1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYByKush Saxena (MBA,NET)1 Kush Saxena

2. WHAT IS RESEARCHResearch is a thorough, orderly, organized, efficient and logicalinvestigation of an area of knowledge or of a problem. In thebroadest sense of the word, the definition of research includesany gathering of data, information and facts for theadvancement of knowledge. Main components of a research are: 1. Curiosity:Science is knowledge of the physical or material world gainedthrough observation and experiment. Research begins with abroad question that needs an answer. 2. Theory (Hypothesis)Researcher creates an assumption to be proved or disprovedwith the help of data.2 Kush Saxena 3. 3. ExperimentResearchers design an experiment with steps to test andevaluate the theory (hypothesis) and generate analyzabledata. Experiments have controls and a large enoughsample group to provide statistically valid results. 4. ObservationObserving and recording the results of the experimentgenerated raw data to prove or disprove the theory. 5. AnalysisStatistical analysis on the data and organizing it so that it isunderstandable generates answers to the initial question.Data may show trends that allow for the broadening of theresearch. 6. ConclusionsResearch following the scientific method will either proveor disprove the theory3 Kush Saxena 4. Application of Research in Business Product Research Customer Research Sales Research Pricing Research Advertising Research4 Kush Saxena 5. Product Research is related to new product development as well as to existing product into the market. For Example-If sale of a company is declining from a long period of time then the company may interested to know about the reason behind that. This kind of research is needed at every stage of product life cycle.5 Kush Saxena 6. 6 Kush Saxena 7. Customer Research is related toknow about the consumer buyingbehaviour.How a customer reactbefore purchasing a product isdone under customer research. For Example Big - Bazar7 Kush Saxena 8. Sales research is done to knowabout the different exercise donein different area related to salesvolume It is related to know about thesales occurred and the activitiesof sales team as well.8 Kush Saxena 9. Pricing is the key factor to measure the successor failure of any organization. Pricing research is done to know about thecustomer perception about the price to be fix fora product or service A company uses this research to fix the prices forgoods and services.9 Kush Saxena 10. Advertising research is done to know the best way by that a company may aware the customer for their product or services. Advertising research is done to know that which method of advertisement is most appropriate.10 Kush Saxena 11. TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research :- Descriptive research or statistical research provides data about the population or universe being studied. But it can only describe the "who, what, when, where and how" of a situation, not what caused it. Therefore, descriptive research is used when the objective is to provide a systematic description that is as factual and accurate as possible. It provides the number of times something occurs, or frequency, lends itself to statistical calculations such as determining the average number of occurrences or central tendencies.11 Kush Saxena 12. One of its major limitations is that it cannot help determine what causes a specific behaviour, motivation or occurrence. In other words, it cannot establish a causal research relationship between variables. The two most commonly types of descriptive research designs are 1- Observation 2- Surveys12 Kush Saxena 13. EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVERESEARCHEXAMPLE:-How do students in free lectures spend their time?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Kush Saxena 14. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH In analytical research the researcherhas to use facts or informationalready available and analyze theseto make a critical evaluation of thematerial.14 Kush Saxena 15. EXPLAORATORY RESEARCH Exploratory research is conducted into a researchproblem or issue when there are very few or noearlier studies to which we can refer forinformation about the issue or problem. The aimof this type of study is to look for patterns, ideasor hypotheses, rather than testing or conrming ahypothesis. Exploratory research often relies on secondary15 Kush Saxenadata. 16. APPLIED RESEARCH Applied research is also known as an action research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or any businessorganization. Marketing research is a part of applied research.16 Kush Saxena 17. An interview survey among clerical sta in a particular oce, department, company, Exploratory group of companies, industry, region and so Researchon, to nd out what motivates them to increase their productivity (that is, to see if a research problem can be formulated) A description of how the selected clerical sta Descriptive are rewarded and what measures are Researchused to record their productivity levels An analysis of any relationships between the Analyticalrewards given to the clerical sta and Researchtheir productivity levels.17 Kush Saxena 18. Quantitative Research Quantitative researchis based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to the phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of quantity.18 Kush Saxena 19. Qualitative Research Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon relating to quality. For Example-When we are interested in