Resistailce of Peanut Genotypes to S e t ~ f Infc~ction b!. A.spergi1lr1.s Fl;~rrcl.s in Field Trials in llldial ( c i

\' K X i e h a n * . 1) 51c1)o11~11(1' ,uitl h: H , ~ , . I ~ O ~ ) . I I ~ I I I '

Elcvcll Iwdnut gc~~ot!lx.\, \lr rt.\~\tdr~t and l i \ e \uscvpt~lrl~. to 111 1,itrr) rerd ~ ~ ~ l ~ n l l i l t l ( ~ n [I\ A~por$!!//!l\ fl.l\ll% l r 1 d (I\'S(:AF). wr rc I,\ .ihratcd (or lield r~.\l\t;~ricv I,) \c,rcl ~nli.ct~tm 11,. .4 fl:rrlr\ and uther \o11 h ~ n y l , and for ,dl.~tnxi~l <XIII~,IIIIIII.I. ~ I I I I ~ , 111 w \ t w ~ I I V I ~ C I I I T T I ~ I I ~ ~ In \1111tht-r11 I I I ~ I I I F I \ I , 01 tilt, l\ 'S(:AE'-iC\~\trnt genotvprs had \ ~ g ~ ~ t I i ~ ~ n t l v grratvr rr \ l*- t ~ ~ ~ c c to infc~ction of srcd b\ .4. I Idk~r III tile fir111 :In({ I I ; I ~ loucr .illatoxin c ~ ) ~ l t a ~ r r ~ r l a t i ~ ~ ~ ~ t h ~ r l t h t l \ ' S ( : . A F - \ i ~ w c ~ ~ t ~ l ~ l ~ ~ g c n ~ ~ t ) p r b K r s ~ s t ~ ~ ~ ~ e e t~ field ~r~t ' rc t lor~ 01 it.vd 11) ,4 /7,1\ I!$ \va\ \ t a l ~ l t ~ ~ c r o \ \ thr W \ V I I ~ I ~ \ I ~ O I ~ I I I ~ I I ~ \ , 5ig111Iica111 ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ t ~ o ~ ~ \ wcrc I;)i~nd I~etwccrl C I I \ ~ ~ ~ I I I I I I ' I I ~ \ ~ .IIICI I\'S(:AF-\II\CC~>I~I>II~ gt.notyl)t,\ 1i1r ~nf;,ctlor~ hv .4 /J.~III*. AFI ) I .~~I / / I I ( r~~gc'r v.ln Tic.gll a ~ ~ d ,4lar~rol1h~~rnin.r pha r~ .o / r~~a ('1'3\i1 1 (:old (L.rlc~t\ [I<.\ ~ l t h field r'sistltlice to .4 / l i l ~ , u ~ dl\(] I l i ~ c I >ignlfic,antly Irsr \red ~r~Sec.tlol~ IJ? A , n1gc.r. .\l phar~olrr~. i , drld I.'r~r;trr~~rn spp than had t l i ~ A l J a t ~ ~ , - + ~ ~ \ c e l ) t ~ I ~ l e Krnotyl)c.\. Sig~lilical~t I ~ ~ \ I ~ I \ I ,

c11rrvlat1~11is wcrc I I ) U I I ~ I w l w t ~ . ~ ~ I\'S(:AF-rr.\~\t,~llcc* , I I I ~ 1it.ld r c~ \ l s td~~cr to .4 1lat11\ w t ~ ~ l i r ~ t v ~ ~ l i c ~ ~ ~ , , I I I ~ I ) ( ~ ~ W { Y . I I thv w t ~ i 111- f c c t ~ o ~ ~ a11d A~I<IXI I I I31 ~ O ~ ~ I I I I I ~ I I J ~ I O I I '1'11~. lic~ld r~~\1sl,tlil grnutyl)c\ J 11. Ah 7227, 1rF 71513, I 1 4.7.47 h,i\r y~t.Id It*vc,lr ; I I I ~ ln)d ; I I I ~ w e d cha rdc t r r~ acc~t~l)tal)l~. i l l 11irl111

Kry U'or<ls. C:ruundlrut. Ar21,hrs I I ~ I I ~ ~ ; I I ~ , I I . . rc\ is tn~~c<. . AI/IL'I.&!~//IIS 1/at11~. ~l l )( . l l t~r ln

