research proposal by dr j r sonwane
DESCRIPTION
This book provides basic information to prepare Research Proposal. It is written in Gujarati language.TRANSCRIPT
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
Di[. jgd)p si[nvN[
ISBN 978-81-925192-2-7
Title Sansodhan Drakhast
Author Dr. Jagdip Sonwane
Year 2013
Edition First
Vol -
Publisher www.edupublication.com
Dr. J. R. Sonwane
Department of Education
M. K. Bhavnagar University,
Bhavnagar
INDIA
Contact [email protected]
Price Free
Pages 80
Subject Educational Technology
Language Gujarati
This book can be downloaded free of cost from
www.edupublication.com
s>Si[Fn p\(k\yi miT[ s>Si[Fn drKiAt t]yir
krv) a[ K*b j mh_vn&> an[ piyin&> GTk C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt t]yir krvini kirN[
s>Si[Fk s>Si[Fn a>g[n) (dSi, h[t&ai[,
p\(k\yi tYi s>Si[Fn s>b>(Ft
bibti[Y) Avy> p(r(ct Yiy C[ an[
aºyn[ t[n) mi(ht) aip[ C[.
p\At&t p&Atk ai h[t&n[ k[ºWmi>
riK)n[ t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.
p\At&t p&Atkmi> s>Si[{Fn
drKiAtni (vBigi[, si[pini[, l[Kn, s>Si[Fn
drKiAtni j*di-j*di (vBigni m*Ãyi>kn miT[ni
mipd>Di[ tYi s>Si[Fn drKiAtni nm*ni
dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[. aiSi C[ k[ p\At&t p\yRn
s>Si[Fn x[#ini (vwiY)<ai[n[ upyi[g) Ye rh[S[.
hi[L), mic<, 2013 - jgd)p si[nvN[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
k\m S)P<k pini n>br
1. s>Si[Fn drKiAtni (vBigi[ 5
2. s>Si[Fn drKiAtni si[pini[ 5
3 s>Si[Fn x[#ii[ 7
4 s>Si[Fn drKiAt m*Ãyi>kn mipd>D 9
5 s>Si[Fn drKiAtni[ p(rcyiRmk
(vBig
20
6 s>Si[Fn p\Æni[ni vg)<krN miT[
(Dli[nn) yi[jni
36
7 p\Ativnin&> aiyi[jn 43
8 nm*ni$p p\Ativ -1 50
9 nm*ni$p p\Ativ -2 64
10 nm*ni$p p\Ativ -3 72
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
5
s>Si[Fn drKiAtni si[pini[
s>Si[Fn drKiAtn[ simiºy r)t[ b[ (vBigi[mi> vh[>c) Skiy C[.
{1} p(rcyiRmk (vBig (Introductory Section)
ai (vBigmi> s>Si[Fnn) smAyi - p(rcyn[ lgt) bibti[ni[ smiv[S
Yiy C[. j[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[.
1 S)P<k (Title)
2 smAyikYn (Statement of the Problem)
3 s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi (Review of Related
Literature)
4 s>Si[Fnn&> x[#i (Area of Research)
5 a¿yisni h[t&ai[ (Objectives of the Study)
6 uRkÃpniai[ k[ a¿yis p\âi[ (Hypotheses or Study
Questions)
7 a¿yisn) aY<s*ckti (Significance of the Study)
8 a¿yisn) x[#i myi<diai[ (Delimitations of the
Study)
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
6
{2} s>Si[Fnni[ kiy< pÚ(t (vBig ( Method Section)
s>Si[Fn drKiAtni ai b)ji (vBigmi> n)c[n) bibti[ni[ smiv[S
Yiy C[.
9 Äyip(vV an[ nm*ni[ (Population and Sample)
10 upkrNi[ (Tools)
11 s>Si[Fn pÚ(t (Method of Research)
12 pZYÊrN p\(v(F ( Analysis Procedure)
13 smy aiyi[jn ( Time Schedule)
14 ai(Y<k Kc<n&> aiyi[jn (Budget)
15 s>dB<s*(c ( Refrences)
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
7
s>Si[Fn x[#i:
a[m. b). b&c {1987} a[ (SxNni 17 j[Tli x[#ii[ ni[>¹yi C[.
NCERT(2000) Fifth Survey of Research in
Education mi> 38 j[Tli s>Si[Fn x[#ii[ dSi<Äyi C[. j[ n)c[ m&jb
C[.
k\m s>Si[Fn x[#ii[ k\m s>Si[Fn x[#ii[
1. BiPi (SxN 20. g(Nt (SxN
2. (SxNn&> t_vXin 21. (SxN an[ airi[³y (SxN
3. (SxNn&> smijSiA#i 22. n](tk kli an[ si]>dy<(SxN
4. (SxNni[ e(this 23. S]x(Nk T[kni[l(j
5. (SxNn&> aY<SiA#i 24. a¹yipn p\y&(±t
6. (SxNn&> mni[(vXin 25. (SxN - p\(SxN
7. min(sk AviA¸y 26. Äyivsi(yk an[ tk`(nk) (SxN
8. min(sk p\(k\yiai[ 27. (v(SOT (SxN
9. simi(jk p\(k\yiai[ 28. d*rvt)< (SxN
10. p\[rNi 29. p\i]Q, (nr>tr an[ av](Fk (SxN
11. sj<niRmkti an[ ni(vºy 30. lG&mt), an&s*(ct ji(t an[
an&s*(ct jnji(tn&> (SxN
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
8
12. mig<dSn an[ slihdS<n 31. kºyiai[ an[ A#i)ai[n&> (SxN
13. a¿yisk\m (vkis 32. vst) (SxN
14. p*v< p\iY(mk (SxN 33. pyi<vrN
15. p\iY(mk (SxN 34. t&lniRmk (SxN
16. mi¹y(mk (SxN 35. S]x(Nk pr)xN an[ m*Ãyi>kn
17. uµc_ir mi¹y(mk (SxN 36. S]x(Nk aiyi[jn an[ n)(t(vPyk
s>Si[Fn
18. simi(jk (vXin (SxN 37. (s(Ú
19. (vXin (SxN 38. S]x(Nk vh)vT an[ s>ciln
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
9
s>Si[Fn drKiAt m*Ãyi>kn mipd>D
k\m m*Ãyi>knni[
GTk
m*Ãyi>kn
miT[
¹yinmi>
riKvin)
bibti[
g&NiRmk m*Ãyi>kn s>²yiRmk
m*Ãyi>kn
~[Oq
s>tiPkirk
simiºy
as>ti[Pkirk
(nÀn
k&l
g&
N
m[Lv[
l
g&N
1. S)P<k a¿yisn&>
x[#i,
prt>#i
cl,
Avt>#i
cl,
pi#ii[n&>
Av$p –
n)
rj*ait
2. mi]l)kti/
nv)nti
a¿yisni
(vPyn&>
ni(vºy
3. upyi[(gti a¿yisn)
Äyvhi(rk
k[ s]Üi>(tk
Ø(OTa[
upyi[(gti
4. a¿yisni
h[t&ai[
ApOTti
an[
ci[ksie
5. uRkÃpni /
p\âi[
srLti
an[
ckisN)n)
S±yti
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
10
uRkÃpni /
p\âi[ni[ h[t&
siY[ni[
s>b>F
uRkÃpni /
p\âi[ni[
s>Si[Fnni
h[t&
siY[ni[
s>b>F
6. Äyvhi(rk
Äyi²yiai[
a¿yismi>
smi(vOT
cli[ tYi
agRyni
pdi[n[
mip)
Skiy tYi
avli[k)
Skiy t[vi
Av$pmi>
aY<n)
ApOTti
7. myi<diai[ a¿yisn)
x[#i
myi<di
tYi
s>B(vt
uNpi[n)
ApOTti
8. s>b>(Ft
s>Si[Fni[ni[
uÃl[K
p*v[< Yy[l
s>b>(Ft
s>Si[Fni[n
i[ uÃl[K
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
11
9. p\At&t
s>Si[Fnn)
(vS[Pti
p*v[< Yy[l
s>Si[Fni[n
i uÃl[Kn[
aiFir[
p\At&t
s>Si[Fnn&>
aigvip
N&>,
(vS[Pti
10
.
s>Si[Fn
pÜ(t
upyi[gmi>
l[vinir
s>Si[Fn
pÜ(tn&>
ai](cRy
11
.
s>Si[Fn
pÜ(tn)
rj*ait
upyi[gmi>
l[vinir
s>Si[Fn
pÜ(tn)
rj*ait
12
.
s>Si[Fn
x[#i
s>Si[Fn
x[#in)
ApOTti
13
.
