.10 0.1000 0.0010 0.00104.80 30.91 31.93 1.02 31.61 0.10 0.0980 -0.0020 -0.00194.90 31.93 32.91 0.98 32.59 0.10 0.1020 0.0040 0.00415.00 32.91 33.89 0.98 33.57 0.10 0.1020 0.0000 0.00005.12 33.89 34.90 1.01 34.58 0.12 0.1188 0.0168 0.01665.26 34.90 35.91 1.01 35.59 0.14 0.1386 0.0198 0.01965.42 35.91 36.91 1.00 36.59 0.16 0.1600 0.0214 0.02145.65 36.91 37.95 1.04 37.63 0.23 0.2212 0.0612 0.05885.98 37.95 38.90 0.95 38.58 0.33 0.3474 0.1262 0.13296.00 38.90 39.00 0.10 38.68 0.02 0.2000 -0.1474 -1.47376.02 39.00 39.05 0.05 38.73 0.02 0.4000 0.2000 4.0000
10
6.05 39.05 39.10 0.05 38.78 0.03 0.6000 0.2000 4.00006.07 39.10 39.12 0.02 38.80 0.02 1.0000 0.4000 20.00006.12 39.12 39.21 0.09 38.89 0.05 0.5556 -0.4444 -4.93836.15 39.21 39.25 0.04 38.93 0.03 0.7500 0.1944 4.86116.18 39.25 39.30 0.05 38.98 0.03 0.6000 -0.1500 -3.00006.21 39.30 39.36 0.06 39.04 0.03 0.5000 -0.1000 -1.66676.28 39.36 39.41 0.05 39.09 0.07 1.4000 0.9000 18.00006.37 39.41 39.51 0.10 39.19 0.09 0.9000 -0.5000 -5.00006.47 39.51 39.60 0.09 39.28 0.10 1.1111 0.2111 2.34576.60 39.60 39.71 0.11 39.39 0.13 1.1818 0.0707 0.64286.77 39.71 39.81 0.10 39.49 0.17 1.7000 0.5182 5.18187.23 39.81 39.99 0.18 39.67 0.46 2.5556 0.8556 4.75318.28 39.99 40.09 0.10 39.77 1.05 10.5000 7.9444 79.444410.16 40.09 40.19 0.10 39.87 1.88 18.8000 8.3000 83.000011.07 40.19 40.31 0.12 39.99 0.91 7.5833 -11.2167 -93.472211.35 40.31 40.39 0.08 40.07 0.28 3.5000 -4.0833 -51.041711.45 40.39 40.41 0.02 40.09 0.10 5.0000 1.5000 75.000011.59 40.41 40.50 0.09 40.18 0.14 1.5556 -3.4444 -38.271611.66 40.50 40.55 0.05 40.23 0.07 1.4000 -0.1556 -3.111111.73 40.55 40.60 0.05 40.28 0.07 1.4000 0.0000 0.000011.81 40.60 40.68 0.08 40.36 0.08 1.0000 -0.4000 -5.000011.89 40.68 40.75 0.07 40.43 0.08 1.1429 0.1429 2.040811.93 40.75 40.80 0.05 40.48 0.04 0.8000 -0.3429 -6.857111.97 40.80 40.83 0.03 40.51 0.04 1.3333 0.5333 17.777812.00 40.83 40.90 0.07 40.58 0.03 0.4286 -0.9048 -12.925212.04 40.90 40.99 0.09 40.67 0.04 0.4444 0.0159 0.176412.10 40.99 41.05 0.06 40.73 0.06 1.0000 0.5556 9.259312.15 41.05 41.15 0.10 40.83 0.05 0.5000 -0.5000 -5.000012.19 41.15 41.20 0.05 40.88 0.04 0.8000 0.3000 6.000012.22 41.20 41.30 0.10 40.98 0.03 0.3000 -0.5000 -5.000012.54 41.30 42.20 0.90 41.88 0.32 0.3556 0.0556 0.061712.71 42.20 43.11 0.91 42.79 0.17 0.1868 -0.1687 -0.185412.83 43.11 44.10 0.99 43.78 0.12 0.1212 -0.0656 -0.066312.93 44.10 45.12 1.02 44.80 0.10 0.0980 -0.0232 -0.022712.99 45.12 45.99 0.87 45.67 0.06 0.0690 -0.0291 -0.0334
11
Graph of pH vs. volume of NaOH used
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
pH
Vo
lum
e o
f N
aO
H u
se
d (
ml)
Series1
equivalencevolume 18.68
volume 39.83
ph 2.63 ph 9.12
1st derivative plot - weak acid
-5.0000
0.0000
5.0000
10.0000
15.0000
20.0000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Series1
12
1st Derivative plot - strong acid
-0.2000
0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