investigating the reason for human behviour.19 Kush Saxena 20. Types of business Problems Encountered By a Researcher in India20 Kush Saxena 21. Language Problem- There are so manylanguages are spoken in India in differentregions. It may be a problem for researcher tomake different questionnaire. Lack of Scientific training- Many researcherstake a leap in dark without knowing researchmethods.Ressearch to many researchers andeven to their guides is mostly a cut and paste21job. Kush Saxena 22. Negative thinking- Most of the companies thinks that the research work is completely waste and experience people can do the same work for the company by their intuition and experience.. Weak Relationship between researcher and management- Sometimes there is a weak relationship betweenmanagementand researcher and they do not appreciate each other views.22 Kush Saxena 23. Lack of funds for research work- Generally there is a research department in every organization and some funds are allocated to this department.But many times companies do not provide sufficient fund to this department.23 Kush Saxena 24. RESEARCH PROCESS24 Kush Saxena 25. Identify the research problem Determine the research design Determine the data collection form Determine the sampling method Collection and Analysis of data Present the Report25 Kush Saxena 26. Identify the Research Problem The first step in research process is formulation of research problem. It is most important step in research process as poorly defined problem would not yield useful results. It is rightly said that A problem well defined is half solved.26 Kush Saxena 27. Determine the research design After formulation of research problem, the researcher has to workout a design for the study. A research design is a plan comprising the researchers decision about the whole process taken out to solve the research process. Basic types of research design are Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Design Causal Research Design27 Kush Saxena 28. Design the data collection FormDataPrimary Data Secondary Data28 Kush Saxena 29. Determine the Sampling Method Sampling Method Probability samplingNon-Probability sampling29 Kush Saxena 30. Collection and Analysis of Data After drafting a satisfactory plan , the most crucial and lengthy stage of the statistical investigation is collection and analysis of collected data. Many statistical tools are used to analyze the data like correlation and regression analysis, ANOVA30 Kush Saxena 31. Present the ReportThe last step in research process ispresent the report in a proper format.Basically there are two types of reports 1.Oral Report 2.Written Report31 Kush Saxena 32. RESEARCH DESIGN32 Kush Saxena 33. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the blue print for the research. Research design is also known by different names such as research outline, research plan or blue print. According to Miller, It is the sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study.33 Kush Saxena 34. METHODS OF RESEARCH DESIGN There are mainly three types of research design and these are as follows- Exploratory Research design Descriptive Research design Causal Study34 Kush Saxena 35. EXPLAORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN Exploratory research design is also known as Formulative Research Studies. The main purpose of such studies is to determine the general nature of problem and the variable related to it. The major emphasis is laid on the discovery of new ideas. It is generally based on secondary data.Explaoratory research design is generally carried out by using 3 methods.35 Kush Saxena 36. Methods of Exploratory Research Design Secondary or literature survey Experience survey or discussion with experts. Study of some specific cases.36 Kush Saxena 37. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN These designs are used for some definite purpose.Itis focused on explanationof characteristicsof certain group like age,gender,income,education and occupation.37 Kush Saxena 38. CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN These designs attempt to specify the nature of functional relationship between two or more variables present in the problem environment.38 Kush Saxena 39. BASIC ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN Need of the study Review of previous studies Statement of problem Objectives of the study Formulation of hypothesis Source of data Methods of collection ( Primary/Secondary) Tools & Techniques ( Questionnaire, Schedules) Data analysis Financial Budget39 Kush Saxena 40. EXCERCISE40 Kush Saxena 41. Which one of the following is the basic part involved in any research investigation I. Defining the problem II. Formulating a hypothesis III. Collecting the data IV. All of these41 Kush Saxena 42. Truth is the basic need of research. This is achieved only by I. Primary data II. Secondary data III. Sufficient & Reliable data IV. None of these42 Kush Saxena 43. Which of the following is not a step in research study I. Field Work II. Problem definition III. Understanding of competitors IV. Research design43 Kush Saxena 44. Which one of the following is not a type of research I. Exploratory II. Descriptive III. Analytical IV. Causal44 Kush Saxena 45. A researcher must possess I. Integrity II. Honesty III. Sincerity IV. All of these45 Kush Saxena 46. Social Science includes I. Political Science II. Botany III. Physics IV. Zoology46 Kush Saxena 47. Quantitative Research is I. Variable Based II. Attributes Based III. Hypothetic IV. None of these47 Kush Saxena 48. Research design is also known as I. Research outline II. Research outline III. Blue print IV. All of these48 Kush Saxena 49. 