research rescue lab
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Making Y our Literature Review Sing Argumentation & Syllogism Summation & Citation Overview of the Literature Review. Research Rescue Lab. Argumentation & Syllogism. Argumentation & Syllogism. Academic arguments string together like a theory If A + B + C, then D = E - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Trinity Washington University
Making Your Literature Review SingArgumentation & SyllogismSummation & CitationOverview of the Literature Review Research Rescue Lab
Business and Graduate Studies
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ARGUMENTATION & SYLLOGISM
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Argumentation & Syllogism
• Academic arguments string together like a theory– If A + B + C, then D = E– Discuss factors or variables in
order to lead to your point or conclusions
– But you must start by introducing and giving background
– Consider this pattern of syllogismBusiness and Graduate
StudiesDr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Argumentation & Syllogism
• Syllogism– Main point– Minor point– Conclusion
• Or– General context– Specific context– Statement of the problem
General Context
Specific Context
Statement of the Problem
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Argumentation & Syllogism
• General context– Historical and background
information• Specific context
– Transition from the general context to the context the research problem exists within
• Statement of the problem– A concise statement of the general
research problemBusiness and Graduate
StudiesDr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Argumentation & Syllogism
• A guideline– General context
• 1 - 3 paragraphs– Specific context
• 2 - 4 paragraphs– Statement of the problem
• 1 paragraph– Overall
• No more than 6 – 8 paragraphs• You will condense this into the preamble for
your Introduction chapter
General Context
Specific Context
Statement of the Problem
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
Business and Graduate Studies
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SUMMATION & CITATION
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Let’s review some examples
– See the examples from Prof. Glenn Steinberg’s Rhetoric II course at The College of New Jersey• http://
gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu/tcnj/vita.html– The examples
• http://gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu/tcnj/rhetoric2/litreviews.htm
– See the handoutsBusiness and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Items to note in these introductory
paragraphs (the preamble or preface)– The paragraphs are inclusive of one set
of issues and the related review literature as a group and not individually
– There is a logical flow to the way they are introduced• Which supports the argument
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Items to note in these introductory
paragraphs (the preamble or preface)– Consider these examples of how to introduce
your topic and the related issues or factors• These are examples of the general context of your
pattern of syllogism– Note the meta-citations
• Instances of more than one study cited– Then become more specific regarding the
studies and the authors in the sections and subsections, which followBusiness and Graduate
StudiesDr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
Business and Graduate Studies
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Questions?
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
Business and Graduate Studies
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OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Research Paper Writing• In a research project you will
develop and express three masteries– 1. Your topic
• The academic and practitioner viewpoints, issues, & controversies
• Expressed in the Literature Review
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Research Paper Writing• In a research project you will
develop and express three masteries– 2. Your research method
• Rigor, reliability, validity, replicability in the research design and data collection
• Expressed in the Research Methods
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Research Paper Writing• In a research project you will
develop and express three masteries– 3. Your understanding of the data
(evidence)• What is present• What does it infer• What conclusions and or implications
might be derived from the data• Expressed in your Data Analysis
(Results or Findings)Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
Business and Graduate Studies
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Research Paper Writing
Topic of Inquiry
Literature Survey
Research Problem, Research
Questions, Purpose, Significan
ce
Abstract Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methods
Results / Findings Discussion
It is a process from start to finish• And it is all integrated• The topic of your inquiry leads to the discussion
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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The Research Topic• Topic of Inquiry
– Investigate an interesting topic related to your career field
– Think of this as the overarching question that motivates your research• Does transformational leadership in the federal
government agencies provide opportunities for advancement for Gen Y African American women?
• Does the use of social media facilitate better workplace relationships as expressed in reduced conflict and increased productivity?
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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The Research Topic• Topic of Inquiry
– Discuss this topic of inquiry with your advisor, program chair, and instructors!
– Watch and listen for clues that might help you focus your topic
– Search intensively in the Trinity library databases, your textbooks, and other reliable resources
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Survey• Ground yourself in the scholarly fields and
practitioner issues related to your inquiry– The more you read and the more diverse your
readings, the better informed you will be • This stage is very important!
– You are mastering your topic of inquiry• Begin developing an annotated bibliography
of the material you are collecting– Organize it into logical groupings – categories and
subcategories– Start to organize these into the outline of a
narrative– Save resources as files
• Sorted by categories and subcategories from aboveBusiness and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Annotated Bibliography• APA 6th ed. Reference• Followed by a paragraph or two,
which– Answers your questions
• What is the purpose?• What results or conclusions did the author find
or come to?• What way is this useful to your study?• Are there key items and passages you might
use?– Note the page or section, paragraph references
• Sort these entries by theme or variable
• See Lester, J. & Lester J. (2012). Chpt 8, f-g.