1.6000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Volume used (ml)
pH
Series1
2nd derivative plot - weak acid
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Volume (ml)
deri
vati
ve Series1
2nd derivative weak acidvolume 39.93
13
2nd derivative plot - strong acid
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Volume (ml)
deri
vati
ve Series1
2nd derivative strong acidvolume 19.105
Table showing pH, Volume of NaOH used and Gran Plot parameters
pH BURETTE READING (ml)Volume used (ml)
Volume used (ml) 10^-pH
(Vs + Vt)*10^-pH vt*10^-pH
Initial Volume
Final Volume
1.18 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0661 1.651734 01.14 0.32 1.30 0.98 0.98 0.0724 1.882085 0.07099471.14 1.30 2.31 1.01 1.99 0.0724 1.955253 0.14416281.16 2.31 3.32 1.01 3.00 0.0692 1.937127 0.20754931.17 3.32 4.32 1.00 4.00 0.0676 1.960641 0.27043321.20 4.32 5.40 1.08 5.08 0.0631 1.89792 0.32052631.23 5.40 6.35 0.95 6.03 0.0589 1.827182 0.35507271.27 6.35 7.39 1.04 7.07 0.0537 1.722261 0.37968151.30 7.39 8.31 0.92 7.99 0.0501 1.653417 0.40044861.35 8.31 9.35 1.04 9.03 0.0447 1.520064 0.40335531.39 9.35 10.31 0.96 9.99 0.0407 1.425424 0.40697291.44 10.31 11.35 1.04 11.03 0.0363 1.30817 0.40047511.51 11.35 12.35 1.00 12.03 0.0309 1.144336 0.37176251.58 12.35 13.35 1.00 13.03 0.0263 1.000291 0.34272391.67 13.35 14.38 1.03 14.06 0.0214 0.835088 0.30059751.77 14.38 15.32 0.94 15.00 0.017 0.679297 0.25473651.90 15.32 16.35 1.03 16.03 0.0126 0.516537 0.2018057
14
1.92 16.35 16.35 0.00 16.03 0.012 0.493289 0.1927231.92 16.35 16.38 0.03 16.06 0.012 0.49365 0.19308371.94 16.38 16.41 0.03 16.09 0.0115 0.471776 0.18473791.94 16.41 16.48 0.07 16.16 0.0115 0.47258 0.18554161.96 16.48 16.65 0.17 16.33 0.011 0.453174 0.17905491.96 16.65 16.71 0.06 16.39 0.011 0.453832 0.17971281.96 16.71 16.78 0.07 16.46 0.011 0.4546 0.18048031.96 16.78 16.80 0.02 16.48 0.011 0.454819 0.18069961.99 16.80 16.85 0.05 16.53 0.0102 0.424974 0.16915031.99 16.85 16.92 0.07 16.60 0.0102 0.42569 0.16986662.01 16.92 17.00 0.08 16.68 0.0098 0.407312 0.16300322.01 17.00 17.05 0.05 16.73 0.0098 0.407801 0.16349182.03 17.05 17.10 0.05 16.78 0.0093 0.389914 0.15660012.03 17.10 17.20 0.10 16.88 0.0093 0.390847 0.15753332.05 17.20 17.22 0.02 16.90 0.0089 0.373434 0.15062142.07 17.22 17.30 0.08 16.98 0.0085 0.357308 0.14452322.07 17.30 17.35 0.05 17.03 0.0085 0.357733 0.14494882.09 17.35 17.42 0.07 17.10 0.0081 0.342202 0.1389942.09 17.42 17.49 0.07 17.17 0.0081 0.342771 0.1395632.13 17.49 17.53 0.04 17.21 0.0074 0.312907 0.12757952.13 17.53 17.58 0.05 17.26 0.0074 0.313278 0.12795012.14 17.58 17.61 0.03 17.29 0.0072 0.306364 0.1252552.14 17.61 17.70 0.09 17.38 0.0072 0.307016 0.1259072.16 17.70 17.80 0.10 17.48 0.0069 0.29389 0.12093212.18 17.80 17.89 0.09 17.57 0.0066 0.281257 0.11608382.18 17.89 17.92 0.03 17.60 0.0066 0.281455 0.1162822.21 17.92 17.96 0.04 17.64 0.0062 0.262916 0.10876742.22 17.96 