research methodology -indira_2

8/3/2019 Research Methodology -Indira_2

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ARUN S NATH

ASST.PROFESSOR

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING


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Presentation outline

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING03/12/2011

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What is research is

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/20113

Research is

the systematic process of collecting and

analyzing information (data) in order to increase our

understanding of the phenomenon about which weare concerned or interested..


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Research (WHO Health research methodology, 1992,

a guide for training in research methods):

Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or

investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and

interpretation of new knowledge. Scientific method is a systematic

body of procedures and techniques applied in carrying out

investigation or experimentation targeted at obtaining new

knowledge.

Here research and scientific methods may be considered a course ofcritical enquiry leading to discovery of facts or information which

increases our understanding of human health and disease.

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Identifyproblem

Literaturereview

Planresearchdesign

Determiningsample size

Writeprotocol

EthicalcommitteeapprovalPilot study and

main study

Presentation&analysis of

results

Hypothesi

s testing

Generalisationinterpretation

Reportwriting

publication

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Basic steps of a research project


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Find a topicWhat, WhenFormulate questionsWhat, Why

Define population

Who, WhenSelect design & measurementHowGather evidenceHow

Interpret evidenceWhy

Tell about what you did and found out


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Terms

Methods/ techniques that are used for

conducting research are termed asresearch methods or research techniques.

Eg: observation, questionnare, interview, analysisof records ,case study

Research technique : behaviors and

instruments used in research operationsEg: scales, recording techniques, content

analysis, collection of data



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Research methodology


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The research methodology indicates the generalpattern to gather valid and reliable data for

problem under investigation

Which includes Research approach

Design

Setting

Population


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CONT..


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Sample and sample size

Sampling technique

Development of tool

Method of data collection

Plan for data analysis


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Whats the difference between Method

and Methodology


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Method

Techniques for gathering

evidence

The various ways ofproceeding in gatheringinformation

Methodology :

The underlying theoryand analysis of how

research does orshould proceed ,often

influenced by discipline


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Choice of Methodology & Methods

Depends on

Research Questions

Research Goals

Researcher Beliefs and Values

Researcher Skills

Time and Funds



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Research questions are key must answer the research questions

Methodology guides application

must be appropriate to the objectives of the body.

should also discuss the problems that were anticipated and

explain the steps taken to prevent them from occurring and

the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was

minimized . The reader wants to know that the data was collected or

generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice

in the fields of study

WHICH METHODOLOGY?


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Common methodologies


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Methodologies are high level approaches toconducting research.

The individual steps within the methodology

might very based on the research beingperformed

Two commonly used research methodologies

QuantitativeQualitative


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Methodology comparison


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Quantitative Explanation,

prediction

Test theories Known variables

Large samples

Standardizedinstruments

Deductive

QualitativeExplanation,

description

Build theoriesUnknown theories

Small sample

Observations,interviews

Inductive


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What is meant by approach?


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It is a systematic ,controlled empirical andcritical investigation of natural phenomenon

by theory and hypothesis about the presumed

relations among such phenomenon.

It is the whole design including;

assumptions, the process of inquiry, the type

of data collected and the measuring of

findings.


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Research design


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A research design is the specification of methodsand procedures for acquiring the information

needed. It is the overall operational pattern or

framework of the project that stipulates what

information to be collect from which sources

and by what procedures.


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What do you need to think about when Designing

Research?

What is the purpose of the research?

What are your units of analysis?

What are your points of focus?

What is the time dimension?

Designing a research project:

conceptualisation

operationalisation.

Reliability, replication and validity.



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Steps in Research Design

1. Choose a Topic.

2. Focus research question.

3. Design the study.

4. Collect the data.

5. Analyse the data.

6. Interpret the data.

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Research Design

Where to start? Compile questions.

Title. Background/information.

Literature review. Aims and objectives. Methods. Timetable.

Data analysis. Ethical issues. Resources. Dissemination?



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The approach

Quantitative

Qualitative

Or both

Elementsof

researchdesign

Method of dataanalysis

Population,sampleand sampling

technique

Tools &methods ofdata collection

Time and place ofdata collection

Elements of research design


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Research Designs


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Definition

Research design refers to the plan ororganization of the scientific investigation.

Polit & Beck

Research Design is a blue print of the research

study, which maximizes the control over

factors that could interfere with the validity of

the findings.

Burns & Groove



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Purposes

To maximise the amount of control that aninvestigator has over the research situation and

variable.

To increase the validity of the study in solving

the problem.



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Characteristics of a Good Research Design

It should be appropriate to the research

question.

Lack of bias in the design.

Precision of the study: it is the appropriateness

of the statistical procedures used to analyse the

data



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Selection of research design


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Nature of the problem

Purpose of the study Researchers knowledge and experience

Interest and motivation

Ethics and principles

Participants

Resources

Time

Possible control of extraneous variable

Users of study findings


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Classification

of

Research Designs



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Quantitative Designs

Quantitative research involves the systematic

collection of data under considerable control,

and analysis of that information using

statistical procedures.

1. Experimental Designs

2. Non-experimental Designs



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Experimental Designs

3 characteristics Randomization: assigning subjects to exp &

control Group as a random basis

Manipulation: administering something toatleast some of the subjects in the study

Control: introducing one or more control

over the experimental situation by using a

comparison group.