Äyip(vV s>B(vt
Äyip(vV
ni[ p(rcy
t[mj
kdn)
rj*ait
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
12
14
.
nm*ni
ps>dg)n)
pÜ(t
nm*ni
ps>dg)n)
pÜ(tn&>
ai](cRy
15
.
nm*ni
ps>dg)n)
rj*ait
Äyip(vV
n&>
p\(t(n(FR
v p*rvir
krvi miT[
(v(vF
lxNi[ni>
s>dB<mi>
nm*nini[
p(rcy
16
.
upkrN ps>d
krvimi>
aivnir
upkrNn)
u(ctti
17
.
upkrNn)
(vgt
upkrNn)
rcni/
t]yir
upkrNni[
Av)kir,
(vVvsn)
yti,
p\miNB*t
ti vg[r[n)
(vgt
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
13
18
.
pZY±±rN
p\y&(±t
p*v<Srti[n
i s>dB<mi>
ps>d
krvimi>
aivnir
pZY±±rN
p\y&(±tn)
u(ctti
19
.
smy
aiyi[jn
dSiv[l
smy
aiyi[jn
n&> ai](cRy
20
.
Kc<
aiyi[jn
dSi<v[l
Kc<
aiyi[jn
n&> ai](cRy
21
.
s>dB< s*(c s>b>(Ft
s>dBi[<n)
pÜ(tsr
an[
(vgtvir
yid)
22
.
smg\ Cip rj&
kriy[l
m&Ñiai[n)
s&s>gtti
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
14
smAyi ps>dg)ni m*lki[
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi
a>S[
siFirN aÃp
mi#iimi>
n(hvt`
1. smAyi s>Si[Fn
x[#in) viAt(vktin[
pkD) SkS[
2. AYi(nk an[ v](Vk
s>dBi[<n[ ji[[DS[
3. bh&aiyim) k[ s>k&l
bn) SkS[
4. s>Si[Fkn) sjjtimi>
vFiri[ krS[
5. g&NiRmk pÜ(tai[ni[
pN (v(nyi[g kr)
SkS[
6. nvp\AYinn) s>Bivni
dSi<v[ C[
7. s>Si[Fn x[#ini d[(Kti
an[ p\µCºn
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
15
aiyimi[n[ ApS)< SkS[
8. smkil)n
XinÄyipiri[n[ p\yi[J
SkS[.
9. ai>tr(vwik)y Av$p
p\yi[J SkS[
10. nvi uk[li[ an[
smAyin) aigih)
krS[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
16
h[t& ps>dg) mipd>D
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi-
a>S[
siFi-
rN
aÃp
mi#iimi>
n(h-
vt`
1. a¿yisni h[t&ai[
ApOT C[
2. h[t&ai[ sidi (vFin
$p[ rj* Yyi C[
3. h[t&ai[ an[ S)P<kmi>
an&b>F C[
4. h[t&ai[ an[
uRkÃpnimi> an&b>F
C[
5. h[t&ai[n[ aiFir[
upkrNn) ps>dg)
Yy[l C[
6. h[t&n[ aiFir[ nm&ni
ps>dg) krinir C[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
17
7. h[t&n[ aiFir[
mi(ht) pZY±±rNn)
r)t ps>d Yy[l C[
8. a¿yismi> smiy[l
cli[n) ai[LK Yiy
C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
18
uRkÃpni mipd>D
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi
a>S[
siFirN aÃp
mi#iimi>
n(hvt`
1. uRkÃpniY) smAyin&>
Av$p ApOT Yiy C[
2. uRkÃpniY) s>Si[Fnn)
ti(k<k j$(ryiti[ni[
²yil mL[ C[
3. uRkÃpniY) mi(ht)
a[k#i)krNni siFni[ a>g[
(dSis*cn mL[ C[
4. uRkÃpniY) mi(ht)
a[k#i)krNn) p\(v(Fni[
²yil mL[ C[
5. uRkÃpni oiri smAyimi>
smi(vOT cli[ vµc[ni
s>b>Fn) aigih) Ye[ Sk[
C[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
19
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi
a>S[
siFi
rN
aÃp
mi#ii
mi>
n(h
vt`
1. smAyini Äyip(vVn&>
(smi>kn Yy&> C[
2. smAyini (ndS<n&>
(smi>kn Yy&> C[
3. vh)vT) an[ Äyvhi@
myi<diai[n[ aiFir[
(smi>kn Yy&> C[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
20
s>Si[Fn drKiAtni[ p(rcyiRmk (vBig:
s>Si[Fn drKiAtni[ ai (vBig t[ni nim p\miN[ s>Si[Fnni[
p(rcy mL[ t[ miT[n) (vgti[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
1. S)P<k (Title)
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
2. smAyikYn (Statement of the Problem)
ah)> smAyin&> kYn krvin&> hi[y C[. S)P<k an[ smAyikYn /
(vFin vµc[ tfivt C[.
smAyikYn a[ S)P<kn&> (vAtZt)krN C[.
simiºy r)t[ b[-#iN vi±yi[mi> smAyin[ (n$pvimi> aiv[
C[.
smAyikYnmi> smAyini bFi p\kirni cli[ dSi<vvi
j$r) C[.
ah)> smAyimi> smiy[l cli[ vµc[ni> s>b>F dSi<vvi
ji[ea[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
21
smAyikYn Si miT[?
S)P<k oiri s>Si[Fnn) kiy< p\(k\yin) s>p*N< mi(ht) vickn[
mL) Skt) nY). t[Y) ji[ S)P<kn[ b[-#iN vi±yi[mi> sidi
S¾di[ oiri dSi<vvimi> aiv[ ti[ simiºy vickn[ pN
s>Si[Fnn) (dSi an[ s>Si[Fnmi> hiY Frinir kiy<n) mi(ht)
mL) Sk[.
di.t., . . . . . . . . .
(vwiY)<n) S]x(Nk smAyiai[
3. s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi (Review of Related
Literature)
ai (vBig a>tg<t s>Si[Fk[ s>Si[Fnn) s]Üi(ºtk t[mj s>Si[Fn
a[m b>n[ p\kirni si(hRyn) sm)xi rj* krvin) hi[y C[. vL),
pi[tin) smAyin[ lgti C[Ãlimi> C[Ãli s>Si[Fn - p\vihi[ pN
rj* krvi ji[ea[. ai miT[ (rsc< jn<l, m[g[(zn, s>Si[Fn
siri>S, (DzT[<Sn tYi Y)(ssmi> dSi<viy[l s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ni[
upyi[g Ye Sk[. ai rj*ait oiri s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnni
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
22
m*L hilni si(hRymi> hi[vini[ tYi pi[tini (vPymi> vF&
s>Si[Fnn) aivÆykti dSi<vvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[.
s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi Si miT[?
p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fnn) sm)xi oiri s>Si[Fk pi[tini
(vPymi> Yy[l K[DiNY) p(r(ct hi[vin) si(bt) p*r)
piD[ C[.
p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xiY) ki[e kim b[vDiy C[ k[ k[m
t[n) tpis Ye Sk[.
pi[tin) smAyini Av$p (vS[ vF& ApOTti m[LvS[.
smAyimi> k eke bibti[ni[ smiv[S krvi[ t[ ApOT YS[.
smAyin[ s>Si[Fn oiri hl krvin) j$(ryit smjiS[.
smAyin[ an&$p yi[³y uRkÃpni t]yir Ye SkS[.
mi(ht) p\i(¼tni s\iti[ a>g[n) ApOTti YS[.
mi(ht) a[k#i)krNni siFni[ a>g[ (dSis*cn mLS[.
a¿yisn) yi[³y yi[jni t]yir Ye SkS[.