18.00 0.04 17.68 0.006 0.257172 0.10653252.24 18.00 18.05 0.05 17.73 0.0058 0.245885 0.10202552.26 18.05 18.09 0.04 17.77 0.0055 0.235039 0.09765342.29 18.09 18.19 0.10 17.87 0.0051 0.219864 0.09164832.31 18.19 18.29 0.10 17.97 0.0049 0.210458 0.08801332.32 18.29 18.31 0.02 17.99 0.0048 0.205763 0.08610562.34 18.31 18.39 0.08 18.07 0.0046 0.196868 0.08259582.36 18.39 18.41 0.02 18.09 0.0044 0.188095 0.07896572.38 18.41 18.49 0.08 18.17 0.0042 0.179963 0.07574522.40 18.49 18.52 0.03 18.20 0.004 0.171982 0.07245552.42 18.52 18.59 0.07 18.27 0.0038 0.164508 0.06946062.44 18.59 18.68 0.09 18.36 0.0036 0.157431 0.06666112.47 18.68 18.79 0.11 18.47 0.0034 0.147296 0.06258452.49 18.79 18.81 0.02 18.49 0.0032 0.140731 0.05983252.52 18.81 18.85 0.04 18.53 0.003 0.131459 0.05595972.54 18.85 18.90 0.05 18.58 0.0029 0.125686 0.05358532.58 18.90 18.99 0.09 18.67 0.0026 0.114864 0.04910712.61 18.99 19.03 0.04 18.71 0.0025 0.107295 0.04592762.64 19.03 19.08 0.05 18.76 0.0023 0.100248 0.04297672.67 19.08 19.15 0.07 18.83 0.0021 0.093707 0.04025782.71 19.15 19.23 0.08 18.91 0.0019 0.085618 0.0368716
15
2.74 19.23 19.30 0.07 18.98 0.0018 0.08003 0.03453792.76 19.30 19.38 0.08 19.06 0.0017 0.076568 0.03312252.79 19.38 19.40 0.02 19.08 0.0016 0.071489 0.03094412.80 19.40 19.45 0.05 19.13 0.0016 0.069941 0.0303192.83 19.45 19.50 0.05 19.18 0.0015 0.065347 0.02836932.87 19.50 19.58 0.08 19.26 0.0013 0.059705 0.0259812.92 19.58 19.65 0.07 19.33 0.0012 0.053296 0.02323982.94 19.65 19.70 0.05 19.38 0.0011 0.050955 0.02225122.96 19.70 19.75 0.05 19.43 0.0011 0.048717 0.02130462.99 19.75 19.80 0.05 19.48 0.001 0.045516 0.01993373.04 19.80 19.98 0.18 19.66 0.0009 0.04073 0.01793013.07 19.98 20.04 0.06 19.72 0.0009 0.038063 0.01678443.10 20.04 20.12 0.08 19.80 0.0008 0.035586 0.01572773.12 20.12 20.20 0.08 19.88 0.0008 0.034045 0.01508053.14 20.20 20.22 0.02 19.90 0.0007 0.032527 0.01441633.16 20.22 20.27 0.05 19.95 0.0007 0.031098 0.0138023.20 20.27 20.35 0.08 20.03 0.0006 0.028412 0.01263813.22 20.35 20.40 0.05 20.08 0.0006 0.027163 0.01209943.22 20.40 20.43 0.03 20.11 0.0006 0.027181 0.01211753.25 20.43 20.50 0.07 20.18 0.0006 0.025407 0.0113483.27 20.50 20.54 0.04 20.22 0.0005 0.024285 0.01085883.30 20.54 20.62 0.08 20.30 0.0005 0.022704 0.01017413.30 20.62 20.69 0.07 20.37 0.0005 0.022739 0.01020923.33 20.69 20.74 0.05 20.42 0.0005 0.021245 0.00955123.34 20.74 20.79 0.05 20.47 0.0005 0.020784 0.00935663.37 20.79 20.85 0.06 20.53 0.0004 0.019422 0.00875773.39 20.85 20.91 0.06 20.59 0.0004 0.018572 0.0083883.41 20.91 21.00 0.09 20.68 0.0004 0.017772 0.00804553.44 21.00 21.05 0.05 20.73 0.0004 0.016604 0.00752663.44 21.05 21.15 0.10 20.83 0.0004 0.01664 0.00756293.46 21.15 21.19 0.04 20.87 0.0003 0.015905 0.00723643.49 21.19 21.29 0.10 20.97 0.0003 0.014876 0.00678583.51 21.29 21.34 0.05 21.02 0.0003 0.014222 0.00649583.53 21.34 21.42 0.08 21.10 0.0003 0.013605 0.00622713.53 21.42 