Af la tox in c o r i t a r r r i ~ l a t i o ~ ~ of ~ l c . ; ~ n ~ ~ t s i s ;I s e r i o r l s oro1)-

l e r n i n m a n y i l r eas of t l i r world. P c n n ~ ~ t s ar t . i n v i l d e d 1)y

d l a t o x i g e n i c s t r a i r ~ s of thc- A s p c ~ r g i l l r r . ~ f l i ~ r ~ r s I.ink g r o u p

f u n g i , and s u l ) s c c l l ~ e n t l y c o n t i l m i n a t e d w i t h d l a t o u i n ,

w h i l r t h e y are i n the g r o u r r d , d u r i n g p o s t l ~ ; ~ r v r s t d r y -

i n g , a r ~ d l o r i n s t o r a g e (5). In t l i r se111i-arid t r o l ~ i c s (SA'I')

a f l a tox in c o ~ r t a r r l i r l a t i o r ~ of p e a n u t s i s m a i n l y ~ ~ r c ~ h a r v c , s t

i n o r i g i n (8). Latc! s t 3 a s o n d r o ~ ~ g h t s t r e s s , corrr l l lol l ill t h i s

c n v i r o n n ~ e n t , i s an i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i h r ~ t i n g h c t o r to s t b e d

i n f e c t i o n ( 3 , 4 , 8 ) .

R r s r a r c h e r s i n t h e USA ( 1 , 3 3 , 1 4 ) , \Yes t Africa ( 1 7 , 1 8 ) , and Irltlia ( 9 , l l ) havr f o ~ ~ n d s e v e r a l p c a n r ~ t

g e n o t y p e s r c s i s t a n t to in v i t r o c o l o n i z a t i o r ~ \ )y A . f l ; rv~r \

of' r e l i y d r a t r d , u n d a l n a g c x l , r n a t r ~ r e , s t o r c ~ d scsc~l (IVS(:AF). B I I ~ t h v i r r r h i s t a n c e t o i n f t ~ c t i o n b y t l l e ilf-

l a t o x i g e n i c fur igi in t h e fitald i s n o t r s t a h l i s h c t l . For e x a m p l e , irr G e o r g i a , D a v i d s o n rt a/. (3) h i l c d t o s h o w

prcharvcbs t sc . e t l - r e s i s t ance in t h e I V S C A F - r t ~ s i s t i u i t c u l -

t ivi i r , Sunbel t Kurrr i t>r , and B l a n k e n s h i p et al. (2) f i )~rnd t h a t F l o r ~ ~ n n e r and f o u r I\:S(:AF-resistant g e n o t y p e s

grown ~ l n t l e r l a t e s c a s n r l d r o u g h t s t r e s s were all h ig l i ly

s u s c e p t i l ) l e t o i t f la toxin c o n t a l n i n a t i o r ~ . In N o r t h

C a r o l i n a , K i s y o m b e et al. (7) d c r n o r i s t r a t c ~ d a l i n k a g e be- tween I V S C A F - r e h i s t a n c e and p r e h a r v e s t - r c s i s t a n c c i n

one of 14 g e n o t y p c J s . Z a m l ) e t t a k i s cat a/ . ( 1 8 ) r r p o r t c t d

sevcral I V S C A F - r r s i s t a n t g e r i o t y p e s h a v i n g f i e l d resis- t a n c e to A , flavrrs i r l f i ~ c t i o n i n S e n e g a l . Mchan c.t ;il. (12)

'submitted as J o ~ ~ r r ~ a l Article No fa2 by the I l~tvrni t~l(~nal (:TOP\ Re:carch I l l \ t i t l~tr for th r Sernl-Arid '1'rnpic.s (I(:RISAT)

bPatliol~~gist and t'rlnclpal Pathr~log~st. C;rout~dtiilt Improvt~rnrr~t Progralir. Intrrnat~onal Crop% H r ~ r a r c h In\titute for the Sc~mi-Arid Tropics iICRISA'I'). IJat;mehrru P 0. 502 324. India

'~rofcs ,ur of Plal~t Patholog)., Ar~dhra Pradesl~ Agrlculti~ral L'nlvrr- sity. Rcgior~al Agricrlltnr.ll Research Station, 'I'lrl~pat~. 517 ,SOP. I n d u

M;itclrinls and hlctliods

-.---.-..---. .--- . . - - - ~ ~ ~ - -~ -

G.nofype . . . . . . . . . -

lol.nlc.1 country I C G N o . I d e n l l r y v a r l r t y n l a r l q l n S..d ~ 0 . 1 . color

r r r s c t l y t l o n Rns iolar - - - .--- . . . --.-...... -. code

. .. .~ --.-. .. ......- ~ v s c r r ' - ~ . ~ ~ ~ t ~ n t 9.notyp.. ------.-. ....