4. s>Si[Fnn&> x[#i (Area of Research)
a[m. b). b&c {1987} a[ (SxNni 17 j[Tli x[#ii[ ni[>¹yi C[.
NCERT(2000) Fifth Survey of Research in
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
23
Education mi> 38 j[Tli s>Si[Fn x[#ii[ dSi<Äyi C[. j[ n)c[
m&jb C[.
k\m s>Si[Fn x[#ii[ k\m s>Si[Fn x[#ii[
1. BiPi (SxN 20. g(Nt (SxN
2. (SxNn&> t_vXin 21. (SxN an[ airi[³y
(SxN
3. (SxNn&> smijSiA#i 22. n](tk kli an[
si]>dy<(SxN
4. (SxNni[ e(this 23. S]x(Nk T[kni[l(j
5. (SxNn&> aY<SiA#i 24. a¹yipn p\y&(±t
6. (SxNn&> mni[(vXin 25. (SxN - p\(SxN
7. min(sk AviA¸y 26. Äyivsi(yk an[ tk`(nk)
(SxN
8. min(sk p\(k\yiai[ 27. (v(SOT (SxN
9. simi(jk p\(k\yiai[ 28. d*rvt)< (SxN
10. p\[rNi 29. p\i]Q, (nr>tr an[
av](Fk (SxN
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
24
11. sj<niRmkti an[
ni(vºy
30. lG&mt), an&s*(ct
ji(t an[
an&s*(ct jnji(tn&>
(SxN
12. mig<dSn an[
slihdS<n
31. kºyiai[ an[ A#i)ai[n&>
(SxN
13. a¿yisk\m (vkis 32. vst) (SxN
14. p*v< p\iY(mk (SxN 33. pyi<vrN
15. p\iY(mk (SxN 34. t&lniRmk (SxN
16. mi¹y(mk (SxN 35. S]x(Nk pr)xN an[
m*Ãyi>kn
17. uµc_ir mi¹y(mk (SxN 36. S]x(Nk aiyi[jn an[
n)(t(vPyk s>Si[Fn
18. simi(jk (vXin (SxN 37. (s(Ú
19. (vXin (SxN 38. S]x(Nk vh)vT an[
s>ciln
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
25
5. a¿yisni h[t&ai[ (Objectives of the Study)
s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[ a[ smg\ s>Si[Fnni[ aRy>t mh_vni[ an[
k[ºWvt)< Big C[. h[t&ai[ s>Si[Fkn[ s>Si[Fnkiy<n) (dSi s*cv[
C[.
h[t&ai[ oiri s>Si[Fnmi> . . . . . .
ke ke bibti[ni[ a¿yis YS[ t[n) mi(ht) mL[ C[.
a¿yisni m&²y (vBigi[n) ApOTti mL[ C[.
a¿yis miT[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[l smAyin), ti(k<k
r)t[ vh[>ciy[l p[Ti smAyiai[n) mi(ht) mL[ C[.
srL BiPimi> dSi<viy[li a¿yisni p[Ti S)P<ki[ C[.
6. uRkÃpniai[ k[ a¿yis p\âi[ (Hypotheses or
Study Questions)
s>Si[Fn a[ a[k v]Xi(nk p\(k\yi C[ k[ j[ ti(k<k r)t[ aigL
vF[ C[. s>Si[Fn p\(k\yimi> S)P<k an[ h[t&ai[ n±±) Yyi bid
uRkÃpni/ p\âi[ rcvimi> aiv[ C[. s>Si[Fn yi[jnimi>
uRkÃpniai[ / p\âi[ dSi<vvi j$r) C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
26
s>Si[Fn smAyini h[t&ai[ an[ S)P<k n±±) Yyi bid
s>SI[Fk kimcliu jvibi[ k[ uk[li[ rc[ C[, j[n[ uRkÃpni
tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.
uRkÃpni a[. . . . .
smAyini[ s*cviy[l uk[l C[.
p\âni jvib $p[ dSi<viti[ kimcliu p\Ativ C[.
s>Si[Fnni s>B(vt p(rNim s>b>F[ ti(k<k (vcirNi C[.
ki[e ci[±ks s>b>F k[ tfivt S&> hS[ t[ a>g[n&> an&mi(nt
(vFin C[.
p\i¼t p&riviai[ aiFi(rt a[v&> (vFin C[ k[ j[n[ s>Si[Fk
pi[tini a¿yis oiri ckis[ C[.
h[t&ai[n[ an&$p s>Si[Fnni a>t[ k[vi p(rNim p\i¼t YS[
t[ a>g[ni ti(k<k an&mini[ C[.
7. a¿yisn) aY<s*ckti (Significance of the
Study)
s>Si[Fn drKiAtmi> s>Si[Fn miT[ aivÆyk m&Ñiai[n) rj*ait
siY[ a¿yisn) aY<s*ckti dSi<vv) K*b
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
27
j j$r) C[. a¿yisn) aY<s*cktia[ smAyin) a(nviy<ti
p*rvir kr[ C[. t[Y) a¿yisk[ pi[tini[ a¿yis b)jinni
a¿yis krti ke r)t[ j*di[ pD[ C[ t[ dSi<vv&> j$r) C[. ai m&Ñi
a>tg<t ke ke bibti[n[ smivv) ji[ea[ t[ni upr njr
ni>K)a[.
p\At&t s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ ki[n[ ki[n[ upyi[g) bnS[.
p\At&t s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ ke r)t[ upyi[g) bnS[.
agiuni s>Si[Fni[ an[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn vµc[ mi[Ti[
smygiLi[ psir Yyi[ C[, t[Y) nv) p\(v(Fai[ vD[ ai
p(rNimi[ ckisvin) j$r C[.
agiuni s>Si[Fn a¿yisi[ oiri p\i¼t Xinmi> k[Tli[
giLi[ C[, an[ hiY Frit&> p\At&t s>Si[Fn ai giLi[ p*rvi
miT[ S&> fiLi[ aip) SkS[, an[ hilmi> k[Tl&> nv&> Xin
um[r) SkS[ t[ dSi<vv&> agRyn&> C[.
aºy s>Si[Fn a¿yismi>Y) smY<n krti (vFini[ Ti>k)n[
smAyi a>g[n) mi(ht)n) uNp dSi<vv) ji[ea[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
28
8. a¿yisn) x[#i myi<diai[ (Delimitations of the
Study)
s>Si[Fk[ smy, S(±t an[ Kc< myi<din[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[
smAyin[ myi<(dt krvin) rh[ C[. s>Si[Fn a[ ghn r)t[
kiy< krvin) p\(k\yi C[ t[Y) mi[T) smAyi ps>d kr)n[ nbL&>
an[ (bnupyi[g) kiy< krvin[ bdl[ smAyin[ myi<(dt kr)n[
yi[³y an[ upyi[g) kiy< krv&> vF& u(ct C[. smAyin)
x[#imyi<din[ kirN[ smAyi a>g[n) s&z vF[, Äyv(AYt r)t[
nini x[#i pr kim Ye Sk[ tYi u>DiN p*v<kn) mi(ht)
a[k(#it kr) t[n&> (vÆl[PN kr) Skiy.
s>Si[Fnmi> k eke bibti[n[ smivvin) C[, kyi kyi
cli[n[ aivr) l[vini C[ an[ kyi cli[n[ bikit riKvini C[
t[ bribr smJ l[v&> j$r) C[. smAyin[ n)c[ m&j b
myi<(dt kr) Skiy-
smAyin&> Äyip(vV an[ (ndS<n&> (smi>kn krv&>
j$r) cli[n[ (ny>(#it kr) smAyin&> (smi>kn kr)
Skiy.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
29
s>b>(Ft j$r) mi(ht) an[ siFni[n) p\i¼yti a>g[
(smi>kn kr) Skiy.
s]Üi>(tk bibti[ an[ p*v<FirNiai[mi> (smi>kn kr)
Skiy.
s>Si[Fn yi[jnin&> (smi>kn kr) Skiy.
vh)vT) an[ Äyvhi$ myi<din[ ¹yinmi> riK) (smi>kn
kr) Skiy.
smy myi<di an[ Kc<n[ ¹yinmi> riK) a¿yisn)
x[#imyi<di n±k) kr) Skiy.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
30
{2} s>Si[Fnni[ kiy< pÚ(t (vBig ( Method Section)
9. Äyip(vV an[ nm*ni[(Population and Sample)
ai m&Ñi a>tg<t s>Si[Fk[ pi[tini s>Si[Fnn&> Äyip(vV
(Population) ApOT krvin&> rh[ C[. Ryir bid Äyip(vVmi>Y)
nm*ni[ ke r)t[ ps>d krvimi> aivS[ t[n) (vgti[ dSi<vvin)
rh[ C[. Si miT[ ai j pÜ(ta[ nm*ni[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[?
ps>d Yy[l nm*ni oiriÄyip(vVn&> p\(t(n(FRv an[ t[ni kd
a>g[n) ApOTti krvin) rh[ C[. s>Si[Fk[ p*rti aiFiri[ aip)n[
nm*nin) (vgti[ ApOT krv) ji[ea[.
ah)> nm*ni ps>dg)n) pÜ(tai[n) ni[>F krvimi> aiv) C[.
