RESEARCH RESEARCH METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

Meaning of ResearchMeaning of Research Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and

experiment.experiment.

Objectives of ResearchObjectives of Research Research comprisesResearch comprises

Defining and redefining the problemsDefining and redefining the problems Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions. Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.Collecting, organizing and evaluating data. Making deductions and reading conclusionsMaking deductions and reading conclusions And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they

fit the formulating hypothesesfit the formulating hypotheses

Motivation in ResearchMotivation in Research

Desire to get research degreeDesire to get research degree Desire to face challenges in solving the Desire to face challenges in solving the

unsolved problemsunsolved problems Desire to get intellectual joy doing some Desire to get intellectual joy doing some

creative workcreative work Desire to be of service to the societyDesire to be of service to the society Desire to get responsibility Desire to get responsibility

TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research:-Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of Means description of the state of

affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only what has happened or what is happeningwhat has happened or what is happening

Applied Research:-Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an Aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business organizationsorganizations

Quantitative Research:-Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.expressed in terms of quantity.

Conceptual Research: -Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-interpret existing ones.concepts or re-interpret existing ones.

Empirical Research: -Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or Relies on experience or observations alone, often without due regard for observations alone, often without due regard for system and theory.system and theory.

Qualitative Research: -Qualitative Research: - Concerned with Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind.to or involving quality or kind.

Fundamental Research: -Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.theory.

Analytical Research: -Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts Researcher has to use facts on information already available and analyze these on information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.to make a critical evaluation of the material.

RESEARCH METHODS Vs. RESEARCH METHODS Vs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/ Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/ techniques researchers use in performing techniques researchers use in performing research operations.research operations.

Research Methodology:- It may be understood Research Methodology:- It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by researcher in that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research problem along with the studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.logic behind them.

Difference between Methods and TechniquesDifference between Methods and Techniques

TYPETYPE METHODSMETHODS TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

Library Research Library Research (i)Analysis of historical records(i)Analysis of historical records

(ii)Analysis of documents (ii)Analysis of documents

Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening and analysis.and analysis.

Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and abstract guides, contents analysis. abstract guides, contents analysis.

2. Field Research 2. Field Research (i) Non-participant direct observation(i) Non-participant direct observation

(ii) participant observation (ii) participant observation

(iii) Mass observation(iii) Mass observation

(iv) Mail questionnaire(iv) Mail questionnaire

(v) Opinionnaire(v) Opinionnaire

(vi) Personal interview(vi) Personal interview

(vii) Focused interview(vii) Focused interview

(ix) Telephone survey(ix) Telephone survey

(x) Case study and life history (x) Case study and life history

Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards, Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards, etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders, etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders, photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour, photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour, interview using independent observers in public interview using independent observers in public placesIdentification of social and economic background of placesIdentification of social and economic background of respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques, respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques, use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer focuses attention upon a given experience and its focuses attention upon a given experience and its effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive charactercharacter

3. Laboratory 3. Laboratory Research Research

Small groups study of random behavior, play Small groups study of random behavior, play and role analysis and role analysis

Small groups study of random behavior, play and role Small groups study of random behavior, play and role analysis analysis

DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGNDETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN

Sample design is the heart of research workSample design is the heart of research workSteps in Sample DesignSteps in Sample Design

Define the universeDefine the universe Sampling unitSampling unit Source list or sampling frameSource list or sampling frame Size of sampleSize of sample Sampling method or techniqueSampling method or technique Parameters of interestParameters of interest Budgetary constraintBudgetary constraint Select the sample Select the sample

METHODS OF SAMPLINGMETHODS OF SAMPLING

Samples may be grouped into two broad Samples may be grouped into two broad classes according to their method of classes according to their method of selection. Namely: selection. Namely:

Random or Probability SamplingRandom or Probability Sampling Non- Random or Non-Probability Non- Random or Non-Probability

Sampling.Sampling.

Random or Probability SamplingRandom or Probability Sampling

Major random or probability samples areMajor random or probability samples are Simple random sampleSimple random sample Systematic sampleSystematic sample Stratified random sampleStratified random sample Multi-stage random sampleMulti-stage random sample Cluster sample or area sampleCluster sample or area sample Sequential sample or sample in installmentsSequential sample or sample in installments Replicated or interpenetrating sampleReplicated or interpenetrating sample

Non –Random or Non-Probability Non –Random or Non-Probability SamplingSampling

Major Non-random or Non-probability Major Non-random or Non-probability samples are:-samples are:-

Purposive samplePurposive sample Quota sampleQuota sample Convenience sampleConvenience sample

METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATAMETHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA

While deciding about the method of data While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types. researcher should keep in mind two types. i.e. i.e.

Primary DataPrimary Data Secondary DataSecondary Data

Collection of Primary DataCollection of Primary Data

There are several methods of collecting primary There are several methods of collecting primary data. These are:-data. These are:-

QuestionnairesQuestionnaires ObservationsObservations InterviewsInterviews SchedulesSchedules

Collection of Secondary DataCollection of Secondary Data Secondary data means data that is already available i.e. it may be either Secondary data means data that is already available i.e. it may be either

published or unpublished.published or unpublished. Published data are available in:-Published data are available in:-

Various publications of the central, state or local governmentsVarious publications of the central, state or local governments Various publications by foreign governments or international bodies and Various publications by foreign governments or international bodies and

their subsidiary organizationstheir subsidiary organizations Technical and trade journalsTechnical and trade journals Books, magazines and newspapersBooks, magazines and newspapers Reports and publications of various organizations connected with business Reports and publications of various organizations connected with business

and industry, Banks, Stock exchanges etc.and industry, Banks, Stock exchanges etc. Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists etc in Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists etc in

different fieldsdifferent fields Public records and statistics, historical documents and other sources of Public records and statistics, historical documents and other sources of

published informationpublished information

Sources of unpublished data are many and Sources of unpublished data are many and they include:-they include:-

DiariesDiaries LettersLetters Unpublished biographies and autobiographiesUnpublished biographies and autobiographies Data available with research scholars and Data available with research scholars and

research workers, trade associations, labour research workers, trade associations, labour bureaus and other public/ private individuals bureaus and other public/ private individuals and organizationsand organizations

PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DATAPROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

After collection of data it has to be processed After collection of data it has to be processed and analyzed.and analyzed.