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Types of Experimental designs

A. True experimental: all 3

B. Quasi experimental: lacks randomization

C. Pre experimental: Any 1



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A. True Experimental

1. Pre test Post test Control Group Design Random assignment

Pretest to both groups

Intervention to experimental group

Post test to both groups

R O1 X O2 (Exp)

R O1 - O2 (Cont)



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2. Post test Only Control Group Design

Random assignment

Intervention to experimental group

Post test to both groups

R X O2 (Exp)

R - O2 (Cont)



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Solomon Four group Design

Random assignment to one of the 4 groups

2 of the groups ie., 1 exp & 1 control group are

pretested.

2 of the exp group receive treatment whereas 2 ofthe control group do not receive any treatment.

R O1 X O2 (Exp)

R O1 - O2 (Cont)R - X O1 (Exp)

R - - O1 (Cont)



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Factorial design


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Manipulates two or more independent variablessimultaneously to observe their effects on the

dependent variables.


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Randomized control design


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B. Quasi Experimental Designs

1. Non Equivalent Control group Design Similar to pretest posttest control group

design

Except that there is no random assignment.

O1 X O2 (Exp)

O1 - O2 (Cont)



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Time series Design

Here the researcher periodically observesor measures the subjects

The experimental treatment is administered

between 2 of the observations

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6



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C. Pre Experimental Design

1. One shot Case study design A single group is exposed to an

experimental treatment and observed after

the treatment

X O



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One group pre test post test design

One single group

Pre test done

Treatment given

Post test done

O1 X O2



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Non experimental Research Designs

1. Survey studies2. Correlational Studies

3. Developmental research design

5. Epidemiological designs6. Descriptive design



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survey


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Investigation in which self reported data arecollected with the purpose of describing population

on some variable of interest


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Correlational


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Examining the relationship between two or morevariables in a natural setting without manipulation or

control


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Developmental


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Examining phenomenon in respect to the time

Two types

1. Cross sectional

2. Longitudinal


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Epidemiological


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Investigation of the distribution and causes ofdiseases in a population is known as epidemiology


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Descriptive


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Accurate description of characteristics of individual ,situation or group and the frequency with which a

certain phenomenon occurs in a natural setting without imposing any control or manipulation.


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Qualitative Research DesignsQualitative research is a systematic, subjective

approach used to describe life experiences and givethem meaning



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Types of Qualitative Research Designs

1. Phenomenology

2. Grounded theory

3. Ethnography

4. Case study

5. Historical research

6. Action research



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1. Phenomenology It is a process of learning and constructing the

meaning of human experience through intensivedialogue with persons who are living the experience.

The researchers goal is to understand the meaning ofthe experience as it is lived by the participant.

Meaning is pursued through a dialogue process, whichextends beyond a simple interview and requiresthoughtful presence on the part of the researcher.

Eg: The experience of anger among persons who haveheart disease.


2 Grounded theory


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2. Grounded theory This method involves a systematic set of procedures

to arrive at theory about basic social processes.

The theory is based on observations andperceptions of the social scene and evolves duringdata collection.

The aim of grounded theory approach is to discoverunderlying social forces that shape humanbehaviour.

This theory is used to construct theory where no

theory exists. Eg: Women at risk for HIV - the developmental

process that occurs when women become sexworkers out of economic necessity .



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3. Ethnography

Means learning from people

This involves the collection and analysis of dataabout cultural group .

Grasping the life ways or patterns of the people in

their familiar environment.



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4. Case Study

In depth examinations of people or groupof people.

5. Historical Research

Systematic collection and criticalevaluation of data relating to pastoccurences.

Documents, records can be consulted.



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Action research


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Seeks action to improve practices and study theeffect of the action that was taken.


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Other design


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1. Methodological

2. Meta analysis

3. Secondary data analysis

4. Outcome research

5. Evaluation studies6. Operational research


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Methodological


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Research conducted to develop, test and evaluatethe research instruments and methods


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Meta analysis


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Quantitatively combining and integrating the findingsof the multiple research studies on a particular topics


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Secondary data analysis


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In which data collected in one research is reanalyzedby another researcher ,usually to test new

hypothesis


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Outcome research


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Involves the evaluation of care practices andsystems in place. It is used in nursing to develop

evidenced based practice and improve nursingactions .


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Evaluation studies


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It is research design which involves the judgmentabout success of a programmes ,practices

,procedures or policies


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Operational research


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Study of complex human organizations and serviceto develop new knowledge about institutions

,programmes ,use of facilities and personal in orderto improve working efficiency of an organization


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Population,sample and sampling

Popu

lation

Target

population

Accessible

population

Sample Subjects

Schematic presentation of sampling


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Types of samplingtechnique

Probability sampling Non probability sampling

1. Simple random sampling2. Stratified random

sampling3. Systematic random

sampling

4. Cluster /multistagesampling

5. Sequential sampling

1.Purposive sampling2.Convenient sampling3.Consecutive sampling

4.Quota sampling5.Snow ball sampling

Data collection tools


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Data collection tools


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1. interview

Questioning

Observation

Biophysiological methods

Others methods


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Any questions


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Thank Q!!!