{a} s>Bivni aiFi(rt nm*ni pÜ(tai[ (Probability
Sampling)
1. yiØ(µCk nm*ni pÜ(t ( Random Sampling)
2. Atr)kZt yiØ(µCk nm*ni pÜ(t ( Stratified
Random Sampling)
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
31
3. yi[jni b¹F nm*ni p¹F(t ( Systematic
Sampling)
4. z*mKi nm*ni pÜ(t ( Cluster Sampling)
{b} (bn- s>Bivni aiFi(rt nm*ni pÜ(tai[ ( Non-
Probability Sampling)
1. ain&P>(gk nm*ni pÜ(t ( Incidental or
Accidental Sampling)
2. sh[t&k nm*ni pÜ(t ( Purposive Sampling)
3. (nyt (hAsin) nm*ni pÜ(t ( Quota Sampling)
{k} aºy pÜ(tai[ ( Other Methods of Sampling)
1. ji[Dki> nm*ni pÜ(t ( sampling by Pairs)
2. b[vDi nm*ni pÜ(t (Double Sampling)
3. k\mS: nm*ni pÜ(t (sequential Sampling)
4. Ani[bi[l nm*ni pÜ(t (Snow- Ball Sampling)
5. bh&si[pin) nm*ni pÜ(t ( Multi-Stage
sampling)
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
32
10. upkrNi[(Tools)
s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[n[ aiFir[ mi(ht) p\i(¼t miT[ s>Si[Fk yi[³y
upkrNn) ps>dg) kr[ C[. simiºy r)t[ k[Tli>k p\mi(Nt
upkrNi[ j[ t[ (vAtir miT[ p\I¼t hi[y ti[ t[ni[ upyi[g kr)
Skiy. simiºy r)t[ s>Si[Fk mni[v]Xi(nk ksi[T)ai[,
s>Si[F(nki, p\âiv(l, vlN mipd>D, a(Bp\iyiv(l, m&likit
p#ik vg[r[ j[vi upkrNi[ p]k) ki[e a[k aYvi vF&ni[
upyi[g s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnn) aivÆykti an&sir kr)
Sk[. s>Si[Fk kyi p\kirni upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krS[ t[
a>g[n) (vgti[ s>Si[Fn drKiAtmi> jih[r krv) j$r) C[.
pi[tini a¿yisn[ an&$p t]yir upkrNi[ p\i¼y hi[y ti[
yi[³y upkrN ps>dg)n) r)t, ps>d Yy[l upkrNn)
(vVs(nyti, yYi<Yti, upyi[g krvin) r)t, t[n) myi<diai[
t[ni mini>ki[ vg[r[ a>g[n) hk)kti[ pN dSi<vv) ji[ea[.
ji[ s>Si[Fkn[ pi[tini s>Si[Fnn[ miT[ ki[e t]yir upkrN
p\i¼t n hi[y ti[ s>Si[Fk upkrNn) rcni tYi p\mi(NkrN
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
33
ke r)t[ krS[ t[n) (vgti[ (vAtirY) dSi<vv) j$r) C[.
upkrN rcnimi> t[ni[ p*v[<xN, t[n&> klm pZY±±rN tYi t[n)
a>(tm ajmiyS vKt[ a[k krti vFir[ (nONiti[n) mddY)
upkrN rcvin&> hi[y ti[ t[n) (vgti[ drKiAtmi> rj* krv)
ji[ea[.
11. s>Si[Fn pÚ(t (Method of Research)
s>Si[Fnini[ hiY Frnir[ (v(vF s>Si[Fn pÜ(tai[ p]k)
pi[tini s>Si[Fnn[ an&$p ke pÜ(t C[ t[ Si[Fvin&> rh[ C[.
s>Si[Fk pi[tini a¿yisn[ an&$p ke s>Si[Fn pÜ(tni[
upyi[g krS[ t[n) (vgti[ s>Si[Fn drKiAtmi> aipv) j$r)
C[. ps>d krvimi> aiv[l s>Si[Fn pÜ(tni[ aml ke r)t[
krvimi> aivS[ t[ pN T*>kmi> dSi<vv&> ji[ea[. s>Si[Fk ji[
a](thi(sk pÜ(tni[ upyi[g krnir hi[y ti[ p\iY(mk an[
gi]N s>dB<AYini[n) Si[F an[ t[ni upyi[g a>g[n) (vgt
t[m jai s>dB< AYini[n) Si[F an[ t[ni upyi[g a>g[n)
(vgt t[mj biH an[ ai>t(rk p(rS)ln ke r)t[ krS[
t[n) (vgt dSi<vv) ji[ea[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
34
s>Si[Fk[ ji[ p\iyi[(gk pÜ(tni[ upyi[g krnir hi[y ti[ ke
p\iyi[(gk pÜ(tn) ps>dg) krnir hi[y ti[ ke p\iyi[(gk
pÜ(tn) ps>dg) krvimi> aivS[ an[ Si miT[ t[n) (vgti[
dSi<vv) ji[ea[.
12. pZYÊrN p\(v(F ( Analysis Procedure)
ai (vBigmi> upkrN oiri mL[l mi(ht)n&> ke r)t[
vg)<krN an[ pZYkkrN krvimi> aivS[ t[n) (vgti[
dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[.
s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[n[ an&$p m[Lv[l mi(htn&> s>Si[Fk
vN<n kr[ C[. ai vN<n oiri t[ an&min tirvvini[ p\yRn
kr[ C[. a¿yismi> aivriy[l (v(vF cli[ vµc[ni s>b>Fn)
kxi jiNvi mi>g[ C[- ai bF) bibtini[ aiFir a>kSiA#i)y
pÜ(tn) ps>dg) upr rh[li[[ hi[y C[.
g&NiRmk s>Si[Fnmi> mi(ht)n&> pZYkkrN ke r)t[ krvimi>
aivS[ t[n) (vgt udihrN siY[ smjivv) ji[ea[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
35
13. smy aiyi[jn ( Time Schedule)
s>Si[Fnkiy<- pC) t[ nin&> hi[y k[ mi[T&>- smymyi<diY)
b>Fiy[l hi[y C[. aiY) s>Si[Fk[ pi[tini kiY, a>g[n&>
aiiy[jn dSi<vv&> ji[ea[. ai miT[ s>Si[Fk[ p\Ym s>Si[Fnn[
tbkkivir (vBi(jt kr) ni>Kv&> ji[ea[. Ryir bid dr[k
pisin[ Äyv(AYt r)t[ ni[>F krv) ji[ea[. ai p\kirn) ni[>F
kyi< pC) smg\ s>Si[Fnkiy< p*N< krvimi> k&l k[Tli[ smy
ligS[ t[ni[ a>dij mLS[.
