research-compendium-2006-2007

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network(AUST Network)

Research, Information and Training Council(RIT Council)

ANNUAL RESEARCH COMPENDIUM2006/2007

Volume 3Ajman, United Arab EmiratesFebruary 2008

Supervision:Dr. Ahmed AnkitVice PresidentCultural Affairs and External RelationsAjman University of Science and Technology Network

Revision:Research and Working Team chaired byMrs. Nuha HashimiFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Architectural Engineering& Interior Design, AUST Network

Contact:Prof. Dr. Omer A. AttefGeneral Secretary,Research, Information and Training CouncilAjman University of Science and Technology NetworkPO Box: 346, Ajman, UAETel.: +971-6-7056213Fax: +971-6-7438888Email: [email protected]

AUST Network - RIT Council

Annual Research Compendium: 2006/2007 1

The Exalted Said:

" O my Lord ! increase me in knowledge."

020.114


Annual Research Compendium: 2006/20072



Message From His Excellency,The President of AUST Network

In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the mostcompassionate. May the peace and blessings of Allah be uponour Prophet Muhammad, His Family and His Companions.

Dear Scholars and researchers,

Greetings,

We are pleased to introduce this new compilation of abstracts ofresearch papers published by the faculty of Ajman University ofScience and Technology Network (AUSTN) during the academicyear 2006-2007. We would like to take this opportunity toextend our thanks to the members of the Research, Informationand Training Council who have maintained the tradition of thispublication for a third year. We also express our gratitude to themembers of the research and working group who have sparedno effort in contributing to the project.

This year we celebrate the 20th anniversary of AUSTN, and twodecades of teaching, training, research, expertise and practice.These five fundamentals build upon the foundations ofeducation, information and investment to form the university’scomprehensive vision. It is this vision which has guided ourendeavors and contributed to our achievements throughout theinstitution’s history – beginning with its inception as a college in1988, then later as a university, and now as a network.

Our approach has been to link research with practice; researchactivity at AUSTN is, therefore, initiated and carried out bymeans of collaborative work between groups across AUSTNcommunity. This method has proved highly successful, creating



an institutional culture of research and an active andenthusiastic body of faculty committed to research activity.

This issue marks a new departure for AUSTN. Rather than beingsimply a compilation of abstracts, it is intended to serve as ameans by which we can market our research projects, showcaseour skills, and express our readiness to work with other researchand scientific institutions to create a strong researchinfrastructure and a mature innovative environment. In this waywe aim not only to share the benefits of our academic endeavorswithin the academic sphere, but also to extend beyond thosebounds to serve the wider community.

May Allah Bless You.

Dr. Saeed Abdullah SalmanPresident, Ajman University of Science & Technology Network

President, Association of Arab Private Institutionsfor Higher Education

President, Euro-Arab Research Network



Preface

Since the inception of Ajman University of Science andTechnology Network (AUSTN), H.E. Dr. Saeed AbdullahSalman has spared no effort in preaching for research till thisnotion became deeply rooted in the consciousness of all AUSTNcommunity. Research is indeed the backbone of the Universityand the safety valve for the University community at large. It iseven further highlighted by initiating the Development andReform in which H.E. the President has reiterated that thisproject cannot be fully fulfilled unless "we valorize andprioritizing" research.

Such a view is very much in line with the comprehensive visionof the University where the top priority is to teaching andresearch which, in turn, lay out the basis for the three otherstandards of training, expertise and practice. Thus, every facultymember is very recognizant of the comprehensive innovativeenvironment AUSTN is offering. This is seen in terms of thefacilities it provides, such as exchanging of expertise withExamining Eye experts, engaging in scientific evaluation ofresearch as part of the mission of the Research, Information andTraining Council as well as that of the Wise and Elite House,enabling AUSTN faculty members to participate in academicconferences and thus offering them the opportunity to interactwith other researchers from abroad, to name but a few. Thisresearch endeavor has yielded quite a number of field researchdirectly linked with the interests of the community either inapplied sciences (dentistry, alternative medicine, pharmacology,environment, water and energy) or in humanities (psychology,sociology, communication and translation).