4 7 4 9 P I IlilV4r f a 1 1 1 9 1 a 1 a ~rgcnllna d a t k e a l m o n 27r

1 6 3 1 U r ' 1 5 1 1 fasllglata U S A .a1mnn 2 18

4601 V o r 2 7 t a r t l g l a l a ~ u r r t n l l a r r d 1 I R A

2 1 1 6 L C J h 4 4 l i 2 9 I fantlgjlJa q a n d a p l u m [purple :PA

,. ...--..-. ~ ~ - ~ . - - - - ~ ..-- ~ ~

IVSCAF - I n v 1 t r . i SecO C o l n n i r n t i , ~ n by A 11. , u s 0 1 r e h j d r a t r d . u n d a m a q r d , m a t u r e , " t o r e d E r r 0

'l'hr KI . I I I I~!IW\ wtlrv I + . I ~ I I ~ I I ~ I I fur fi~llcl I I I I < . I . I I O I I 01 w.II* I ) \ A 11.111rr . ~ n ~ l \ I I ~ I \ ~ Y { I I < . I I ~ I ~ l d t ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O I I ~ ~ I I I I I I ~ ~ I I I I I , .[I t11r1.1. I ~ K L ~ I O I I \ I I I

l!+'i4 alld Illllr ~ ~ ~ d t l o l l \ 111 l9h5. 1111 Il~~iltlllll$ Wl.rl. 111 Alld~lla IJr .~dt~+h Stcite, 111d1a 'I ' l~rt~e I < n d t ~ ~ n s , ' I ' I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I , I ~ a ~ ~ ~ t l , i , J I I ~ l(~liISA'I'( , , n t~ , r , wcrt. ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I to !1o111 \ ? d l \ Thr lour111 ~ I I < ~ , I I I I I I I , ,~l l , l l l~d~)l l r . wa\ a<ltIc~l I I I l9hS 1\11 I I K ' I ~ I I I ~ \ u c r c I I I ~ I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ I I - ~ I ~ ~ I I I I ~ drv.t\ I ) i I i c r r r~~ licIcl\ \vt.rt, I I \ ~ . , I ;!I VACII I I K , ~ I I < I I I I I I I984 ~ I I I ~ l9h5, '111 fi~,Itl\ 11ad light, * . I I I ~ \ I~);IIII 5011\ :\lliu~lsi t.xc~,pt at Hapdtl:~ wh~cll Ir.l<l 111c1.~)11\111 \0115.

I 'hc tr1,11\ wore co~ id l l e t r~ l in the 1984 alld l'Jh3 r,+lll! \ ( . ~ * I ~ I I \ . \OW- ~ n f i ddtc\ I ) V I I I ~ r1ur111~1l ~ J I I I I < , . J I I I ~ ~ Sor t111, I ( K ' I I I ~ I I \ S O W I I I ~ c l a t ~ \ wvrv - ICKISA'I' C;t.l~tt.r 12 J I I ~ ~ 198-4 2.4 JIIIII . 1')kiI. Hapat1.1 1 5 JIII? 1984. 29 Jllnc* ]')hi), T ~ r l l p a t ~ l i Jul? 1984. 22 Jlrl! 19h51, ,411antap11r

Fig. I . Wcckly curnr~~ulative ri~infall i l l acvcrl r l~ \ i r r )nme l i t \ . I(:- HISAT Center (3.7 - - - - - I . 'l'irupati (1.4-.---). Hapalla lo,(; - - - - - I .

Ani~ntapur ( 5 - I.