21.49 0.07 21.17 0.0003 0.013626 0.00624773.55 21.49 21.53 0.04 21.21 0.0003 0.013024 0.00597783.59 21.53 21.68 0.15 21.36 0.0003 0.011916 0.00549043.61 21.68 21.78 0.10 21.46 0.0002 0.011405 0.00526783.61 21.78 21.80 0.02 21.48 0.0002 0.011409 0.00527273.63 21.80 21.85 0.05 21.53 0.0002 0.010908 0.00504713.63 21.85 21.90 0.05 21.58 0.0002 0.010919 0.00505883.65 21.90 21.99 0.09 21.67 0.0002 0.010448 0.00485133.65 21.99 22.01 0.02 21.69 0.0002 0.010453 0.00485583.67 22.01 22.10 0.09 21.78 0.0002 0.010001 0.00465653.69 22.10 22.19 0.09 21.87 0.0002 0.00957 0.00446533.69 22.19 22.25 0.06 21.93 0.0002 0.009582 0.00447753.71 22.25 22.31 0.06 21.99 0.0002 0.009162 0.00428773.73 22.31 22.40 0.09 22.08 0.0002 0.008767 0.0041115
16
3.75 22.40 22.50 0.10 22.18 0.0002 0.00839 0.00394423.77 22.50 22.61 0.11 22.29 0.0002 0.008031 0.00378543.77 22.61 22.70 0.09 22.38 0.0002 0.008046 0.00380073.80 22.70 22.79 0.09 22.47 0.0002 0.007523 0.00356133.93 22.79 23.80 1.01 23.48 0.0001 0.005696 0.00275874.07 23.80 24.82 1.02 24.50 0.0001 0.004213 0.00208534.20 24.82 25.90 1.08 25.58 0.0001 0.003191 0.0016144.32 25.90 26.99 1.09 26.67 0.0000 0.002473 0.00127654.41 26.99 27.89 0.90 27.57 0.0000 0.002045 0.00107264.50 27.89 28.90 1.01 28.58 0.0000 0.001694 0.00090384.60 28.90 29.91 1.01 29.59 0.0000 0.001371 0.00074334.70 29.91 30.91 1.00 30.59 0.0000 0.001109 0.00061044.80 30.91 31.93 1.02 31.61 0.0000 0.000897 0.0005014.90 31.93 32.91 0.98 32.59 0.0000 0.000725 0.00041035.00 32.91 33.89 0.98 33.57 0.0000 0.000586 0.00033575.12 33.89 34.90 1.01 34.58 0.0000 0.000452 0.00026235.26 34.90 35.91 1.01 35.59 0.0000 0.000333 0.00019565.42 35.91 36.91 1.00 36.59 0.0000 0.000234 0.00013915.65 36.91 37.95 1.04 37.63 0.0000 0.00014 8.424E-055.98 37.95 38.90 0.95 38.58 0.0000 6.66E-05 4.04E-056.00 38.90 39.00 0.10 38.68 0.0000 6.37E-05 3.868E-056.02 39.00 39.05 0.05 38.73 0.0000 6.09E-05 3.699E-056.05 39.05 39.10 0.05 38.78 0.0000 5.68E-05 3.456E-056.07 39.10 39.12 0.02 38.80 0.0000 5.43E-05 3.302E-056.12 39.12 39.21 0.09 38.89 0.0000 4.85E-05 2.95E-056.15 39.21 39.25 0.04 38.93 0.0000 4.53E-05 2.756E-056.18 39.25 39.30 0.05 38.98 0.0000 4.23E-05 2.575E-056.21 39.30 39.36 0.06 39.04 0.0000 3.95E-05 2.407E-056.28 39.36 39.41 0.05 39.09 0.0000 3.36E-05 2.052E-056.37 39.41 39.51 0.10 39.19 0.0000 2.74E-05 1.672E-056.47 39.51 39.60 0.09 39.28 0.0000 2.18E-05 1.331E-056.60 39.60 39.71 0.11 39.39 0.0000 1.62E-05 9.894E-066.77 39.71 39.81 0.10 39.49 0.0000 1.1E-05 6.706E-067.23 39.81 39.99 0.18 39.67 0.0000 3.81E-06 2.336E-068.28 39.99 40.09 0.10 39.77 0.0000 3.4E-07 2.09E-0710.16 40.09 40.19 0.10 39.87 0.0000 0.0000 3E-0911.07 40.19 40.31 0.12 39.99 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.35 40.31 40.39 0.08 40.07 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.45 40.39 40.41 0.02 40.09 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.59 40.41 40.50 0.09 40.18 