RESOURCES AND

DEVELOPMENT

BY-

K.CHANDAN

X/B2

NATURAL RESOURCES

TYPES OF RESOURCES ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN:

BIOTIC RESOURCES

ABIOTIC RESOURCES

ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY:

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

NON – RENEWABLE RESOURCES

ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES

COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES

NATIONAL RESOURCES

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES

Resources owned by individuals are called Individual Resources. For example – land owned by farmers, house, etc.

COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES

Resources owned by community or society are called Community Owned Resources. For example – Graveyard, grazing land, ponds, burial grounds, park, etc.

Resources owned by Individual Nations are called National Resources. For example – Government land, Roads, canals, railway, etc.

NATIONAL RESOURCES

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. For example – Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.

ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT:

POTENTIAL RESOURCES

DEVELOPED RESOURCES

STOCK

RESERVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

It is the process of developing the resources in order to make them useful for satisfying human wants. Some resources cannot be used directly. They have to be processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land has to be cleared and ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken to the field to irrigate.

PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCE BY MAN

a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest

b. Resources got accumulated in the hands of few people. The society is divided into rich and poor.

c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation are other problems.

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The economic development which does not

damage the environment and at the same time takes care of the needs of the future generations is called sustainable development

Sustainable Development is important because:

1) Many of the resources are non-renewable and exhaustible. Over exploitation of these resources will affect the needs of our future generations.

2) Environmental pollution has become a major threat to the survival of human beings

Keeping the view of justified use of resources and sustainable development, the Earth Summit was organized in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro in which more than 100 state heads agreed with Agenda 21 for the sustainable development and proper use of resources.

Agenda 21 is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease, etc. through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

RESOURCE PLANNING Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper

utilization of resources.

STAGES OF RESOURCE PLANNING

a) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF RESOURCES

Surveying, mapping and the measurement of the qualities and the quantities of the resources are the important activities undertaken at this stage.

b) PLANNING FOR EXPLOITATION

Develop a planning structure with suitable technology, skill and institutional setup.

c) MATCH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS WITH NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS.

 

IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE PLANNING

It is necessary for the balanced development of India.

1) Some regions of India are rich in certain resources and poor in some other resources.

Ex: Rajasthan is poor in water resources but rich in solar and wind energy.

2) Some regions are self sufficient while other regions are very poor in important resources. Ex: Madhya Pradesh is rich in many resources but Ladakh is poor in resources.

3) Wastage of resources can be avoided by planning.

4) Environmental pollution can be reduced.

5) Over exploitation of resources can be avoided.

 

RESOURCE CONSERVATION Planned use of resources in order to meet the

present needs and to store a part for the future generations is called resource conservation.

It is necessary because

1) Many resources are non-renewable and exhaustible. If we conserve them we can use them for a longer period of time.

2) Conservation of resources helps us to reduce wastage. It will help in economic progress.

3) Resource conservation helps us to protect the environment.

 

IDEAS OF GANDHIJI ABOUT THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES.

According to Gandhiji, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.

Greedy and selfish individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology are the root cause for resource depletion.

He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with production by masses.

LAND AS A RESOURCE.

Land is the habitat of man. All the economic activities are performed on

land. The soil cover on the land is essential for

plant growth. So land is necessary for agriculture. Land is used to setup industrial units.

Roads and railways are built on the land. Commercial activities also require land. Natural vegetation and wild life are supported by land.

LAND UNDER DIFFERENT RELIEF FEATURES IN INDIA PLAINS - 43% MOUNTAINS - 30% PLATEAUES - 27% 43% of India’s land area is plain. This region is

good for agriculture and industry. 30% of the land area is mountains. This region is rich in water resources. Plateaus occupy 27% of the land area. This region is rich in minerals, fossil fuels and forest.

CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

i ) . Large sca le so i l e ros ion caused by running water and wind.

i i ) . Dumping of waste mater ia ls f rom min ing centers and indust r ia l un i ts .

i i i ) . Over i r r igat ion leads to increase in sa l in i ty and a lka l in i ty in the so i l .

iv ) . Over graz ing by an imals and deforestat ion by man.

v ) . Waste water f rom the indust r ia l un i ts po l lu te the lands.

v i i ) .Minera l processing l ike gr ind ing of l imestone for cement industry and ca lc i te and soap s tone for ceramic indust ry creates a lo t o f dust . Th is dust is deposi ted in the ne ighbour ing land.

 

DEGRADED LAND IN INDIA.

130 million hectares of land is degraded in India.

56% of it is water eroded area.

28% of it is forest degraded area.

6% of it is saline and alkaline deposits. 10% of it is wind eroded area.

SOIL

SOIL The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose ,

broken and useful for plants is called soil.

  Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay and

Organic matter such as humus, bacteria and earth worms.

Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is formed on the land surface. If this layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time, chemical, physical and organic changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.

 

COMPOSITION OF SOIL

ALLUVIAL SOILS

ALLUVIAL SOILS i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread

soil found in India.

ii). It is formed due to the deposition of fine silt called alluvium by the rivers.

iii). It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat plains and the coastal plains.

iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay.

v). It is divided into khadar and Bangar [new alluvium and old alluvium] It contains soil nutrients such as potash, phosphoric acid and lime. So, it is fertile and good for the growth of sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulses.

BLACK SOILS

BLACK SOILS Regur soils are called black cotton soils because

they are black in colour and are very good for cotton cultivation.

It is made up of extremely fine clayey materials. It has the capacity to hold moisture for a long time.

These soils develop deep cracks in summer. This helps in the aeration of the soil.

This soil is sticky. It is mainly found in the Deccan Trap region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh.

It is formed due to the weathering of volcanic rocks. It is very rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium and lime. It is poor in phosphoric content.

RED SOILS

RES SOILS Red soils are formed due to the weathering

of crystalline igneous rocks under low rainfall conditions.

It is red in colour because of the presence of iron in it.

It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand.

 

LATERITE SOILS

LATERITE SOIL The word laterite originated from the Latin word

later which means brick. Laterite soil is formed due to intense leaching

caused by tropical rainfall. Humus content is less because the micro-

organisms get destroyed due to high temperature. This soil can be cultivated by using manure and

fertilizers. It is good for the cultivation of tea, coffee and cashew nut. It is found in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.

 

ARID (DESERT) SOILS

ARID SOILS Arid soils are red or brown in colour. They are

sandy and saline.

Humus and moisture contents are very less. They can be cultivated after irrigation.

Kankar layer in the soil prevent the water from seeping under ground.

 

FOREST SOILS

FOREST SOILS Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous

regions. They are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse in

the upper slopes. In Himalayas they suffer denudation and are

acidic with low humus content. The soils found in the lower slopes of the valley

are fertile.

SOIL EROSION

Removal of top soil from one place to another by natural agencies is called soil erosion.

It is caused by running water and wind. Deforestation, over grazing and

unscientific agricultural practices are responsible for large scale soil erosion.

GULLY EROSION The rain water when moves down on an uneven

land scoops away the soil and form deep channels called gullies. This type of erosion is called gully erosion.

A land which is broken into many small parts by the gullies is called bad land. A bad land is unfit for cultivation and for other economic activities.

GULLY EROSION

SHEET EROSION

Some times water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The water takes away the top soil. This type of erosion is called sheet erosion.

TO RESPECTED – HUSSAIN SIR