research methodology slide 01
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
1/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 1
Lecture Slide 01 :
Research Methodology
Narsito
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesGadjah Mada University
Jogjakarta
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
2/30
Introduction
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 2
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
3/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 3
What is scientific research?
Scientific research is a systematic consecutive process tosolve problems using scientific method, with an objectiveto find explanation (theoretical description) governingthe problem(s).
A scientific research is usually directed to meet thefollowing objective(s) :
(i) finding new explanation (theoretical description),
related to the problem(s) being investigated.(ii) examining, applying and/or developing existing
explanation (theoretical description), related to theproblem(s) being investigated.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
4/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 4
Scientific Method
What is the scientific method?
The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach tothe solution of a scientific problem.
It includes several steps, i.e. : problem identification,hypothesis development, design and carry out steps orprocedures to test the hypothesis, and documentingobservations and findings to share with someone else in
order to develop theories.In other words, it is a way to solve a problem.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
5/30
The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists tosolve problems and determine answers to questions in alogical format (or framework).
It provides step-by-step directions to help us workthrough the problems, called the formal steps ofscientific method :
1. Observations
2. Problem Identification
3. Hypothesis Formulation
4. Experiments : Design & Execution
5. Conclusions
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 5
Scientific Method
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
6/30
6/2/2014 6
What is CHEMISTRY?
CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTERSAND THEIR CHANGES, RELATED TO :
- Structure- Composition
- Properties- Energy
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
7/30
6/2/2014 7
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :is the study of organic compounds andtheir reactions, related to structure,composition, properties, and energy.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY :
is the study of inorganic compounds andtheir reactions, related to structure,composition, properties, and energy.
CHEMISTRY
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
8/30
6/2/2014 8
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
& BIOCHEMISTRY
The Scope of Chemistry :
ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY
PHYSICALCHEMISTRY
THEORETICAL DEVICES EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
9/30
Physical Chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic,subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemicalsystems in terms of physical laws and concepts.
Physical chemistry applies the principles, practices andconcepts of physics, especially thermodynamics,quantum mechanics and dynamics.
Physical chemistry deals with physical principles and
concepts related to bulk rather than to molecular/atomicstructure alone; for example, chemical equilibrium andkinetics.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
10/30
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation,identification, and quantification of chemical componentsof natural and artificial materials.
Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity ofthe chemical species in the sample and
Quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or
more of these components. The separation ofcomponents is often performed prior to analysis.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
11/30
Analytical methods can be classified into : (1) classicalmethods and (2) instrumental methods :
CLASSICAL METHODS (also known as wet chemistrymethods) use separations such as precipitation,extraction, and distillation and qualitative analysis by
color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis isachieved by measurement of weight or volume.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS use an apparatus tomeasure physical quantities of the analytes such as light
absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity. The separationof materials is accomplished using chromatography orelectrophoresis methods.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
12/30
6/2/2014 12
ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY
PHYSICALCHEMISTRY
THEORETICALDEVICES
EXPERIMENTALDEVICES
EXPERIMENTALFACTS & OBSERVATION
THEORETICALEXPLANATION
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
13/30
6/2/2014 13
Kornhauser (1981)
It is not chemistry if we only learn theorieswithout facts.
It is not science if we learn only facts withoutlearning theories.
In chemistry, theories must not replace facts, but
they should explain them.
Knowledge and Science
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
14/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 14
AlchemyThe Kowledge of Observation
How did alchemist lay the groundwork for chemistry?
Alchemists developed the tools andtechniques for working with
chemicals. Alchemists developed processes for
separating mixtures and purifyingchemicals.
They designed equipment that isstill in use today including beakers,flasks, tongs, funnels, and themortar and pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
15/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 15
ChemistryA Science of Measurement
How does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
Lavoisier transform chemistryfrom a knowledge of observation
to the science of measurementthat it is today.
Lavoisier designed a balance thatcould measure mass to the
nearest 0.0005 gram.
He also showed that oxygen isrequired for a material to burn.
Lavoisiers Laboratory : After
reconstruction
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
16/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 16
What do scientists do?
Scientists have to take the time to think logically whenthey are investigating a scientific problem.
Scientists have to break things down into many stepsthat make sense.
Scientists have to develop a question, gatherinformation and formulate a hypothesis.
Scientists have to create and conduct experiments in
order to test their hypothesis. Scientists have to share their experiments and findings
with others.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
17/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 17
What is the key of scientificexperiments?
A key to experiments is observing what happens andwriting it down. Gathering information or data anddocumenting it so it is readableand makes sensetoothers is really important.
Once a scientist completes an experiment, they oftenrepeat it to see if they get the same findings andresults. This is really what often called verification (orchecking things out) to make sure that everything wasvalid and will happen again and again.
That is why scientists have to share their experimentsand findings with others. In that way, scientists canlearn from each other and often use someone elsesexperiences to help them with what they are studying.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
18/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 18
Scientific Method : Practical Steps
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
19/30
THINK LAST
DO IT AFTERWARD
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 19
Steps of Scientific Method
Problem
Hypothesis
Search
ExperimentDesign & Execution
Conclusions
Observation
THINK FIRST
Design
Inductive
Analysis
InductiveAnalysis
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
20/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 20
The Scientific World
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
21/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 21
Scientific Method in The Development of Science
Question
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
22/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 22
Scientific Laws :
A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes andgeneralized the results of many observations andexperiments. It doesnt try only to explain, but it describes,the relationship. An explanation requires a theory.
Scientific Theories :Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experiments,it may become a theory.
A Scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set ofobservations.
A Scientific theory may need to be changed (revised) at somepoint in the future to explain other new observations orexperimental results.
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
23/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 23
The Scientific Method :
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
24/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 24
Monographs
Textbooks Handbooks
Annual Reports
Encyclopedies
Periodicals : Original Papers, Review PapersSeminar Proceedings : Papers & Posters
Scientific Works: Research Reports, Thesis
Scientific World
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
25/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 25
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
26/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 26
EGYPT
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
27/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 27
EGYPT
CHINA
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
28/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 28
CHINAEUROPE
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
29/30
10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 29
CHINAEUROPEAMERICA
-
7/27/2019 Research Methodology Slide 01
30/30
Thank You