Significi~nt gr l~otypic. tlift;.rc-ncc~\ \vc.rc. ti)l~rltl fi)r sc.t.d infi>c,tion l)y .4. fI;l\,rr ill ;ill c ~ ~ r v i r o ~ r ~ n ~ ~ ~ t s iTal)le 21, All l\'SC.4F-rt.si\ta1lt gc~not!.l,r\ t.ucc.pt PI :3:37.39-1F i111il

\ ' ;~r . 27 had significal~tl!. lo\vc.r l)c~rc,twt,~gc,\ of sc~btl ill- f;.c,tr(l ,4. flir\.fr.\ t11;111 th(t I\'S(;AF-sr~scc.l)til)i~* gc.~~ot!~)c*s, \'ar 27 ; u ~ d I'I :i:i7:394F lratl ~)c~rct .~i t , igc~\ of sc.c.d i l lk~c tc~d I)! / \ , f l :~\ . r~\ sinlilnl- to tlio\c. (:f t l ~ ( . IVS(;Al.'-\uscc.ptil)lc. gc.11oty1)c.s TJ1\ '2 ,lrltl F I - 3 \ U(::\c. 17090. '1'11~. l\'SC:.4l:-res1\ta11t g c ~ ~ ~ o t y p c ~ \ .4Ii 7223, J 1 I .

I ' . % 1 . " I , . , ,, , I . , I . '

, . ! ' ' . \ ( 4 ' I 4 8 4 . i 1 I

'I.ahlr :3. Aflntoxi~~ R , content (ug kg1 reed) of seeds of peanut

yenohpev in seven environments.

.................................................................. E n v l r ~ n m e n ! ~

Genotype 1 2 1 4 b ...........................................................

TUV 2 1 2 0 51 220 3 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 0 14.1 ( 4 . 8 1 14.01 1 5 . 4 1 1 i . 5 1 1J.5! 1 2 . 4 1 1 2 . 7 1

Fl-5 80 16 9 8 7 . 4 '1.4 1.1 8 . 2 X 14.41 1 3 . 6 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 3 1 1 ? , 0 ' , 1 1 . 2 1 12.11 NChc 1 7 0 9 0

Ganqapuc l 120 7 1 161 4 0 . 4 qO.0 1 2 . 2 2 4 . 5 1 4 . 8 1 1 4 . 3 1 15.1! I . 1 4 . 5 , ( 2 . 5 1 3 . 2 1

NCAc 1 7 0 9 0 1 8 0 4 4 269 11.1 3 3 . 1 27.1 18. : 1 5 . 2 1 11.8! 1 5 . 6 1 11.51 1 1 . 5 ) 1 1 . 3 1 ( 2 . 9 1

...................... - .~- ---.-- ~ . Values I" parentt,eser, d t c l oq trdnsfo~matl~ns.

'Environments : l = T ~ r u p a t > , 2=1iapatla, I~ICHISAT <'e t , t r . : , 4~Tlrllp,aIl 5.Arlbntapur. 6 - i l d p d t I d , ! = I C H I S A T Lent<.:.

Tnhlc 4. AnaI!\i\ of variunrc \ I I I IW~I IK genotypc x cn~iro~~mc~nl ill-

tcrartionq for \red infcrtion hy ;I. flari~s i ~ n d fur nflal~xin VOII-

tent.

Source of varlatlon d f Mean ~ q u a c c

Seed Infectlon Aflataxln b y 4, f l U u 6 ~ o r > t e n t

S~gniflcance at P = 0.001

R - IVSCAP-resistant genotypes

aflatoxin H , corltc,r~t was sigl~il ' ica~~tly positivr. ill c~nv i - ronments exctc,pt fi)r environrnellt 6. 'f11(~ corrc.licti~)l~

coc,Ricic.~lts \vc.rc. I- = O.fi7, 0.83. O.(ifl , 0.83, 0.87. 0.2fi. and 0.60 in environmrntr , 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, n r ~ c l 7 rc,sl)c-c-

tivcly. Significant tliffcrencrs \xbtwc.c,n gt.notypes wcLrc> also

fourld for s ( ~ ~ 1 infrction 1)). fi111gi othcar than A Ililr,t~.s i n ;111 rnvirontnel~ts. 'l'hcsc fi~ngi inclrltlcd risl)c~rgillr~.s