Within this comprehensive innovative environment, students areno exception and can engage in research under the supervisionof Research, Information and Training Council as part of theirgraduate studies in the fields of business administration,information systems and ground water management. Otherspecializations are also under study and new disciplines will belaunched soon.

Moreover, AUSTN hosts the UNESCO Chair of water to which itdevoted a material budget for the purpose of promoting relatedresearch. It also makes use of its UNESCO Fund-in-Trust todevelop academic staff and provide incentives to undertakeresearch. AUSTN has had a number of research cooperationprojects with many organizations like World Health Organizationand Higher Commission on Scientific Miraculousness in Q’uranbased in Egypt, among others.

In view of the efforts invested so far, we, in AUSTN, aim atbeing a center of expertise rather than a mere traditionaluniversity. This is in order to be able to have our share in thepatent inventory and intellectual property rights. In doing so, weaspire to get out from the cocoon of self-marginalizing nationsand remove the stigma of negative consumerism. Hence, AUSTresearchers are publicizing themselves and their researchfollowing an unbiased and realistic approach. With such efforts,although modest as they are, we believe, they are likely tocontribute to the comprehensive development project of the UAEand the Ummah as a whole.

Dr. Ahmed AnkitVice President

Cultural Affairs and External RelationsAjman University of Science and Technology Network



Table of Contents

Faculty Of Engineering: 17

- PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTSIN HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS AND SUBSEQUENTUNIVERSITY MATHEMATICS: Fahar G. Hayati and Anas N.Ali 19

- ENHANCEMENT OF PRACTICAL TRAINING OUTCOMETHROUGH PRIOR INTERNAL TRAINING PROGRAM: Fahar G.Hayati and Mustahsan Mir 20

- ANALYSIS OF A NORMALIZED LMS ADAPTIVE FILTER WITHA SINGULAR INPUT COVARIANCE MATRIX: Eweda Eweda 21

- MODIFIED EE PROGRAM AT AUSTN: FROM CONCEPT TOIMPLEMENTATION: Mustahsan Mir and Fahar G. Hayati 22

- MODELING MEMS WITH MATLAB'S SIMULINK: A. Majid 23

- THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN GCCCOUNTRIES: A. Majid 24

- A NEW BLIND IMAGE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE USINGDUAL MERGED WATERMARKS IN LOW-FREQUENCY BANDDCT COEFFICIENTS: Ayman Tawfik, Ahmed N. Al-Gindy,Hussain Al Ahmad, and Rami A. Qahwaji 25

- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REFRACTIVITY IN UAE: KifahAl-Ansari, Abdulhadi Abu Al-Mal and Rami A. Kamel 26

- A COMPARISON STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR POSITIONCONTROL USING VARIABLE STRUCTURE VERSUS PIDCONTROLLER WITH PRESCRIBED TRANSIENT RESPONSE:Hasan A. Haj Daoud Zidan 27

- BEARING MOVEMENT AFTER OXFORDUNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL: J. O’Connor and A. Imran 28

- BEARING MOVEMENT AFTER OXFORDUNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE, MENISCAL-BEARING KNEE: A.Imran, and J. O’Connor 30



- THE FUTURE OF OUR PAST: Bouzid Boudiaf 32

- RECENT ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND URBANGROWTH IN U.A.E.: Bouzid Boudiaf, and Mohammed Arrar 34

- THE REGIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISMARCHITECTURES: FROM THE ARCHITECTURE OF THEPROJECT TO THE PROJECT OF ARCHITECTURE: BouzidBoudiaf, and S. Makky 35

- THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN THE PALESTINIAN VILLAGE:Jihad Awad 37

- STANDARD PROGRAMMING DESIGN OF LECTURE HALLFOR DEVELOPING THE ART EDUCATION: Naglaa SamiAbdelaziz 38

Faculty Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences: 41

- ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSOMAL ATPASEENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OFDOPAMINERGIC D2 RECEPTORS: Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab,Moawia M. Al-Tabakha, Bassem Sadek, and Samir Bloukh 43

