restrictions 1 stefanie keller & michael kropac, seecon international gmbh

Restrictions

Restrictions

1

Stefanie Keller & Michael Kropac, seecon international gmbh

Restrictions

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Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

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Contents

1. Concept

2. How it can optimize SSWM

3. Design Principles

4. Things to consider before Applying Restrictions

5. Applicability

6. Advantages and Disadvantages

7. Example

8. References

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Where do Restrictions belong to?

Restrictions are command and control tools that belong to the software implementation tools in Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management

1.Concept

Restrictions


…are direct regulations of requirements, bans and rules. With command and control tools, you only change the behaviour of people because they want to avoid penalties for non-compliance.

1. Concept

Tools:• Prohibitions• Restrictions• Permits• Standards• Etc.

Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress-engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]

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Command and Control Tools…

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Restrictions

Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions are legal tools that have a direct impact on the forms of conduct.

In water use restrictions, public authorities or independent regulatory agencies establish restrictions and bans that water users and provides are obliged to follow.

1. Concept

Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress-engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 08.06.2010]

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• Restrictions are like all other command and control tools, top-down instruments that can be used to achieve a more sustainable water use.

• Good tool to reduce water use in punctual situations.

• Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run.

• Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that can be applied in critical situations.

2. How it can optimize SSWM

Apply the lowest restriction level as possible to reach a targeted goal.Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2007/2007-148-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

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• Restrictions are most efficient if used sporadically.

• In special cases, there are non-drought water use restrictions for all year.

• People have to understand restrictions and see their need.

• It is essential that the compliance with restrictions can be monitored, and non compliance can be sanctioned.


It is important to act before it is too late.Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2006/2006-586-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

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• Although their implementation may be (partly) delegated to private bodies, the final decision on their application and eventual enforcement measures remains with the public authorities.

• Used to influence the behaviour of any target group: individuals as well as corporate actors or private companies. Basically, these instruments apply in the same way to every actor or group of actors specified in the legal norm.

• Industry and agriculture use more water than individual users, and it can therefore help to target those groups first.


Main Implementation Actors and Target Groups

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4. Things to consider before Applying Restrictions

Water Policeman in Australia controlling that water is properly used.Source: http://www.ballardian.com/images/water_police.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

• Enforcement and economic mechanisms are fundamental to make restriction instruments work.

• Implementation needs technical competence as well as human and financial resources to control restrictions.

• Legislation must be clear, on how will be controlled and how will be punished

• Longer-lasting reductions in different kinds of pollution or overuse are achieved by a combination of software tools such as awareness rising, education for specific user groups, economic tools etc.

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• Water use restrictions can be applied at different levels: national, regional or local.

• The legal frame for establishing restrictions is different in every country.

• Should be used in combination with other measures such as awareness rising campaigns and Information and Education campaigns to make people understand and see their use.

5. Applicability

It is important to the adapt restrictions to the local needs and demands.Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2009/2009-014--future-water-restrictions.gif Accessed: 08.06.2010]

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6. Advantages and Disadvantages

Disadvantages:• Only effective if compliance

can be controlled and punished

• Is not a flexible tool, so it is not empowering environmental policies

• Instrument based on imposition do not motivate to collaborate

• High administrative and control costs

Advantages:• Highly foreseeable

effectiveness

• Rapidly implemented, once laws are established

• Effective, to avoid penalties for non-compliance

• Long term learning effect

To avoid confusions, people using other water supplies have to signalize it in Australia.Source: http://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/images/Engineering%20Images/Water%20Use%20Sign%20Picture%20%282%29.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

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Australia Drought Stages Planning

• Done in Australia at different governmental levels for many years.

•Success is due to sensitising campaigns, long experience, good monitoring and good sanctioning systems.

When applying water restrictions, they indicate:

• Commencement and termination dates

• Description of water restriction levels and where they apply

• Definitions for each restriction level

• Water savings target and geographic area

Awareness raising campaign on TV in Sydney, watering before 10 am.Source: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/ Accessed: 08.06.2010]

7. Example

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Australia Drought Stages Planning

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5Stage

6Stage 7

Reticulation

sprinklers:Daily

Alternate days

3 times/week

Twice weekly

Once weekly

No sprinklers

Sprinkler times:

Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm

Hose watering of

gardens:Any time

No hose watering

Swimming pools:

No restriction

No over-filling No topping-up No filling

Car washing:

No restriction Bucket only

Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently be applied in Western Australia Source: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/waub2007297/sch2.html Accessed: 08.06.2010]

7. Example

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8. References

KAUFMANN-HAYOZ, R.; BÄTTIG, C.; BRUPPACHER, S.; DEFILA, R.; DI GIULIO, A.; FLURY-KLEUBER, P.; FRIEDERICH, U.; GARBELY, M.; GUTSCHER, H.; JAEGGI, C.; JEGEN, M.; MOSLER, H.J.; MUELLER, A.; NORTH, N.; ULLI-BEER, S.; WICHTERMANN, J. (2001): A Typology of Tools for Building Sustainability Strategies. In: Kaufmann-Hayoz, R. & Gutscher, H. (Eds.): Changing Things – Moving People. Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development at the Local Level. Basel: Birkhaeuser. 33-108.

PORTO, M.; LOBATO, F. (2004): Mechanisms of Water Management: Command & Control and Social Mechanisms (Part 1 of 2). In: REGA (Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina) 1 (2), 113-129.

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (2008): Summary Report for Providing New, Ongoing and Historical Water Information. Information about water restrictions. Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/regulations/report-summary.php?personid=244 [Accessed: 8.04.2010]

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