resource bp handbook 0 bp handbook

8/10/2019 Resource BP Handbook 0 BP Handbook

1/27


2/27

Workflow of the meeting

What is a BP Handbook?

Form of the BP Handbook

Title of the sub chapters

Presentation of the technical suggestions to the first summary of

9.5.2007 from the partners Discussion

AIM: Agreement on the content


3/27

What is a BP Handbook?

What does European Reference Manual mean?

Case studies

Methodology

Country reports (see also WP3)

Should the BP Hand book contain only published material???

Difference between papers on the state of the art (WP3) and the BPHandbook?

Should not drift in a too academic direction, but be very pragmatic forusers who are not yet familiar with the matter?

Should include the potential of geothermal energy across Europe forpolitical decision makers?

Comments Steering Committee ?


4/27

Comments on the titleTitle: Chapter 1 of the European Reference Manual for the development of

Unconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced GeothermalSystems

Chapter 1a of the Best Practice Handbook on the definition of innovativeconcepts for investigating geothermal energy (or site?)

Chapter 1b of the Best Practice Handbook on generic studies forUnconventional Geothermal Resources and Enhanced GeothermalSystems in contrasting geo-environments in Europe

Comments

1. The title of the Part 1a seems to me not very precise. The point isthat "innovative concepts" are equally applicable both to "Casestudies" (Part 1a) and to "Generic studies" (Part 1b).

Explanation of generic studies:

Generic studies are performed when the real field situation cannot beaccessed. This includes computer simulations, laboratory

investigations and field experiments.Comments

2. If the Part 1b is planned to be devoted to the methodological studiesit is not necessary to include in the title the words "in contrasting geo-environments in Europe".

Generic studies are a kind of theoretical (synthetic) studies. Sense ofcompletely general studies? A general study always has to refer to a

given problem (continental or site specific problem) with determinedaspect of a problem by modeIing or lab measurements, etc.


5/27

Form of the BP Handbook

Decision Steering Committee?

Suggestion GFZ:

BEST PRACTICE FOR THE STORAGE OF CO2 IN SALINE AQUIFERSObservations and guidelines from the SACS and CO2STORE projects

(Edited and compiled by: Andy Chadwick, Rob Arts, Christian Bernstone, Franz

May, Sylvain Thibeau & Peter Zweigel)


6/27

Form of BP HandbookSuggestion CO2

The document is framed around a seven-stage template for site development, from

initial project inception to eventual site closure, outlined below.

1. Statement of storage aims and benefits

2. Site screening, ranking and selection

3. Site characterisation4. Site design and planning consent

5. Site construction

6. Site operations

7. Site closure

The document is based mainly on our experienceswith a limited number of case-

studiesand, when considering its applicability to other potential storage sites,


7/27

Form of BP HandbookSuggestion CO2 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction to the Case Studies 2