- FUNCTIONAL LINKAGE BETWEEN RENAL GLUTAMINE ANDRENAL HOMOCYSTEINE IN CHOLESTEROL FED RATS:Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab 44

- ANTAGONISM BETWEEN TAURINE AND BROMOCRIPTINE INRAT UTERUS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO: Abdulrahim AbuJayyab 46

- CHANGES IN SERUM VITAMIN D3 METABOLITIES LEVELSAND IN THE 45CA TRANSPORT IN VITRO IN AN INVERTEDINTESTINE (INTESTINE CALCIUM ABSORPTION ANDRESORPTION FROM BONE) IN ALLOXAN DIABETES RATS:Hassan N. Al-Qieshawi, Samir Bloukh, Moawia M. Al-Tabakha, Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab 48

- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIETARY GLYCINE AND FREEASPARTATE, BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS ANDTYROSINE CONTENTS IN THE BRAIN IN THE RATS:Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab 50



- KADIS®-BASED DIABETES MANAGEMENT IN UNITED ARABEMIRATES: Eckhard Salzsieder, Petra Augstein, Lutz Vogt,Ernst-Joachim Freyse, Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Abdul AzeemA Ali, Zakia Metwali, Omer Attef, Waffa Amour, ImanSalman, Abd Al Muaty Younis, Magda Zaki, and NasserJabbar 52

- TELEMEDICINE-BASED KADIS®

COMBINED WITH CGMS™HAS HIGH POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVING OUTPATIENTDIABETES CARE: Eckhard Salzsieder, Petra Augstein, LutzVogt, Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Peter Heinke, Ernst-JoachimFreyse, Abdel Azim Ahmed, Zakia Metwali, Iman Salman,and Omer Attef 54

- SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DIPYRIDAMOLE ANDACETYLSALICYLIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICALPREPARATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BYSYNCHRONOUS AND FIRST DERIVATIVE SYNCHRONOUSFLUORIMETRY: Yasser EI-Shabrawy 56

- CHILDREN DIABETES: Rania Alkhani and Yasser EI-Shabrawy 57

- HUMAN CHIMERA … AM THE TWIN OF MY OWN!!: EmanElzain Omara and Elhadi N. Mahmoud 58

- DISEASE OF THE CENTURY REVEALS IN CHILDREN: YaraMalek, Noha Ahmed and Abduelmula R. Abduelakrem 59

- CHILDREN CONSUMPTION OF FIZZY DRINKS AND JUNKFOOD IN UAE IS ALARMING: Mariam M. Bader, Reem O.Obeisi, Samar M. Munir and Abduelmula R. Abduelkarem 60

- PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISKFACTOR AMONG THE ADULT VISITORS OF GLOBALVILLAGE, DUBAI SHOPPING FESTIVAL 2006: Sahar Alia,Noha Allam, Hedaia Alnajjar and Abduelmula R.Abduelkarem 61

- PATIENTS VIEWS AND OPINIONS ON GENERICPRESCRIBING AND SUBSTITUTION PERFORMED BY PHARMACISTS: Mais A Yacoub, Sarah A. Al-Akshar andAbduelmula R. Abduelkarem 62



Faculty ofInformation Technology:

65

- NEW TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM APPROXIMATIONALGORITHM: H. F. Kendela, M. Ayman Al-Ahmar, and E.-S.M. El Horbaty 67

- THE SEGMENTATION OF OFF-LINE ARABIC CHARACTERS,CATEGORIZATION AND REVIEW: Amer Al-Nassiri, ShubairA. Abdulla and Rosalina Abdul Salam 68

- A NEW ARABIC (AHD/AMSH) HANDWRITTEN DATABASE:Amer Al-Nassiri, and Shubair A. Abdulla 69