2 nd UNIT Data Collection & Sampling Methods49 Kush Saxena 50. CONCEPT OF DATA Data is any symbol, sign or measure which is in a form can be directly captured by a person or a machine. For Example-students fill an admission form when they get admission in college. The form consist of raw facts about the students.50 Kush Saxena 51. TYPES OF DATA Data PrimarySecondary DataData51 Kush Saxena 52. PRIMARY DATA Primary data is one which is collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of a specific study. These data are Collected first time as original data.52 Kush Saxena 53. ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA More accurate More Reliable Good response rate Ready to use at any time More validate53 Kush Saxena 54. METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION Structure dObservationUn-PrimaryStructured DataCommunicatiPersonal onInterview Through Schedules54 Kush Saxena Questionnaire 55. OBSERVATION METHOD55 Kush Saxena 56. OBSERVATION METHOD Under observation method an observer observe the person called subject. Under this observer does not ask any question. The big advantage of this method is that under this method actually happening is observed. Structured Observation Un-Structured Observation56 Kush Saxena 57. COMMUNICATION METHOD Personal Interview- Personal interview method requires a person known as the interviewer asking questions generally in a face to face contact to the another person.57 Kush Saxena 58. ADVANTAGES OF PERSONAL INTERVIEW More Information and that too in greater depth can be obtained. Personal interview can as well be obtain easily under this method. Under this method an interviewer can directly observe the facial expressions of respondent. This method is more reliable because it is a face- to-face interaction. An interviewer can collect more & more information.58 Kush Saxena 59. DATA COLLECTION THROUGHQUESTIONNAIRE In this method a questionnaire is sent (Usually by post) to the persons with a request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a set of forms.59 Kush Saxena 60. 60 Kush Saxena 61. MERITS OF QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD There is low cost even when the universe is large. It is free from the bias of the interviewer. Respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. Respondents, who are not easily approachable, can also reached conveniently.61 Kush Saxena 62. DEMERITS OF QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaire. It can be used only when respondents are educated and cooperating. The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is sent. It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representatives. There is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or omission of replies.62 Kush Saxena 63. PRECAUTION IN PREPRATIONOF QUESTIONNAIRE Questions should proceed in logical sequence moving from easy to difficult questions. Technical terms should be avoided. There should be some control questions which indicate the reliability of the respondent. Questions affected the sentiments of respondents should be avoided. Adequate space for answers should be provided to the respondent. The quality of the paper should be good so that it may attract the attention of respondents.63 Kush Saxena 64. DATA COLLECTION THROUGH SCHEDULES This methods is very much like the collection of data through questionnaire. Schedules are filled by the enumerators who are especially appointed for this purpose. These enumerators along with schedule go to respondents, put to them the questions formthe Performa. Enumerators explains the objective of the investigation.64 Kush Saxena 65. DIFFERENCE B/W SCHEDULE AND QUESTIONNAIRE 1.The questionnaire is generally sent through mail but without further assistance. The schedule is filled by the enumerator who can interpret questions when necessary. 2. To collect data through questionnaire is relatively cheaper since we do not need to spend money to appoint any person, on the other hand in schedule there is a need of enumerators and they need money. 3. Non-response rate is high in case of questionnaire but not in schedule. 4. In questionnaire, it is not clear always as to who replies but in case of schedule the identity of65 Kush Saxena respondents is known. 66. Personal contact is generally not possible in questionnaire but in schedule direct personal contact is established with respondents. Questionnaire method can be used only when respondents are literate but in case of schedule the information can be gathered even when respondents are illiterate. The success of questionnaire method lies more on quality of the questionnaire itself, but in the case of schedule much depends upon the honesty of enumerators.66 Kush Saxena 67. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data are those which are collected by someother agency and are used for investigation. It is time and money saving method. The secondary data can be classified as- Published data Unpublished data67 Kush Saxena 68. SOURCES OF PUBLISHED DATA Published Thesis- There are number of students engagedin researchworkatdifferent institutions/universities of the country. Their work contribute significantly to the availability of secondary data. Government Reports- Most of the departments of central and state government publish statistics on various subjects. Ex-Ministry of Agriculture publishes monthly report-68 Kush Saxena Agriculture situation in India. 