Sleipner (offshore Norway) 2 Kalundborg (onshore/offshore Denmark) 3

Mid-Norway (offshore Norway) 4

Schwarze Pumpe (onshore Germany) 5

Valleys (offshore UK) 7

2. STATEMENT OF STORAGE AIMS AND BENEFITS 9

2.1 Emissions reduction targets 9

2.1.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 10

Sleipner 10

Kalundborg 10

Mid-Norway 12

Schwarze Pumpe 12

Valleys 13

2.2 Local environmental impacts 13

3. SITE SCREENING, RANKING AND SELECTION 15

3.1 Storage Capacity 15

3.1.1 Principles of storage 16

3.1.2 Storage capacity calculation 17

3.1.3 Storage efficiency 20

3.1.4 Observations from the COSTORE case-studies 21

Sleipner 21

Kalundborg 23 Mid-Norway 25

Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 25

Valleys 29

3.1.5 Generic Findings 29

3.2 Basic Reservoir Properties 30


Sleipner 30

Kalundborg 32

Mid-Norway 37


Valleys 45


3.3 Basic Overburden Properties 50


Sleipner 50

Kalundborg 50 Mid-Norway 51


Valleys 53

3.4 Basic Reservoir flow simulations 53


Sleipner 54

Kalundborg 54

Mid-Norway 54

Generic study of dipping aquifers 63


Valleys 64


3.5 Safety assessment of prospective CO2 storage sites65

3.5.1 Risk and risk criteria 65

3.5.2 Health, Safety and Environmental risks with CO2 storage65

3.5.3 Local HSE risks 66

3.5.4 Global HSE risks 66

3.5.5 Offshore and onshore issues 66

3.5.5.1 Offshore 67 3.5.5.2 Onshore 67


Kalundborg 69

Mid-Norway 69


Valleys 70

3.6 Conflicts of use 70

3.6.1 Contamination of other resources 70

3.6.2 Surface installations and pipeline routes 71


Sleipner 72 Kalundborg 72

Mid-Norway 74


8/27

Form of BP HandbookSuggestion CO2 Schwarze Pumpe (Schweinrich) 74

Valleys 75

3.7 Costs 75

3.7.1 Observations from the CO2STORE Case-studies 75

Sleipner 75

Kalundborg 76

Mid-Norway 77


Valleys 78

3.7.2 Generic findings 79

4. SITE CHARACTERISATION 81

4.1 Geological characterisation of the site 81

4.1.1 Reservoir Structure 82

4.1.1.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 84

Sleipner 84 Kalundborg 85

Mid-Norway 87


Valleys 88

4.1.1.2 Generic findings 89

4.1.2 Reservoir properties 91


Sleipner 91

Kalundborg 94

Mid-Norway 95


Valleys 100


4.1.3 Overburden and caprock properties 105

4.1.3.1 Laboratory permeability testing 106


Sleipner 107

Kalundborg 112

Mid Norway 112


Valleys 116


4.2 Predictive Flow Modelling 119


Sleipner 120

Kalundborg 122

Mid-Norway 124


Valleys 129


4.3 Geochemical assessment 135

4.3.1 Geochemical baseline characterisation of the storagesite 137

4.3.1.1 Caprock and reservoir mineralogical composition 137

4.3.1.2 Reservoir porewater sampling 138

4.3.1.3 Caprock porewater analysis 138 4.3.1.4 Laboratory data to be acquired to assess the water

chemistry 139

4.3.1.5 Prevailing pressure and temperature conditions in the

reservoir and caprock and their physical properties 139

4.3.1.6 Characterisation of the CO2 to be injected 139


Sleipner 139

4.3.2 Reservoir reactivity 140

4.3.2.1 Assessment of initial geochemical status 141

4.3.2.2 Short term geochemical interactions 141

4.3.2.3 Long-term predictive modelling 142 4.3.2.4 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 143

Sleipner 143

Kalundborg 143


4.3.3. Caprock reactivity 145

4.3.3.1 Assessment of the initial geochemical status 146

4.3.3.2 Short term geochemical interactions 146

4.3.3.3 Long term geochemical modelling 146


9/27

Form of BP HandbookSuggestion CO2 4.3.3.4 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 147