14. ai(Y<k Kc<n&> aiyi[jn(Budget)
s>Si[Fnkiy< miT[ ai(Y<k shiy m[Lvv) hi[y aYvi mi#i
a¿yis krvini h[t&Y) pN s>Si[Fn krvin&> hi[y Cti>
s>Si[Fn kiy< drKiAtmi> Kc<n) (vgt dSi<vv) j$r) C[.
s>Si[Fnkiy< miT[ j$r) siFni[, p&Atki[, m&sifr) Kc<,
shiyki[ni[ Kc<, aºy Kc< vg[r[n[ (vgt[ ai](cRyp*N< r)t[
dSi<vv&> j$r) C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
36
15. s>dB<s*(c ( Refrences)
s>Si[Fn smAyi ps>d krvimi> s>Si[Fk oiri (rsc< jn<l,
(DzT[<Sn, (Ys)s, dAtiv[ji[ vg[r[ni[ upyi[g kr[ C[ ai
upri>t p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi a>tg<t j[- j[
si(hRyni[ uÃl[K Yyi[ t[ bFini[ ah)> uÃl[K Yvi[ j$r) C[.
ai ni[>F miT[ miºy miLKin[ an&srv&> ji[ea[. (SxNni
s>Si[Fni[mi> simiºytyi APA (American
Psychology Association) oiri s*(ct miLKin[
an&srvimi> aiv[ C[.
s>Si[Fnni p\âi[ni vg)<krN miT[ (Dli[n {1984} n) yi[jni
(Dli[n{1984} s>Si[Fn p\âi[n&> vg)<krN pi>c p\kir[ kr[ C[.
S*ºy kxi. ai p\kirni p\âi[n&> Av$p ail>ki(rk hi[y C[.
t[ni[ u_ir nY) an[ t[ kSij nvi Xinsj<n miT[ nY)
hi[ti.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
37
p\Ym kxi. ai p\kirni p\âi[ Avt>#i clni g&NFmi[< jiNvi
miT[ hi[y C[. t[ a(At_v, ai[LK, aY<, vN<n, an[ kiy<
jiNvi miT[ k[ t[ni[ aiFir jiNvi miT[ rj* kr[li hi[y C[.
(Út)y kxi. b[ cli[ni s>dB<mi> t&lniRmk lxNi[ni a¿yis
miT[ ai p\kirni p\âi[ hi[y C[. t[ miT[n) bºn[n) shgi(mti,
siÀy an[ tfivt jiNvi miT[ t[ p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[.
tZt)y kxi. b[ cli[ vµc[ni[ s>b>F, shs>b>F, ci[±ks
p(r(AYt)ni s>dB<mi> aF)nti kirNRv jiNvi miT[ a[Tl[ k[
cli[n) ain&P>(gktiai[ jiNvi miT[ni p\âi[ tZt)y kxini
p\âi[ tr)k[ vg)<kZt kr[li C[.
etr kxi. upy&<±t ki[e pN kximi> n m*k) Skiti p\âi[
j[vik[ (vcirNi h[qLni, aApOT k[ aci[±ks p\âi[. Aivi
p\âi[n[ (Dli[n etr kximi> m*k[ C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
38
s>Si[Fnni p\âi[ni vg)<krN miT[ (Dli[n {1984} n)
yi[jni
p\ân)
kxi
vg< k[ p\kir p\âi[_irmi> rh[l&> Xin s*cvti[ p\â
S*ºy kxi ail>ki(rk kS&> j nh)>, kS&> Xin k[ u_ir nh)>
p\Ym
kxi
g&NFmi[< 'a" ni, 'b" ni v]y(±tk g&NFmi[</ lxNi[
1.a(At_v/an&mi[dn/
Enkir
S&> 'a" C[?
2. udihrN/ ai[LK
S&> ai 'a" C[?
3. t_v/ Äyi²yi
'a" S&> C[?
4. lxN/ vN<n
'a" S&> {ky&>} lxN FriV[ C[?
5. kiy</ upij<n
'a" S&> kr[ C[?
6. ti(k<k aiFir/ 'a" mi> am&k lxN Si miT[ k[ S) r)t[ C[?
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
39
K&lisi[
(Út)y
kxi
t&lniai[
'a" an[ 'b" ni t&lniRmk lxNi[
7. shgi(mti
S&> 'a", 'b" n) siY[ jiy C[?
8. siÀy
S&> 'a" an['b" smin C[?
an[ Simi> {smin} C[?
9. tfivt
S&> 'a" an[ 'b" (Bºn C[?
tZt)y
kxi
ain&P>(gktiai[
'a" an[ 'b" ni> ain&P>(gk lxNi[
10. s>b>F
S&> 'a", 'b" siY[ s>b>F Friv[ C[?
11. shs>b>F
S&> 'a" an[ 'b" shcl[ C[?
12. si[pi(Fkti
S&> 'a/b" hi[y ti[ S&> 'b"/ 'a" hi[y C[? k[ Yiy
C[?
aYvi
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
40
S&> 'a"/'b" hi[y ti[ S&> 'b"/ 'a" k[vi an[ k[v)
r)t[ hi[y?
13. (Ú-upi(Fkti
{kirNRv}
S&> 'a/b" hi[y ti[ S&> 'b"/ 'a" hi[y an[ 'b"/
'a" hi[y ti[ 'a/b" hi[y?
aYvi
'a" hi[y ti[ 'b" k[v) r)t[ an[ 'b" hi[y ti[
'a" k[v) r)t[ hi[y?
etrkxi aºy
'a" ni aºy lxNi[ k[ 'a" n[ jiNvini aºy
migi[<
14. (vcir(vmS<
S&> 'a" krv&> C[ an[ 'a" (vS[ (vcirv&> C[?
15. aApOT
'a" n[ aºy r)t[ jiNvini[ p\yRn
16. aci[±ks aXit
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
41
upkrN ps>dg) mipd>D
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi
a>S[
siFi-
rN
aÃp
mi#iimi>
n(h-
vt`
1. upkrNn) ps>dg) yi[³y C[.
2. upkrNn) h[t&ai[n[ ¹yinmi>
riK)n[ ps>d kriy[l C[.
3. upkrNn) (vVsn)yti
a>g[n) ApOTti krvimi> aiv)
C[.
4. upkrNn) p\miNB*tti
a>g[n) rj*ait krvimi> aiv)
C[.
5. upkrNn) upyi[g krvin)
r)t dSi<vvimi> aiv) C[.
6. upkrN oiri s>Si[Fn miT[n)
mi(ht) mL) SkS[.
7. upkrN ps>dg) miT[ ti(k<k
kirNi[ dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
42
nm*ni ps>dg) mipd>D
k\m ps>dg)ni m*lki[ ~[Oq
r)t[
GNi
a>S[
siFi-
rN
aÃp
mi#iimi>
n(h-
vt`
1. nm*nin) ps>dg) yi[³y C[.
2. h[t&ai[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[
nm*ni[ ps>d kriy[l C[.
3. nm*nin&> kd dSi<Äy&> C[.
4. nm*ni[ Äyip(vVn&> p\(t(n(FRv
kr[ C[ t[n) ni[>F krvimi> aiv)
C[.
5. nm*ni ps>dg)n) r)t dSi<v)
C[.