nigcr, Fusariunr spp. . .\lac,rophornir~s plrascwlir~a, ;tr~d

Rotnodip1odi;a s p l , Tht. IVSCAF-resistant genotypes

:Ill 7221. J I I ' I I I ~ L' .I-.l7-7 C O I I \ I \ ~ C ~ ~ I I ~ I \ I I ~ I ( I lo\v I ) { * ~ ( Y ~ I I -

t.lgc~:, of \(.,.il i11t','Ct('11 (1.0-.l O1%i I)\. t1111\(. h111g1 \\Ill\('

t11c. l \ ' S ( ~ : l F - \ ~ ~ ~ c ~ * ~ ) t ~ l ) l ~ ~ ~ . I I O ~ > F l -5 \ %(:;\(, l70!)0,

( i s i ~ ~ g . i p ~ ~ r ~ , S(;:lc, I7(KM) J I I ~ I<(: 7(i--i(i(292) I I ~ I ( ~ 111gI1ttr

~)t 'rcc'~~t;ig(-s of r t ~ v l tr~li*ctc*d (5.4-44 ! ) 'X i . I < , ~ o \ \ (.II\ i r o ~ l - I I I V I I ~ ~ . 'rl~t* g ts~~oty l ) t> \ L'F 71513, 1'1 3:373<)4F. \'.ir. 27 (l\'S(::\I"-rc~sist,urt~ ,111d 'l'Jl\' 2 ( l \ ' S ( : : \ F - \ ~ ~ \ c . c . l ) t ~ l ~ l t . ~ II.I(! lo\+ to ~ ) ~ o ( l ( ~ r ; ~ t ( ~ l(b\tal\ (11 \t*t*(l i 1 1 1 c * ~ . t i o 1 1 (2.5- 1 3 . lC/c). 'l'l~vrta \v(.r(* 1111 \1g111lie;111t ~ ~ ~ t t , r ; ~ c , t i o l ~ \ I I ~ ~ ~ \ \ ~ Y ~ I I

I\'S!l(;;lV-~-c\ist;i~lt g c ~ ~ o t y p t ~ \ ;III(\ ( * I I \ I ~ O I I I I I ~ ~ I I ~ \ for \ c~ . t l i t ~ l ; a c . t i o ~ ~ I)\ tllc,\c. li11)gi S I K I I I ~ ~ ( , ~ I I I ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ( , ~ I O I I \

1wc11rrc\(l 1)(~t\vc.~*11 C ~ I I \ ~ I ~ O I I I I I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ( ! l \ 'S ( : ; l I : - \~~s ( , t~ l ) t~ - l)l(, gt*~~ot!,l)c's. .-\ rlrgt:c.r \\.;IS tit(* 111ost C O I I I I I I O I I ( .oIol~~/( .r

01 \(YYI of I I I O ~ , ~ g ( > ~ ~ o t y l ) t ~ \ i t 1 I , I I \ , I I , ~ I I I I I ( * I I ~ \ I , 4, A I I C I 5

~

c,er:<>! ) I , ?

A ' , 7 2 , I

,I I I

4-4' i

' I ' I S 1 1

! P I j J I j q 4 F

v,,, . / ;

. . . . . . P I , " L l l l l l r n P " l

1 4 - - - - -

10.1 1 1 0 1

. . . . . . . . .

h 7 - ~ - . 2 1 0 1 9 8

1 , 7 l',

I \ I S 0

lbl 156

1 1 ' 4 6 1 1

I ' 8 1 6

................. ...................................... Fnvlronrnrnl . . I - T i i ~ l ~ a t l , 2 ~ U a p a t l a , 1.~1I'lil:iAT V e n t e r , 4-Tlrupati 5 A n a n t a p u c , 6 l l a ~ i a t l n , i.lrHl!;AT C e n t e r .