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.66 40.50 40.55 0.05 40.23 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.73 40.55 40.60 0.05 40.28 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.81 40.60 40.68 0.08 40.36 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.89 40.68 40.75 0.07 40.43 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.93 40.75 40.80 0.05 40.48 0.0000 0.0000 0.000011.97 40.80 40.83 0.03 40.51 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.00 40.83 40.90 0.07 40.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.04 40.90 40.99 0.09 40.67 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
17
12.10 40.99 41.05 0.06 40.73 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.15 41.05 41.15 0.10 40.83 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.19 41.15 41.20 0.05 40.88 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.22 41.20 41.30 0.10 40.98 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.54 41.30 42.20 0.90 41.88 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.71 42.20 43.11 0.91 42.79 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.83 43.11 44.10 0.99 43.78 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.93 44.10 45.12 1.02 44.80 0.0000 0.0000 0.000012.99 45.12 45.99 0.87 45.67 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gran Plot - Strong acid
y = -0.158x + 3.0545
R2 = 0.9997
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Volume (ml)
Gra
n pa
ram
eter
Series1
Linear (Series1)
Volume = 19.33ml
18
Gran Plot - Weak acid
y = -0.0002x + 0.0023R2 = 0.9974
-0.0004
-0.0002
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Volume (ml)
Gra
n pa
ram
eter
Series1
Linear (Series1)
Volume = 15.72ml
19
Table showing equivalence points obtained from the graphs above for both the weak and strong acid
pH Graph (day 1) pH Graph (day 2) 1st derivative 2nd derivative Gran Plot
Strong acid 16.04 18.68 18.53 19.105 19.33
Weak acid 36.11 39.83 22.38 22.45 15.72
Sample calculation of Concentration of Acid
Concentration of Strong Acid – HCl
2 nd derivative
1dm3 NaOH = 0.0971M NaOH
19.105ml NaOH = 19.105ml/1000ml * 0.0971mole
= 1.8551 x 10 -3 mole NaOH
1:1 mole ratio
25ml (pipetted) HCl = 1.8551 x 10-3 mole
1000ml HCl = (1000ml * 1.8551 x 10-3 mole)/25ml
= 0.074M HCl
Concentration of Weak Acid – CH 3COOH
2 nd derivative
1dm3 NaOH = 0.0971M NaOH
22.45ml NaOH = 22.45ml/1000ml * 0.0971mole
= 2.1799 x 10 -3 mole NaOH
1:1 mole ratio
25ml (pipetted) CH3COOH = 2.1799 x 10-3 mole
1000ml HCl = (1000ml * 2.1799 x 10-3 mole)/25ml
= 0.087M CH3COOH
Table Showing the Calculated Concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid and Acetic Acid Obtained
From the Average Concentration and Equivalence Volume of the Sodium Hydroxide
Ph Graph (Day 1)
Ph Graph (Day 2)
1st Derivative 2nd Derivative Gran Plot
[HCl] 0.062 0.073 0.072 0.074 0.075[Acetic Acid] 0.140 0.155 0.087 0.087 0.061
20