6. nm*nini pi#ii[ni lxNi[
dSi<Äyi C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
43
p\Ativnin&> aiyi[jn ke r)t[ krSi[?
ah)> j[n) cci< krvini C)a[ t[ miLK&> Avil[s
{1984} ni s*cni[n[ aiFir[ t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. Avil[s[
a[k[D[(mk jn<lni a¿yisi[ kr)n[ t[ni tirN$p[ a[k miLKin)
BlimN kr) C[. ai miLK&> s>Si[Fn drKiAtn) p\Ativni
lKvini (nymi[ni[ s[T nY), pN ai a[k upyi[g) mig<d(S<ki
C[.
pg(Yy>&-1 x[#in) AYipni
(v(SOTtini[ divi[ {Si miT[ ai x[#ini a¿yisn&>
mh_v C[? }
an[ / aYvi
simiºyY) (v(SOT trf srkv&>
an[ / aYvi
p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
44
pg(Yy>&-2 s>Si[Fn smAyin[ Äyi²yi(yt kri[
S*ºyivkiS dSi<v)n[
aYvi
p\â uqiv)n[
aYvi
p*v[<ni Si[F oiri dSi<viy[l mig<r[Kin[ stt riKv)
aYvi
simi[ divi[ { AYpiy[l aYvi Av)kiriy[l bibt
siY[ as>mtpN&>}
pg(Yy>&-3 uk[lni[ h[t&
uÑ[Æyi[n) $pr[Ki / h[t&ai[n) gi[qvN)
an[ / aYvi
p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) jih[rit { pÜ(tSiA#i}
an[ / aYvi
s>Si[Fn miLKini[ uÃl[K
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
45
x[#i
si] p\Ym tm[ j[ x[#imi> s>Si[Fn krvini Ci[ t[ s>Si[Fn x[#in[
AYi(pt kri[ an[ s>Si[Fn smAyini[ s>dB< aipi[. ai (vBign[
#iN GTki[ C[:
k[ºW)ytini[ divi[. divi[ kri[ k[ ai s>Si[Fnn&> x[#i K*b j
agRyn&> C[ an[ t[Y) hiY Frinir s>Si[Fn pN (v(SOT C[.
simiºyY) (v(SOT. GNibFi> lKiNi[ simiºy (vgti[Y)
S$ Yiy C[ an[ pC) (v(SOT trf aigL vF[ C[. ai GN)
sir) p\y&(kt C[.
p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[. GN)vir j[ x[#imi> s>Si[Fn hiY
Frinir hi[y t[ s>Si[Fn x[#imi> p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[ni[ a¿yis
dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[ j[Y) p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) páidB*(mki aip)
Skiy.
smAyi
tmi$> s>Si[Fn am&k r)t[ nv&> hi[v&> j ji[ea[. t[ni oiri ps>d
kriy[l s>Si[Fn x[#imi> k>e>k nv&> Xin um[riv&> ji[ea[. tmir[
dSi<vv&> ji[ea[ k[ tmi$> kiy< ke r)t[ s>Si[Fn x[#ini
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
46
vNK[Diy[li p[Tix[#i/ m&Ñi / p\â n[ ApS< krS[. aYvi tmiri
x[#imi> K[DiN Yy&> hi[y ti[ tm[ ke (v(SOT r)t[ s>Si[Fn hiY
Frvini Ci[? T*>kmi>, tmir[ tmiri kiy< miT[ tk< dSi<vvini[ C[ {
Si miT[ tm[ s>Si[Fn hiY Frvini C[?}. tm[ tmiri x[#imi> nv&>
Xin um[rvini Ci[ t[ dSi<vvi miT[ni cir migi[< C[.
S*ºyivkiS (Gap) dSi<v)n[. pi[tini x[#imi> s>Si[Fn n
Yyi> hi[y aYvi ti[ K*b ai[Ci s>Si[Fni[ Yyi> hi[y a[ pi[t[
s>Si[Fn hiY Frvi miT[n&> a[k sbL kirN C[. p*v[< Yy[li
s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi oiri tm[ dSi<v) Ski[ k[ kyi> S*ºyivkiS
sji<yi[ C[. aYvi ¶yi> ai[Ci s>Si[Fni[ Yyi> hi[y Ryi> kyi a[vi
m&Ñi/ p[Tix[#ii[ C[ j[ni upr s>Si[Fn hiY Fr) Skiy C[ {
j[ni upr tm[ s>Si[Fn hiY Fr)n[ S*ºyivkiS Br) Ski[ a[m
Ci[}.
p\â uqiv)n[ ( Raising a question). s>Si[Fn
smAyin[ ki[e p\â uqiv)n[ pN ApOT kr) Skiy, k[ j[ni jvib
hj& mÇyi[ nY) an[ j[ m[Lvvini[ p\yRn tmiri s>Si[Fnmi>
krvimi> aivnir C[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
47
p*v[<ni Si[F oiri dSi<viy[l mig<r[Kin[ stt riKv)
(Continuing a Previous line of Inquiry). j[ni
upr s>Si[Fn krvimi> aiv) c*±y&> C[, pr>t&> nvi[ nm*ni[, nvi[
(vAtir, vFirini GTki[ vg[r[n[ len[ s>Si[Fn hiY Fr) Skiy.
aim p*v[< Yy[l s>Si[Fni[n) mig<d(S<kin[ aiFir[ smAyi ApOT
kr) Skiy.
simi[ divi[ (Counter Claiming) { AYpiy[l
aYvi Av)kiriy[l bibt siY[ as>mtpN&>}. ki[e s>Si[Fnn)
pÜ(t k[ p\(k\yin[ len[ p\(t- divi[ Ye Sk[.
uk[lni[ h[t& (Solution). a[k vir x[#i an[ smAyin[
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s>dB<s*(c
mh[ti, D). p). {2000}. (SxN: (Btrni[ Kjini[. y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y
(nmi<N bi[D<, amdivid. g&jrit rijy
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h[t&ai[
1. vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin ni h[t&ai[n) mi(ht) m[Lvv).
2. vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin n) p\vZ(_iai[n) mi(ht) m[Lvv).
3. Bivngr (jÃlimi vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t hiY
Friy[l p\vZ(_iai[n) mi(ht) m[Lvv).
4. Bivngr (jÃlimi vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t hiY
Friy[l p\vZ(_iai[n) asrkirktin) mi(ht) m[Lvv).
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
67
p\Åni[
1. vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin ni h[t&ai[ kyi kyi hS[?
2.vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t ke ke p\vZ(_iai[ hiY Frvimi>
aiv[ C[.
3.Bivngr (jÃlimi vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t ke ke
p\vZ(_iai[ hiY Friy[l hS[?
4. Bivngr (jÃlimi vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t hiY
Friy[l p\vZ(_iai[n) asrkirktin) k[v) hS[?
Äyip(vV an[ nm*ni[
p\At&t s>Si[Fnni Äyip(vÅv tr)k[ Bivngr (jÃlimi> vi>c[
g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t kiy< krti Äy(±tai[, S]x(Nk s>AYiai[
an[ smijs[v) s>AYiai[ni[ smiv[S YS[.
p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a>tg<t Bivngr (jÃlimi> vi>c[ g&jrit
a(Byin a>tg<t Äy(±tgt r)t[ kiy< krti pi>c Äy(±tai[, pi>c
p\iY(mk SiLi, pi>c mi¹y(mk SiLi, pi>c ki[l[ji[, y&(nv(s<T)ni pi>c
Bvni[ tYi pi>c smijs[v) s>AYiai[n[ sh[t&k r)t[ ps>d kriS[. ai
s>AYiai[ pis[Y) mL[l mi(ht)ni[ aiFir len[ vi>c[ g&jrit
a(Byinmi> Big l[nir liBiY)< p]k) pi>c liBiY)<ni[ sh[t&k nm*ni[
len[ a(Byinn) asrkirkti tpisvimi> aivS[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
68
x[#i myi<di
p\At&t a¿yismi> vi>c[ g&jrit a¿yisn) p\vZ(_iai[ jiNvi
miT[ (n(át kr[l Äy(±tai[, S]x(Nk an[ smijs[v)
s>AYiai[ni[ j smiv[S kriS[.
p\At&t a¿yisk\mn) asrkirkti jiNvi miT[ a(Byinni
p\Ym aiq misni smygiLini[ j smiv[S krvimi> aivS[.
a¿yisn&> mh_v
Birt d[Sn) ri¶y srkir oiri nig(rki[ni vicn miT[ni
si] p\Ym a(Byin a[vi vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byinni h[t&ai[n)
mi(ht) mLS[.
vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>tg<t hiY Frinir p\vZ(_iai[n)
(vgt jiNvi mLS[, j[Y) keke p\vZ(_iai[ hiY Frv)
ji[ea[ t[ a>g[n) ApOTti p\Ry[k vickn[ YS[.
Bivngr (jÃlimi> Yt) vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>t<gt
Yt) p\vZ(_iai[n) mi(ht) mLS[. j[Y) (jÃlimi> hiY Friy[l
p\vZ(_iai[ an[ hiY Frvin) bik) rh[t) p\vZ(_iai[ a>g[n&>
(c#i ApOT YS[.