111 firltl trials i l l t l r t . L 1 . S . (2,0,71, Scl~vgill (181, ar~tl in 111c. prescr~t trials i l l India. .I(i gc~lo typc \ oI'kr)owl~ rcm-

ti011 to i r r vitro st.c~tl color~ization hv A. /lnr,rr.s h;ivcfi bccr~ c.xaminc~t1 fi)r field rc,sist;trlce to ;eed infeeti011 I)y A . ILi~rrr antlior allatoxill eor~tatninatio~l. 011ly threc* of t h ~ .If; I\'SC:AI:-resistant genotypes were tcstcld in Inore tl1;111 orlc. coar~try. Of tlrcst,, J 11 wab l i )u~)cl to have re- 5istance to A , flavcrs seed infection in North Carolina ant1 ;it ICRISAT, lrltlia (7 , 12). PI ,33740 had resistance

to field i~lfc~ctiorr i l l St~rrc~g;~l (18) I)ut \va\ sr~\ccq)til)l(. in North Carolirla (7). The c.~llti\.,ir I,drnl)al~g. s~~scc~pt i l ) l t~ to I\'S(:rZF, qllo\r.c.d ficald resistarlr~c to seed infiactiol~ 1)y i\. fl;~\r~.s in North (:;irolin;~ (71 Perllal)woi~tlitions i l l

tlrc. fit.ld trials in Ceorgi;i (Z .3i \vt,re so f;~vor;~l)lc, for :I fh\,rrs inf(bc.tiorl that I I U 11sc.f111 rcsibtanec. \v,~s dctc*ctc-d. or the gcanotypes 11sed 1ii;iy not h;i\.c> \ignific,;~nt rc.sis- tvlcc to prcllarvcst scctl irlvasio~l. as \\.,is thv c;isc, \\.it!r grwotyl)cJ \ ';~r. 27 iin tllc~ ~)rc~sc,nt \ t ~ ~ d \ . . Fit(. of' th(t s ~ \ sclcctcd b\'SC:.4F-rrsist,111t geno typr (:\h 7223, J I I . I rF 71513, I[,&-17-7, and k'I3:37:391F) i l l tht, 1)rt-\csn t trials ha(! rttsist;~nc~c, to ficbld il~fi.c.tion hy .4, /l;l\~tr.s. .lrrtl

the low Irvr,ls of infcbction I) \ . thij S I I I I ~ I I S \vtbrcb m;ttcl~cvl I)y low l(s\(:ls of d l a t o x i ~ ~ U , co l~ t ;~ r l r i~ r ;~ t io~~ . Rc.sistal~c.c. to firltl il>fc>c.tion of s r rd 1)). .,t, /l:r\.rl.s in tllc*\c gc*notyl)c.\ wii\ \ t i~l)l~l ilc,ross ;ill st'\.('rl ( ' ~~ \ i ro l r~ l l (~ l l t s 'l'l~c* c.xi\te~rc(' ( IS \igrlificar~t varirtal resistarlcc to .4 fl;~r.rls in tlr t . fic,l(l i b rno\t i ~ n l ~ o r t i ~ n t ,is n111cl1 of tire afl,~tosin c-or~t;u~lir~;i t io~~ of l)c.arl1rt5 in the SAI' is tlrolrgllt to t;ikc. pl;lcc. I)(,6)re har\,c-\t (3 , 8).

It s11o11I(l l ) t , l)orr~c> i l l I I I ~ I I ~ t11;lt tht, ; i l ) i l i t \ , of :I

grnotylx* to snl)l)ort allatosill prod~rc.tion i l l ; u ~ ,4, /l;l\,rr.r. color~iz(~cl \c>cvl is ;I S;ivtor i l l c I ( ~ t ~ * r ~ ~ ~ i r l i r ~ g t l ~ t , l t ~ v ~ ~ l ol ' ;~ll lutoxil~ corlti~~nirratiorr. 'I'hc* <c.11ot!.1)(' J 11 \v;ls rc31)ortcad to h;ivf~ irr ritro rcssiht;u~cc. I:, .~ll;~touiir proc111c,tio11 (I(i1 1)11t i t \\,;I\ s ~ ~ l ~ \ c ~ ~ ~ ~ c . r ~ t l y I ~ ) I I I I C I t l ~ i ~ t ; I I I ~ o c ~ I ; I \ Y - ( I s ( ~ ~ ( l \ lli~d Lc.c.11 11sc~1 i l l this work. I<c.c.c.~~t work i r r I( :I(ISA'I'. 111tli;t (10) II;IS sl~o\\~rr t11;tt liiglr l ( , \ ( % l 5 o f ' ; ~ l l ; i t o ~ i ~ ~ 131 G I I , ~ pro- dr~cccl W I ~ C I I sr1rfhc.e tl;irll;lgc~cl sc~.tls of' J 11 ;trc. i11oc11- latcd \\.it11 ;un ;dl;~touigc.~~ic rtrair~ of ./\ /li~\.lr\ ; I I I ~ ~ i11c.11- l~:it(vl I I I I ( ~ I , I - ( ~ o r ~ ( I i t ~ o r ~ ~ o1~ti111:11 fi)r 1~11rg;lI gro\vtl~ ; I I I ( I ;if-