69. InternationalReports- International organizations likeFAO,WHO,ILO regularly publish their statistics. Sources of Unpublished Data Some of research institutions collect data but they normally do not publish it, such as unpublished thesis submitted to university for the award of Ph.D. degree.69 Kush Saxena 70. PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF SECONDARY DATA Suitability of the data Adequacy data Reliability of the data Period of data Units of measurement Accuracy of data70 Kush Saxena 71. EXCERCISE71 Kush Saxena 72. Mailed questionnaire method of enquiry can beadopted if respondents a) Live in cities b) Have high income c)Are educated d) Are poor72 Kush Saxena 73. Secondary data a) Should be avoided b) Should be used after careful editing c) Should be used as their face value d) None of these73 Kush Saxena 74. A researcher wants to study the future ofcongress in India. For the study which tool ismore appropriate a) Questionnaire b) Schedule c)Interview d) Rating Scale74 Kush Saxena 75. Primary data are a) Always more reliable b) Less Reliable c) Depends upon agency collecting them d) None of these75 Kush Saxena 76. Some of the sources of the primary data are a) Confidential reports of the firm b) Reports of firms sales, purchase etc. c) Reports and publication of government d) None of the above76 Kush Saxena 77. Primary data is preferred over secondary databecause a) It is concise and accurate b) It contains no error c)It shows greater detail d) None of these77 Kush Saxena 78. SAMPLE DESIGN & SAMPLE SIZE78 Kush Saxena 79. Investigation CensusSample79 Kush Saxena 80. 80 Kush Saxena 81. 81 Kush Saxena 82. CENSUS INVESIGATION & SAMPLEINVESTIGATION When the information on each and every unit of he population is collected, it is called census investigation. On the other hand when each and every unit is not investigated but only a part of population called sample is investigated, it is called sample investigation.82 Kush Saxena 83. Superiority of sample over census investigation The most apparent one is that sample investigation is cheaper than census investigation. Sample investigation is less time consuming rather than census investigation. A sample survey obtain data that could not possibly otherwise. A more minute and detailed study of problem is possible when the units are less in number. Whenthe population is too large and geographically sacttered,then study on each and every unit is not possible.83 Kush Saxena 84. The Sampling processThe Sampling process consists of five sequentialsteps. These steps are as follows- 1.Defining the population 2.Identifying sampling frame 3.Choosing appropriate sampling design 4.Determine the sample size 5.Selecting the sample84 Kush Saxena 85. Defining the population It is the aggregate of all elements , usually prior to the selection of the sample. The population is said to be completely defined if at least the following terms are specified- Elements Sampling units Extent Time85 Kush Saxena 86. For Example For monitoring the sales of our product, the population might be Elements-Our Products Sampling units-Retail outlets, Super market Extent-Bareilly,Moradabad,Badaun,Pilibhit Time- May 1st 201386 Kush Saxena 87. Identifying the sampling frame A complete list of population units is the sampling frame. The sampling frame should be selected which consists of almost all the sampling units. For Example- If we wish to identify the sale of Maggi then all retailers are our sampling frame and all retailers selling Maggi are our sampling units.87 Kush Saxena 88. Choose appropriate sample design Basically there are two types of sampling design and these are Probability Sampling Non Probability Sampling88 Kush Saxena 89. Determine the sample size Deciding a sample size is the most important step because too large sample implies a waste of time and money and too small sample will not yield good results. factors affecting the sample size- Nature of population Size of population Desired level of accuracy Time & Money availability89 Kush Saxena 90. VARIOUS SAMPLING METHODSampling Method Non ProbabilityProbability SamplingSampling90 Kush Saxena 91. Probability Sampling Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Multi stage sampling Non Probability Sampling Judgment Sampling Convenience Sampling91Kush Saxena 92. EXCERCISE92 Kush Saxena 93. Which one of the following is a non probability sampling a) Stratified b) Systematic c) Convenience d) Cluster93 Kush Saxena 94. A statistical population may consists of a) An infinite number of units b) A finite number of units c) Either a or b d) None of a or b94 Kush Saxena 95. A study based on complete enumeration is known as a) Pilot survey b) Sample survey c) Census survey d) None of the above95 Kush Saxena 96. A researcher selects only 10 members out of 6000 population and considers it good because a) He was a good researcher b) He was guided by his supervisor c) The population was homogeneous d) All of these96 Kush Saxena 97. The final result of a study will be more accurate if the sample drawn is a) Taken randomly b) Fixed by quotas c) Representation to the population d) Purposive97 Kush Saxena 98. A simple random sampling may be selected by a) Lottery method b) Random numbers c) Stratification d) a & b98 Kush Saxena 99. When a research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most suitable sampling method is a) Cluster sampling b) Convenient sampling c) Stratified sampling d) Lottery method99 Kush Saxena 100. A study based on complete enumeration is knownasa) Sample surveyb) Census surveyc) Pilot surveyd) None100 Kush Saxena