Bivngr (jÃlimi> Yt) vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>t<gt
Yy[l p\vZ(_iai[n) asrkirkti jiNvi mLS[. j[Y) (jÃlimi>
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
69
hiY Friy[l p\vZ(_iai[ an[ t[n) asrkirktin[ aiFir[ aºy
(jÃliai[n[ mig<dS<n aip) SkiS[.
Bivngr (jÃlimi> Yt) vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin a>t<gt
Yy[l p\vZ(_iai[n) asrkirkti jiNvi a>g[n&> (m~ pÜ(t
s>Si[Fn (Mixed Method Research) p\kirn&> ai si]
p\Ym s>Si[Fn hS[.
S¾dn) Äyvhi@ Äyi²yi
vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byin. g&jrit ri¶yni s&vN< jy>(t ujvN)
vP< a>tg<t g&jrit ri¶yn) p\jimi> vicnn) a(B$(c k[Lvvi miT[
g&jrit srkir oiri aiyi[(jt a(Byin, j[n) S$ait 1 a[(p\l,
2010 ni ri[j krvimi> aiv) ht).
asrkirkti. vi>c[ g&jrit a(Byinn) p\vZ(_iai[ oiri
a(Byinni h[t&ai[n) (s(Ü a[Tl[ asrkirkti.
upkrN
m&±t jvib) p\Ånivl), ah[vil- si(hRy, m&likit, vt<minp#ii[,
(nr)xN
mi(ht) a[k#i)krN
p\At&t a¿yismi> mi(ht) a[k#i)krN b[ tb±kimi> krvimi> aivS[.
p\Ym tb±kimi> m&kt jvib) p\Ånivl), ah[vil si(hRy,
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
70
vt<minp#ii[ tYi (nr)xNni[ upyi[g kr)n[ mi(ht) a[k(#it krvimi>
aivS[. b)ji tb±kimi> p\Ym tb±kimi> mL[l mi(ht)ni aiFir[
t[mi>Y) sh[t&k r)t[ nm*ni[ ps>d kr) (nr)xN an[ m*likit oiri
mi(ht) a[k(#it krvimi> aivS[.
mi(ht) (vÅl[PN
mi(ht) (vÅl[PN miT[ (m~ pÜ(t s>Si[Fn (Mixed
Method Research) miT[n) k\[sv[l an[ klik< {2007} ni
s*cni[n[ aiFir[ ki[(D>g kr)n[ mi(ht)n&> aY<FTn kriS[. ai a¿yismi>
mi(ht)ni (vÅl[PN k[ pZY±krNn) r)t (m~ pÜ(t s>Si[Fn
(Mixed Method Research) n[ an&srt) hS[.
smy p#ik
1. p\Ym s#i: s>Si[Fn drKiAtn) t]yir) an[ s>dB< si(hRyn&> vicn
2. (ot)y s#i: s>Si[Fn drKiAtn) rj*ait, mi(ht) a[k(#ikrN,
mi(ht) (vÅl[PN, ah[vil l[Kn, Tie(p>g, bie(ºDg
an[ sb(mSn
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
71
a>diJ Kc<
k\m (vgt Kc< $(pyimi>
1. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN 600/-
2. s>Si[Fn ah[vil Tie(p>g 1800/-
3. s>Si[Fn ah[vil bie(ºDg 500/-
4. aºy Kc< 1000/-
k&l Kc< 3900/-
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
72
s>Si[Fn p\Ativ
(SS&(vhir s>AYi: AYipni, (vkis an[ p\din
s>Si[Fn rj*ait
s>Si[Fn rj*ait ti.
s>Si[Fn p\kir: Äy(±t a¿yis
s>Si[Fnn&> x[#i: S]x(Nk an[ simi(jk ÄyvAYipn
a¿yisk mig<dS<k
rij[ºW b). gi[(hl Diƒ. jgd)p si[nvN[
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
73
B*(mki
(SxNn) p\(k\yin[ a(Klieni s>dB<mi> jiNvi miT[ (vwiY)<ai[,
(Sxki[ an[ vg<K>D vitivrNni[ a¿yis upri>t S]x(Nk s>AYini[
a¿yis krvi[ a(nviy< C[. S]x(Nk s>AYini u>DiNp*v<k krvimi>
aivti s>Si[Fni[ni[ smiv[S Äy(±t a¿yis a>tg<t Yiy C[.
Äy(±t a¿yis a[ g&NiRmk (vÅl[PNn&> a[v&> Av$p C[ k[ j[mi>
ki[e a[k Äy(±t, p(r(AYt), GTni, s>AYi, (vcirFiri k[ simi(jk
j*Yn) u>DiNp*v<k an[ s>p*N< tpis krvimi> aiv[ C[. s>Si[Fn h[qLni
a[kmni dr[k[ dr[k pisini[ z)NvTByi[< a¿yis kr)n[ t[n&> (vgtp*N<
vN<n an[ pZY±±rN krvimi> aiv[ C[, j[ni prY) aY<GTni[ an[
simiºy)krNi[ tirvvimi> aiv[ C[ { b[AT an[ kih`n, 2009}.
m*LB&t r)t[ Äy(±t a¿yisni[ upyi[g tb)b) (vXinmi> Yiy
C[. j[mi> dd)<ni p\vt<min lxNi[n) tpis krvimi> aiv[ C[, siY[ siY[
t[n) Sir)(rk (AYt), t(byt an[ B*tkiLn[ lgt) aºy bibti[n)
pN tpis kriy C[ {uciT,2009}. ai m&jb j s>AYini[ ud`Bv
t[ni[ B*tkiL, vt<min (AYt) an[ B(vOyni aiyi[jni[ tYi s>AYini
simi(jk p\dinni[ a¿yis hiY Frvimi> aiv[ C[.
s>Si[Fn x[#i[ S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ni Äy(±t a¿yis K*b j aÃp
p\miNmi> Yyi C[. j[m k[ Bivngr y&(nv(s<T)n) yid) an&sir
(SxNSiA#i Bvnmi> Yy[li 678 lG&Si[[F (nb>Fmi>Y) mi#i cir
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
74
Äy(±t a¿yis C[, j[ p]k)ni #iN a¿yisi[ S]x(Nk s>AYi upr hiY
Friyi C[. ¶yir[ g&jrit y&(nv(s<T)ni (SxNSiA#i Bvnmi> vP<
1999-2006 drÀyin Yy[li k&l 197 lG&Si[F (nb>Fi[ p]k) mi#i
cir j Äy(±t a¿yis Yyi hti {j&ai[ pT[l,2008} an[ si]riOT^
y&(nv(s<T)ni (SxNSiA#i Bvnmi> vP< 1978-2000 drÀyin Yy[l
k&l 516 lG&Si[F (nb>Fi[ p]k) s>AYiai[ni Äy(±t a¿yis mi#i pi>c
j hti { j&ai[ uciT, 2006}. aim, s>Si[Fni[ni aºy p\kiri[n)
t&lni Äy(±t a¿yisi[ K*b j aÃp p\miNmi> Yyi C[.
vP< 2002mi> Bivngr (AYt (SS&(vhir s>AYi Kit[ni p\vis[
mn[ s>AYi p\Ry[ (vS[P aik(P<t kyi[< hti[. ai s>AYi upr ai p*v[< ki[e
s>Si[Fnkiy< hiY Frvimi> aiÄy&> nY) {ni.mi.BÍ, Äy(±tgt
p\Ryiyn, j*lie 9,2010}. p(rNim[ a[m. a[D`.ni lG&Si[F (nb>F
kiy< oiri s>AYin) AYipniY) len[ t[n) p\vZ(_iai[ an[ t[n) smij
upr asr tYi s>AYini B(vOyni aiyi[jni[ s&F)n) (vS[P mi(ht)
smij smx rj& Yiy t[ h[t&Y) ai s>Si[Fn hiY Frvin&> m[> n±k) ky&<>
C[.
a¿yisni h[t&ai[
1. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) AYipnini[ e(this jiNvi[.
2. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) Bi](tk s&(vFini[ a¿yis krvi[.
3. (SS&(vhir s>AYini s>cilk m>DLni[ a¿yis krvi[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
75
4. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) g\>Yilyn) s&(vFini[ a¿yis krvi[.