I;rtoxlr~ l,rotl~rctiorr. 'I'Il(. low I(,\c*ls of iillitto\ir~ 131 I ; ) I I I I I ~ 111 I I I I ( I ; I I I I ; I ~ C Y I w t ~ l 01' J I I I I I I ( I { , ~ I I ; I ~ I I ~ ; I ~ f'ic.l(l C . I J I I ( ~ ~ - tion\ ill thcs 11rc.5crrt stud\, ilr(lic.;~tc>\ t11;ct fic%l(l r( . \ i \ t ; l~~(,( . to A. /1;1\ rrs irr'ctior~ is irrrl)ort;irrt i l l co~~l'('rrirlg rc\r\- tullcc. to ;iflatosill c . o ~ ~ t , c ~ l ~ i l ~ a t i o ~ ~ .

Sigr~ificallt ir~trr;lc,t ion\ I)c*t\vc.c~~ c . 1 1 ~ i r ~ ) ~ l ~ ~ ~ c . ~ l l \ ; L I I ( ~

IVS(:,\F-s~~sccl)tiI)lc gr,rrot!.l~c,\, c.sl>t~c,i;tll\~ gc~rlot!l~c*\ LC: 7til4(i (29.7). N(:!\c. 17090, ;lrltl (;;lrlg;~prrri, r~.fl(.ctc,tl ;I strong inflllc~~rcc of' crlviror~rncvrt 011 I(.\~rls ol 'sc~*tl i l l -

f(*ctiorr ])\, ,A /7ii\,11\ iri tll(,sc* g (*~~o ty l ) (~s . I < ( : 76446 (292) ; ~ n d N(:?\c, 17090 l~atl sig~~ific.;untly lligll(*r I(~\(lls of 111fi.c- tiou 1)y A . ~ ~ : I \ . I I \ i l l c*~~\iror~rrlc*~lt\ 4 ar~tl ,5 than i l l ot11c.r- cn\.ironrnenth iTnl)lc~ 2 ) . T h i C;III I)(. ; i t tr i l)~~t(>(l to sc2v(.l-c'

l ~ ~ ~ : l , ~ ~ ~ o l i r i a i l l thesr envirorr~~~( . r~ts . ,4. /la\-11s \c.ctl i ~ ~ \ , a s i o ~ ~ ;~rrd ;iflato\il~ cont;tr~~i~l.~tic,rl

c,im also occur clrlrillg 1)o\tll:ir\'cs\t tlr) irrg ;irrd i l l \torag(, (5 ) . ; u ~ d i l l this connection tllc* I\'S( :hl"-rca\i\t;~nt gtbr~ot!l)c.s co~rld h ; ~ v ( ~ ~ I I I ;~dvarltagc in minimizillg t l ~ c risk of ;ifl;itoxi~l collta~ninatiorr. 'I'hr c.orl~l)ir~;~tior~ ofl~o,t- Il;lr\.cst tc3st;t resistarlcc5 (I\'SC:AF-rc.si\tanet.) and rcjia- tancc5 to irlvctsiorl of potls ;lrrtl sc.rds in tllc ficlcl \ h o ~ ~ l ( l I)c pxtic~rlarly ~lscbfirl i l l rllirlirilizirlg aflatoxir~ c.orltarr~ir~a- tion in areas where this ma!. o(.(.lrr eithcbr prc.lrarvc,st or posth;~rvrst or at I)oth s k ~ g e ~ . Ilo\vr\.rr, it shorllcl ilot \)I*

assr~med that all I\'SC:AF-rrsistarrt genotype\ \ + i l l Ila\.c rctsistiulcc to pod arid seed inv;i,ion 1)). fungi i l l the field For example, thc l\'SCAF-resistant gcrrotypr \';ir. 27