Faculty of Dentistry: 71

- INCIDENCE OF THIRD ROOT IN MANDIBULAR PERMANENTFIRST MOLAR: AN ENDODONTIC CHALLENGE: Ali M Rashidand Abdul-Haq A Suliman 73

- DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL DENTIN CARIES AFTERCONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL AND CHE-MOMECHANICALCARIES REMOVAL WITH CARI-SOLV™: Abdul-Haq ASuliman and Omar S Rahawi 75

- THE EFFECT OF AMALGAM ALLOY TYPES, SURFACETREATMENTS, AND BONDING AGENTS ON THE SHEARBOND STRENGTH BETWEEN AMALGAM AND RESINCOMPOSITE: Raghad A. Rasheed and Abdul-Haq A Suliman 76

- TEMPERATURE RISE BENEATH A LIGHT–CURED MATERIALSUSING TWO TYPES OF CURING MACHINES: Sabah A Ismailand Abdul-Haq A Suliman 78

- THE BACTERICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF CHLORHEXIDINE AS AN ENDODONTIC IRRIGANT: Abdul-Haq A Suliman, GhadaY. Abdul- Rahman and Wiam M. Al–Ashou 79

- TOBACCO ASSOCIATED LESIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY:Dhafira Hassan Majed 81

- SCREENING FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS USINGGINGIVAL CREVICULAR BLOOD: Yousef Khader, Bashar Al-Zu’bi, Ahmad Judeh and Mohammed Rayyan 82

- CARIES EXPERIENCE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN UAE:REVIEW AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS: RaghadHashim, Murray Thomson, Manal Awad, and Kathren Ayers 83



- DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND USE OF DENTALSERVICES AMONG PRESCHOOLERS IN AJMAN, UAE:Raghad Hashim, Murray Thomson, Kathren Ayers, JamesLewsey, and Manal Awad 84

- QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES TO INVESTIGATE MOTHER'SORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE IN AJMAN: Raghad Hashim,Murray Thomson, Manal Awad, and Kathren Ayers 85

- ORAL HEALTH, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, DIETARYHABITS OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN AJMAN, UNITED ARABEMIRATES: Raghad Hashim, Murray Thomson, ManalAwad, and Sheila Williams 86

- ORAL HEALTH OF ARAB CHILDREN: Manal A Awad, RaghadHashim, Emad El Subeihi 88

- THE ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF DENTAL STUDENTS INAJMAN UNIVERSITY: Shaima Al-Mashhadani and RaghadHashim 89

- ORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OFELEMENTARY SCHOOLTEACHERS IN UAE: Nuha Hawas andRaghad Hashim 91

- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTISTS INUNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Kalid Al-Ali and Raghad Hashim 92

- DENTAL DISEASES IN SUBJECTS WITH -THALASSEMIAMAJOR: Mohamed A Jaber 93

- INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES AND OCCUPATIONALHAZARDS AMONG THE DENTAL STAFF: MohammedMustahsen ur Rehman and Quratulain Khalid Dar 95

- FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT’S SATISFACTION WITH THECARE PROVIDED BY DENTAL STUDENTS: MohammedMustahsen ur Rehman 96

- EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR DIFFERENT LIGHT-ACTIVATEDCOMPOSITES CURE WITH DIFFERENT LIGHT ENERGYDENSITIES: Ali A. Al- Shekhli, Haitham J. Al-Azzawi andIsra’a A. Al- Aubi 97

- FACEMASK VERSUS FACEMASK WITH RPE THERAPY: SOFTTISSUE ANALYSIS: Ekmen, O, Kilicoglu, H, Qasrawi, O, andGorgun, O 99



- FACEMASK VERSUS FACEMASK WITH RPE THERAPY:SKELETAL AND DENTOALVEOLER COMPARISON: Gorgun,O, Kilicoglu, H, Qasrawi, O, Ekmen, O 100

- MISSING TEETH: PROSTHETIC REHABILITATIONFOLLOWING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT: Qasrawi O,Gümrü D, Kılıçoğlu H, Yeniyol S, Karabuda ZC, andÖzdemir T 102