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Survey• Selecting materials for the literature
review– For ideas
• Start with broad syntheses (such as) if you are new to the topic
– Textbooks, web search, Wikipedia, trade publications– For reference sources
• Use the online data bases search for journal articles– Best source for research reports and scholarly
discussion– Look for articles that offer a meta-analysis– And foundational scholars and authors
• Search for related dissertations– Then examine conference papers, reports, and
trade journals, Creswell (2013)Business and Graduate
StudiesDr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Survey• Creswell (2013) suggests
– Identify key words– Search library catalogs– Identify about 20 or more research reports in articles or
books– Save those that are central to your topic
• Use a logical system of folders for your variables or factors
– Design a literature map– Draft summaries of the relevant articles
• Annotated Bibliography– Organize or outline the literature review by important
concepts – Review and write
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Map•Model your working theory• Start with a
literature map• Helps to
visualize the order of the Literature Review and the related sections and sub sections
• Might suffice as a model of the qualitative theoretical construct
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• First thing to remember:
– It is a story• Use a narrative or prosaic style• Without hyperbole or overstatement
• Second– It has an intended audience
• Your peers• The academic community
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Third
– It has a purpose • Is many fold• Set the background and context your
research problem exist within• Informs the audience• Expresses your mastery of the
literature, research, and conversation involving your research problem
• Supports the need for studying your research topic and questions
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• According to Creswell (2013) the
literature review– Shares the results of other studies– Relates the study to the larger
dialogue in the literature– Provides a framework for
establishing the importance of the study
– Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings Business and Graduate
StudiesDr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Styles of literature review
– Thematic • Narrative• By variable or factor
– Historical• Time line from earliest knowledge or sources
to present
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Traits of a successful literature
review – Comprehensive
• Expresses the breadth of issues, concerns, topics, themes
• Inclusive of historical sources and current conversations or dialogues
– Detailed• Discusses the issues, concerns, topics, or
themes, but not so that it is exhaustive and unwieldy
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Let’s look at the differences
between the reviews styles of the three research methodologies– Quantitative– Qualitative – Mixed-methods
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Quantitative studies use
literature to– Provide direction to the research
questions and hypotheses– Introduce a problem– Introduce a theory– Compare results with existing
literature or predictions– Cover all variables– End with a theoretical framework
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Quantitative literature reviews, a
suggested model– Develop the argument and the statement
of the problem– Discuss the structure of the review and
the organization of the sections– Review literature about the dependent
variables– Review literature about the independent
variables– Review literature that relates the
independent variables to the dependent variables
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Quantitative literature reviews, a
suggested model– Review related research
• Those who have examined your problem or similar problems
– Provide a summary• Highlight important studies• Capture major themes• Suggest why more research is needed• Advances how the proposed study will fill this need
– Introduce your model and define the variables
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
33
Literature Review• Theoretical Framework
– Model your working theory• Quantitative
– Define concisely the outcome or end state and all probable variables
» Dependent variable» Independent variables» Moderating variables
– Qualify how your study can be generalized
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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• Quantitative theoretical framework– Always in this format – Try to start this before you write
Literature Review
DVIVIVIV MV
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Qualitative studies use literature
to– Introduce the problem or issue– Describe an orienting framework
(but not set the direction)• Sections are developed to explore all
related factors and constructs– Compare and contrast findings– End with a theoretical construct
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Qualitative literature reviews, a
suggested model– Discuss the argument and the statement
of the problem(preamble)– Discuss the structure of the review and
the organization of the sections Review literature about the topic and research problem
– Review literature about the related factors suggested from the step above
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
37
Literature Review• Qualitative literature reviews, a
suggested model– Review related research
• Those who have examined your problem or similar problems
– Provide a summary• Highlight important studies• Capture major themes• Suggest why more research is needed• Advances how the proposed study will fill this
need– Introduce your model
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Qualitative theoretical construct
– Model your working theory• Phenomena or ideal state
– Related factors• Is it a process, relationship• Can it be represented in a hierarchy or a
cycle, or a storyline?
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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• Qualitative theoretical construct– Model your working theory
• Qualitative
Literature Review
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Mixed methods studies
– Are the constructs under investigation different in each section of the research method?
– No = Quantitative pattern• End with a theoretical framework
– Yes = Modified format• Lead with either a quantitative or qualitative
approach– Follow the pattern of how you will resent the
methods in the Research Methods chapter and the Data Analysis chapter
– Quantitative to qualitative or vice versa• End with a theoretical framework or
construct– Or both
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
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Literature Review• Let’s correct and edit a sample
– This is an example of something tossed together to meet the deadline• Rather than thought out and written at the
level expected – See the handout and the rubric
• Look at grammar & style, formatting, and citation style
Business and Graduate Studies
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS
Business and Graduate Studies
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Questions?
Dr. Kelley Wood, MA, MS