5. (SS&(vhir s>AYi oiri p\ki(St p\kiSnni[ a¿yis krvi[.
6. (SS&(vhir s>AYini ai(Y<k pisini[ a¿yis krvi[.
7. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) (v(SOT p\vZ(_iai[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.
8. (SS&(vhir s>AYini simi(jk p\dinni[ a¿yis krvi[.
a¿yisni p\âi[
1. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) AYipni piCL kyi uÑ[Æyi[ hti?
2. (SS&(vhir s>AYi Bi](tk s&(vFini[ k[v) C[?
3. (SS&(vhir s>AYini s>cilk m>DLni[ Ø(OTki[N k[vi[ C[?
4. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) g\>Yilyn) s&(vFi k[vi p\kirn) C[?
5. (SS&(vhir s>AYi oiri k[vi an[ k[Tli p\kiSni[ p\ki(St
krvimi> aiv[ C[?
6. (SS&(vhir s>AYini ai(Y<k pis&> k[v&> hS[?
7. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) simi(jk p\vZ(_iai[ni[ ke ke hS[?
8. (SS&(vhir s>AYin&> simi(jk p\din k[v&> hS[?
a¿yisn) x[#i-myi<di
p\At&t a¿yismi> p\iY(mk s>dB< s\i[tni[ upyi[g kriS[. pr>t&>
¶yi> p\iY(mk s\i[ti[ ap\i¼y hi[y Ryi> gi]N s>dB< s\i[tni[ upyi[g
krvimi> aivS[. s>Si[Fn p\âi[ni s>dB<mi> s>AYin&> m*Ãyi>kn YS[.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
76
m*Ãyi>knni ai (sviyni p\âi[ pN hi[e Sk[, pr>t&> t[n[ ai s>Si[Fnmi>
smiviS[ nh) >.
a¿yisn&> mh_v
(SS&(vhir s>AYini p\At&t a¿yisY) t[ni lÈyi>ki[, kiy<p\Nil),
s>AYin&> simi(jk p\din, s>AYin) (v(SOT p\vZ(_iai[ j[v) bibti[n&>
s>kln YS[. s>AYin) ai(Y<k bibti[, Bi](tk (vkis tYi p\vZ(_iai[
a>g[ni tirNi[ p\i¼t YS[.
(SxNmi> s>AYini[ fiLi[ an[ t[n) p\(tOqi s>b>(Ft jiNkir)
p\i¼t YS[. s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ s>AYin) s&FirNimi> upyi[g) bn)
Sk[.
S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ miT[ni g&NiRmk a¿yis ai[Ci Yyi C[,
Ryir[ p\At&t s>Si[FnY) a[k upyi[g) s>Si[Fnni[ um[ri[ YS[.
S¾dn) Äyvhi@ Äyi²yi
(SS&(vhir s>AYi. (SS&(vhir s>AYi biLki[ni svi<>g)N (vkis
an[ smijs[vin&> kiy< krt) s>AYi C[. j[n) AYipni ~) minBie BÍ
oiri vP< 1939 mi> krvimi> aiv) ht). ai s>AYi g&jrit ri¶yni
Bivngr Sh[rmi> u. kZONngrmi> aiv[l) C[. j[n) upr p\At&t
s>Si[Fn hiY Frvimi> aivnir C[ t[ s>AYi.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
77
(vkis. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) ai(Y<k, Bi](tk an[ simi(jk
p\(tOqin) Ø(OTa[ (vkisyi#ii.
p\din. (SS&(vhir s>AYin) S]x(Nk an[ simi(jk p\vZ(_iai[ k[
j[Y) simi(jk (vkis Yiy.
Äyip(vV an[ nm*ni[
(SS&(vhir s>AYini Äy(±t a¿yis miT[ (SS&(vhir s>AYini
(v(vF pisiai[ j[vi k[ s>AYin) AYipni, Bi](tk s&(vFi, (v(SOT
p\vZ(_iai[, ai(Y<k p\vZ(_iai[, simi(jk p\din, p\ki(St si(hRy,
s>cilk m>DL vg[r[ni[ a¿yis krvi miT[ s>Si[Fk[ Äyip(vV tr)k[[
(SS&(vhir s>AYi ps>d kr) C[. Äy(±t a¿yis hi[viY) Äyip(vV a[
j nm*ni[ rh[S[.
upkrN
p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> mi(ht) a[k#i)krN miT[ m&likit, avli[kn,
p\âivl), dAtiv[ji[ j[vi upkrNi[n&> upyi[jn krvimi> aivS[. j[niY)
s>AYin) yi[³y mi(ht) mL) Sk[.
mi(ht) a[k#i)krNn) p\(v(F
p\At&t a¿yis miT[ mi(ht) a[k#i krvi miT[ s>Si[Fk s>AYini
vDin) m>j&r) l[S[. Ryirbid s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ j&d)-
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
78
j&d) Äy(±tai[n) m*likit krS[. avli[kn oiri s>AYini (v(vF
pisiai[ni[ a¿yis krS[. avli[kn p#iki[ an[ m&likitn) ni[>F t]yir
krS[. s>AYin) p\vZ(_iai[n) simi(jk asr tpisvi m&likit an[
m&±t jvib) p\âivl) vD[ nm*nipi#ii[ pis[Y) mi(ht) a[k#i)t krS[.
ai upri>t s>AYini dAtiv[ji[, s>AYin&> p\kiSn vg[r[ oiri pN mi(ht)
a[k#i krvimi> aivS[.
mi(ht)n&> (vÅl[PN
j&di-j&di s>dB<AYini[[ oiri a[k#i kr[l) mi(ht)n&> (vPyvAt&
(vÅl[PNn) pÜ(t oiri pZY±krN krvimi> aivS[. upl¾F
s>dB<AYini[ni (vPyvAt&mi> ki[(D>g krn[ (vPyni m&Ñiai[ yi[³y ti(k<k
k\mmi> gi[qv)n[ (vÅl)OT aY<GTn krvimi> aivS[. ai a¿yismi>
mi(ht)n&> pZY±krN an[ (vÅl[PNn) r)t g&NiRmk s>Si[Fnni
a(Bgmn[ an&srt) hS[.
smy p#ik
1. p\Ym s#i: s>Si[Fn drKiAtn) t]yir) an[ s>dB< si(hRyn&> vicn
2. (ot)y s#i: s>Si[Fn drKiAtn) rj&ait, mi(ht) a[k#i)krN,
mi(ht) (vÅl[PN, ah[vil l[Kn, Tie(p>g, bie(ºDg
an[ sb(mSn
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
79
a>diJ Kc<
k\m (vgt Kc<
{$(pyimi>}
1. j$r) si(hRyni fi[Ti[kiƒp)ni[ Kc< 600/-
2. s>Si[Fn ah[vil Tie(p>g 2,000/-
3. s>Si[Fn ah[vil bie(ºDg 500/-
4. aºy Kc< 1,000/-
k&l Kc< 4,100/-
s>dB<s*(c
uciT, D). a[. {2006} S]x(Nk s>Si[Fni[ni siri>S{1976-2006}.
(SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.
ci]Fr) D). k[. {2010} g\im d(xNim*(t< ai>bli: a[k Äy(±t
a¿yis. a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, Bivngr y&(nv(s<T),
Bivngr.
ji[P) a[n. J. {2005} aiÃf\[Dn) B*tkil)n p\(tOqi. ap\ki(St
a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, Bivngr y&(nv(s<T), Bivngr.
s>Si[Fn drKiAt
80
ji[P), b). a[c., an[ Äyis j[. J. {2006} S]x(Nk s>Si[Fni[n&>
mig<dS<n. Bivngr y&(nv(s<T), Bivngr.
pT[l, air. a[s. {2008}. a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>Fni siri>S
{1993-2006}. jy p(¾lk[Sn, amdivid.
miYi[(Lyi, v). b). {2010} bi[Tidkr ki[l[j: a[k Äy(±t a¿yis.
ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, Bivngr y&(nv(s<T),
Bivngr.
Best,J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2009) Research in
Education. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