Sleipner 147

Kalundborg 148

Valleys 148

4.3.4 Chemical reactions within faults and fractures 149


Valleys 150


4.3.5 Generic findings 151

4.4 Geomechanical Assessment 152

4.4.1 Observations from the CO2STORE case-studies 152Sleipner 152

4.5 Characterisation phase risk assessment 153

4.5.1 Working steps of the FEP method 153

4.5.2 Evaluation of consequences versus environmentalcriteria 153


Sleipner 154

Kalundborg 154

Mid Norway 156


Valleys 165

4.5.4 Generic conclusions 168

4.6 Monitoring Programme design 169

4.6.1 Deep-focussed methods 172

4.6.1.1 4D surface seismic 172 4.6.1.2 Multi-component seismic 172

4.6.1.3 Microseismic monitoring 173

4.6.1.4 Surface microgravimetric monitoring 173

4.6.1.5 Well-based monitoring 174


Sleipner 174

4.6.2 Shallowfocussed methods 177

4.6.2.1 Detection of CO2 in the atmosphere and/or sea-water177

4.6.2.2 Detection of CO2 at the surface or in the shallow

subsurface 178

4.7 Transport 178

4.7.1 Pipeline 179

4.7.1.1 Pipeline route 179


4.7.1.2 Determination of optimal pipeline diameter 180

Kalundborg 180

4.7.1.3 Costs 181

Kalundborg 181


4.7.2 Ship 183

5. SITE DESIGN AND PLANNING CONSENT 185

5.1 Design 185

Sleipner 185

5.2 Planning Consent 185

5.2.1 National 185

Sleipner 186

Kalundborg 186 5.2.2 International 188

Kalundborg 189

6. SITE CONSTRUCTION 191

7. OPERATIONS PHASE 193

7.1 Operation and maintenance of pipeline and injectionfacilities 193

7.1.1 Measurement of injected CO2 193

7.2 Monitoring 194

7.2.1 Time-lapse surface seismic monitoring 194

7.2.1.1 Imaging CO2 distribution and migration 196

7.2.1.2 Quantitative assessments 203 7.2.1.3 Other analysis 209

Pre-stack trace inversion 209

Pre-stack Depth Migration 212

Timeshift analysis 214

Reflection strength analysis and advanced display options 215

AVO analysis and elastic inversion 217

Analysis of velocity anisotropy 217

Super-resolution mapping of thin CO2 accumulations 219

7.2.2 Time-lapse seabed gravimetry 220

7.2.3 Generic findings 224 7.3 Flow simulations history-matched to monitoring data225


10/27

Form of BP HandbookSuggestion CO2 7.3.1 History-matching monitoring datasets 225

7.3.1.1 Simulation tools used at Sleipner 225

7.3.1.2 Fluid and transport properties 227 7.3.1.3 Flow modelling 228

7.3.1.4

Simulation of the long-term fate of CO2 in

a large-scale model 230

Residual phase trapping 235

Coupled reaction-transport modelling 236


7.4 Laboratory experiments on wellbore

materials 241 8. CLOSURE PHASE 245

8.1 Closure application 245

8.2 Criteria for safe site closure 246

8.2.1 Monitoring requirements in the post-injectionand post-closure

periods 248

8.2.1.1 Types of monitoring 248

CO2 plume movement 248

Surface Monitoring 249 Reservoir pressure 249

Well integrity 249

8.2.2 Remediation planning 249

8.3 Transfer of liability from operator to nationalauthority 250

8.3.1 Decommissioning 250

8.4 Post-closure issues


11/27

Suggestions to the content of the BP Handbook

Chapter 1 a

Definition of innovative concepts for investigating geothermal sites

Overview over innovative methods to define geothermal reservoirsappropriate for EGS technology in Europe

Future innovative approaches would be strongly favoured by a closesupport between academic fundamental research and engineers. This

Interplay between academic and engineering research has to extend overmultiple scales.

The investigation of geothermal sites requires different scales to beconsidered, ranging from continental down to a specific site and reservoirscale. The investigation is conducted through a variety of researchinstitutions. Universities play a leading role in fundamental research andevaluation of new methods, strongly focused on the large scale

investigation

Basic aims: Understanding processes on large scale to define newresources and smaller scales to engineer reservoirs better


12/27


(1a)

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

New concepts on the understanding of processes related to theaccumulation of geothermal energy.

An integrated earth system approach

Definition of the geothermal potential across the European continent ondifferent scales. Base for the definition of the energy mix in the single

EU member states from a geothermal point of view The concept shall address the well-defined and in part already exploited

reservoirs and provide a tool to search for unknown resources in Europe onthe basis of process related investigations.

TECHNICAL PROGRAM

In contrast engineering experts tend to cover reservoir scale applications. Improvement of existing concepts for reservoir engineering and incooperation with scientific approaches test new approaches


13/27


(1a)

Continental Regional Local Reservoir

Lithosphere Strength

Tomography

Geology, Hydrogeology

Surface Geophysics (gravimetric, EM, Seismic)

Resource analysis

Stress Field

Borehole Geophysics(Acoustic Borehole Imaging,

Heat Flow

Moho Depth

Geochemistry

Academic Research Engineering

Petrography, Petrophysics,

Mineralogy

List of the different geoscientific

fields for investigating EGS/UGRsites are represented.