Process of AnalysisProcess of Analysis EditingEditing Coding Coding ClassificationClassification TabulationTabulation

Elements /Types of AnalysisElements /Types of Analysis Descriptive analysisDescriptive analysis Correlation analysis Correlation analysis Multivariate analysisMultivariate analysis

Under multivariate we have the following analysisUnder multivariate we have the following analysis Multiple regression analysisMultiple regression analysis Multiple discriminant analysisMultiple discriminant analysis Multivariate analysis of variance (or Multi-ANOVA)Multivariate analysis of variance (or Multi-ANOVA) Canonical analysisCanonical analysis

• Inferential analysisInferential analysis

HYPOTHESIS TESTINGHYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved or disapprovedor disapproved

Characteristics of HypothesisCharacteristics of Hypothesis

It should be clear and preciseIt should be clear and precise Should be capable of being testedShould be capable of being tested It should state the relationship between variablesIt should state the relationship between variables It should be limited by scope and be specificIt should be limited by scope and be specific It should be stated as far as possible with most simple terms so that the It should be stated as far as possible with most simple terms so that the

same is easily understandable by all concernedsame is easily understandable by all concerned It should be consisted with most known factsIt should be consisted with most known facts It should be amenable to testing within a reasonable timeIt should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time Must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanationMust explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation

Types of HypothesisTypes of Hypothesis

Null HypothesisNull Hypothesis Alternative HypothesisAlternative Hypothesis

Testing of HypothesisTesting of Hypothesis

Procedure of testing HypothesisProcedure of testing Hypothesis

Formulate a null or alternative HypothesisFormulate a null or alternative Hypothesis Choose the level of significance of the testChoose the level of significance of the test Choose the location of the critical regionChoose the location of the critical region Choose the appropriate test statisticsChoose the appropriate test statistics Compute from the sample observations for the observed Compute from the sample observations for the observed

value of the chosen statistics using the relevant formulavalue of the chosen statistics using the relevant formula Compare the sample value of the chosen statistics with the Compare the sample value of the chosen statistics with the

theoretical (table) value that defines the critical region.theoretical (table) value that defines the critical region.

Methods of Testing HypothesisMethods of Testing Hypothesis

Parametric Tests or Standard tests of HypothesisParametric Tests or Standard tests of Hypothesis

The important parametric tests are:-The important parametric tests are:- Z- TestZ- Test T-TestT-Test X- Test andX- Test and F- TestF- Test

Non –Parametric tests or Distribution Non –Parametric tests or Distribution free test of Hypothesisfree test of Hypothesis

A.A. One sample and Two sample testsOne sample and Two sample tests Binomial test Binomial test Chi- square testChi- square test McNemar testMcNemar test

B.B. K- sample tests ( K > 3)K- sample tests ( K > 3) Kruskal-Wallis test : HKruskal-Wallis test : H Friedman testFriedman test Kendall`s coefficient of concordance: WKendall`s coefficient of concordance: W

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

Interpretation of data means the task of Interpretation of data means the task of drawing conclusions and of explaining their drawing conclusions and of explaining their significance after a careful analysis of datasignificance after a careful analysis of data

Techniques of InterpretationTechniques of Interpretation

Interpretation requires a great skill on the part of the researcher. It is an art Interpretation requires a great skill on the part of the researcher. It is an art that one learns through practice and experiencethat one learns through practice and experience

The technique of interpretation often involves the following steps:-The technique of interpretation often involves the following steps:-

Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the relations which he Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the relations which he has foundhas found

Extraneous information, if collected during the study must be considered Extraneous information, if collected during the study must be considered while interpreting the final resultwhile interpreting the final result

Its advisable before embarking upon final interpretation to consult Its advisable before embarking upon final interpretation to consult someone having insight into the studysomeone having insight into the study

Researchers must accomplish the task of interpretation only after Researchers must accomplish the task of interpretation only after considering all relevant factors affecting the problem.considering all relevant factors affecting the problem.

PRESENTATION OF REPORTPRESENTATION OF REPORT

A.A. Preliminary pagesPreliminary pages Title pageTitle page Certificate of supervisorCertificate of supervisor Table of contentsTable of contents PrefacePreface AcknowledgementAcknowledgement Listing of tablesListing of tables Listing of figuresListing of figures AbbreviationsAbbreviations

B.B. Main textMain text IntroductionIntroduction ObjectivesObjectives MethodologyMethodology FindingsFindings LimitationsLimitations Conclusion and recommendationsConclusion and recommendations

C.C. End matterEnd matter AppendixAppendix BibliographyBibliography

Alphabetical orderAlphabetical order books reports journalsbooks reports journals name of author ,title ,place publisher name of author ,title ,place publisher

volume ,page volume ,page number number

GlossaryGlossary