The location of each text denotes

the typical scale that is also related

to the type of research needed in

the considered field. On large

scale (left) research is rather

fundamental ("academic"), and on

small reservoir scale (right)

research is rather applied

("engineering"). The length of each

text box represents the scale of

investigation, from continental to

reservoir scale.

The "Academic Research"

indicated in the Figure is not

necessarily limited by

Continental and Regional scales

Include numerical modelling on each

scale as a common base for different

investigation parameter (extrapolating

physical parameters to space and

time, understanding processes)


14/27


(1a)

Outcome: Definition of an investigation concept

To be discussed:

Continental scale

Regional scale

Resource and reservoir level


15/27


(1a)

Continental scale (I):

3D lithosphere (strength) models allow continent-wide studies related togeothermal energy. They shall provide a large-scale overview and first orderconceptual models of favourable conditions for enhanced geothermalenergy in the European continent. Lithosphere strength depends mainly on

heat flow and Moho depth (due to material composition), and secondly

on thestress field of the lithosphere. Depth to Moho and surface heatflow allow derivation of the depth of the

base of the thermal Lithosphere, which can be an important information for

geothermal energyShould deep lithosphere be included in the BPHandbook? We can drill (economically) only the top 5-6 km of the

lithosphere. Deep lithospheric processes and thickness of the thermallithosphere is mainly important from theoretical viewpoint, and fromscale analysis. In scale analysis I mean geodynamic/lithosphericprocesses result in heat flow anomalies in the order of the thicknessof the lithosphere. Smaller heat flow anomalies have different causes.


16/27


(1a)

Continental scale (II):

Seismic tomography can provide essential information on rock densities at aregional scale. at large depth and at a continental scale

Add MT studies at continental scale

Further large-scale geophysical data (e.g. gravity, electro-magnetic, andseismic surveys) can be included.

A process-oriented approach is achieved using thermo-mechanical orthermodynamic lithosphere models. This approach shall provide newconcepts leading to the detection of unknown resources.


17/27


(1a)

Regional scale

On a regional scale geothermal resources can be analysed structurally on thebasis of 3D geological models. Key data are:

field geology (better remote sensing to large scale for field geology)

Temperature distribution

Large structural features (fault / tectonic structures) Seismics and MT on a more regional scale


18/27


(1a)

Resources and reservoir level

Key questions to be addressed in this concept:

How should a resource analysis be done?

How should a reservoir be accessed?

Integrated geophysical exploration such as developed in the I-GETproject (combination of 2D and 3D seismic and magnetotelluric studies)

and joint inversion methods can enhance the geometric information of the3D geological models. The physical properties, however, provide furtherinformation on mechanical and electric properties of the region, whichcan contribute to the understanding of the hydrologic conditions.

On the same level investigation on the rheology, stress fielddetermination, geochemistry and hydrology can provide information ongeothermal fluids and the regional-scale fluid circulation pattern.

Resource analysis using coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical numericalsimulations can provide detailed investigation of the annual extractablegeothermal energy.

Especially, the hydraulic and chemical conditions of a potentialgeothermal area, necessary for more detailed prediction, require adetailed understanding of local processes on reservoir level.


19/27

Content of the BP Handbook (1a)Original

suggestionWork-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole

1. Continental scale approach

a) 3D lithosphere strength modelsb) Tomography

c) Large scale Geophysics studies

d) Definition of interesting Basin/Platform/Region

2. Basin/Platform/Region scalea) Geophysics campaigns

b) Resource analysis

c) Stress tensor knowledge

d) Crosschecking with areas of demand for economye) Localisation of favourable sites

3. Site scale :a) seismic history

b) Local stress

4. Drillinga) Geochmistry

b) Petrography, petrophysics, mineralogy

c) Well geophysics: Acoustic Borehole Imaging, Vertical Seismic Profile. Electrical cylinder (3-5m) ?

Enhance Media/Fractures knowledge and imaging around borehole5. Stimulating

a) Seismic monitoringi. Hydraulic diffusivity estimation

ii. Tomography

b) Injectivity Index evolution


20/27


(1a)Work-flow: From a continental scale to a borehole

1. Continental scale approach

a) Definition of interesting Basin/Platform/Region Introduction to 2.

2. Basin/Platform/Region scale

a) 3D lithosphere strength models

b) Tomography (seismic and MT)

c) Large scale Geophysics studies

d) Remote sensing

e) Geophysics campaigns

f) Resource analysis

g) Stress tensor knowledgeh) Crosschecking with areas of demand for economy

i) Localisation of favourable sites


21/27



3. Site scale :

a) 3D geology (fault and fracture pattern, porosity) here fieldgeology appropriate

b) 3D MT imaging and sub-surface temperature estimation by EMgeothermometer developed recently by GEMRC

c) seismic history

d) Local stress


22/27



ALTERNATVE: A more pragmatic approach

Form resource analysis to reservoir assessment

Compilation of existing data (geological, geophysical, boreholeinformation from wells in tne vicinity

Question to answer: Is this a productive ressource/reservoir? Can weanswer this question? How?

Decision on a first 2-D geophysical approach (seismics, MT, TEM, orVsp) identify large structures, stress field, geomechanicalparameters with the aim to define the first well approximately

Local 3D seismics and refined geological model. Determination of thewell path

Well- Logging

First tests (see WP Drilling) and then determination of the secondwell path

INCLUDE

Evaluation of the single methods and instruments


23/27



4. Drilling

a) Geochmistry

b) Petrography, petrophysics, mineralogy

c) Well geophysics: Acoustic Borehole Imaging, Vertical SeismicProfile. Electrical cylinder (3-5m) ? Enhance Media/Fractures

knowledge and imaging around borehole

5. Stimulating

a) Seismic monitoring

i. Hydraulic diffusivity estimation

ii. Tomography

b) Injectivity Index evolution


24/27


(1b)

Generic studies are performed when the real field situation cannot beaccessed. This includes computer simulations, laboratory investigationsand field experiments.

The ultimate goal is to characterize and predict successful reservoirassessment, through generic studies.

This could be achieved by applying the following strategy (workflow):


25/27


(1b) Definition of criterions that play a important role for the success of EGS /

UGR projects

Evaluation of "critical values" (if exists) for each criterion.

Quantify importance of each criterion in order to allow heat extractionand evaluate critical values requested for successful operations (may bean "importance coefficient", from 1 to 5 can be evaluated for eachparameter). Several procedures can be envisaged:

Numerically reproduce the observations from successful reservoirs

and isolate key parameter/structure/critical values (i.e. major faultzones for the characterization of the Soultz reservoir)

Laboratory experiments under typical stress and temperaturesituations

Investigating processes and quantifying interactions (i.e. permeabilitycreation through stimulation) by field laboratories experiments.

Of course, the critical values and importance coefficient of these key

parameters or criterions must be in agreement with known successfulUGR/EGS examples around the world.

Plan for future joint research project rather than as a contents ofthe Handbook to be published soon. Should the BP Hand bookcontain only published material???


26/27


(1b)Criterions (key parameters):

Heat flow; Stress field;

Hydraulic information;

Structural features;

Mineralogy, Petrophysics, Geochemistry

rock type - impact on drilling;

population density;

Seismic risk

An energetic engineer needs 2 or 3 parameters:

Ultimate criterions:

Temperature, pressure

Flow rate

Water chemistry (less important)

The rest of the parameters, just help to determine these 2-3parameters. How do we can quantify these parameters? a) Fromcase studies, b) From modelling.


27/27


(1b)Criterions (key parameters):

Heat flow; Stress field;

Hydraulic information;

Structural features;

Mineralogy, Petrophysics, Geochemistry

rock type - impact on drilling;

population density;

Seismic risk

Generalization" of the parameters?

Table for different reservoirs (type of environment) and the values

of the parameters in the different type of reservoirs are given.

resource bp handbook 0 bp handbook

Documents