- APPLICATION OF MINI SCREW IN ORTHODONTICS: GümrüD, Qasrawi O, Kılıçoğlu H, and Özdemir T 103

- MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN PATIENT WITHECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA: A CASE REPORT: OsamaQASRAWI, E. Bahar TUNA, Hülya KILIÇOĞLU, CüneytKARABUDA, and Jawad ABDEL-HAK 104

Faculty of Information,Mass Communication and Humanities:

105

- USES OF METHODS OF SOCIAL MARKETING IN THEPROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION ISSUES,A CASE STUDY ON THE FRENCH CHANNEL USHUAIA:Khaled Zamoum and Ashref Abd Al Mogeit 107

- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT PUBLIC RELATIONSUSING WEB PAGES - A FIELD STUDY ON SECTORSOF ARAB YOUTH IMMIGRANTS IN THE UAE DURING THESPRING 2006: Ashref Abd Al Mogueit and Khaled Zamoum 108

- VIRTUAL WORLD EPISTEMOLOGY DUBAI e-GOVERNMENTEXPERIENCE STUDY APPLICATION ON A SAMPLE FROMDUBAI e-GOVERNMENT WEBSITE USERS: Khaled Zamoum 109

- COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF INTERPRETING: SahabAbdul Aziz 110

- STYLISTIC PROBLEMS CONFRONTING ARAB STUDENTS INARABIC- ENGLISH TRANSLATION: Kadhim H. Bakir andHashim G. Lazim 111



Faculty of Education and Basic Sciences 113

- THE DEGREE OF PRACTICING SKILLS OF TEACHINGTILAWAH BY ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTRUCTORS IN AJMANUNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NETWORK:Majed Zaki Al-Jallad 115

- DOMAINS AND EVALUATION TOOLS USED BY ISLAMICEDUCATION TEACHERS ON THE ASSESSMENT OFSTUDENTS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Majed ZakiAl-Jallad and Muayed Asad Denawi 116

- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING CYCLEINSTRUCTIONAL MODEL AND CONCEPT MAPS ON NINTHGRADE STUDENTS ACQUISITION OF JURISPRUDENTIALCONCEPTS: Majed Zaki Al-Jallad and Omar Abdul-Kader Al-Shamalti 117

- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING BRAINSTORMINGSTRATEGY ON FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENTSAND DEVELOPING THEIR CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS INISLAMIC EDUCATION IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: MajedZaki Al-Jallad 118

- DEVELOPMENT OF AN ONGOING ASSESSMENT SYSTEMFOR ACADEMIC PROGRAMS: Zuhrieh Shana 119

- A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF ARAB WESTERN RELATIONSWITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO EDUCATION AND THEEMERGENCE OF MODERN STANDARD ARABIC AND ITS USEAS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES:El Tayeb El Mansour El Hassan El Zaki 121

- LEARN MATHEMATICS WITH MATLAB AT THEUNIVERSITIES: Osama Agami Rashwan 122

- EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND GENDER ON HUMORSTYLES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, AN EMPIRICALSTUDY: Ahmed Hussein Al- Shafey 123

- READING IN THE INTRODUCTION OF IBN KHALDOUNABOUT URBAN SCIENCE: Mohammed Abdel Hai 124

- COMMUTATIVITY CRITERIA IN BANACH ALGEBRAS: OuldHamoud Cheikh 126

- THE WORD (AMEEN) AND ITS USES IN SUPPLICATION ANDARABIC LANGUAGE: Mazen Ahmed Jaradat 127



- WISDOM AND ITS PROGRESS IN THE POETRY OFABITAMAM (A PRESENTATION AND AN ANALYSIS): HashimSalih Manna 128

- THE BLINDNESS OF BASHSHAR AND ITS EFFECT, IN HISPSYCHOLOGY AND HIS LITERARY WORK: Hashim SalihManna 129

- HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS: YusufMahmud 131

- TERMINOLOGY AND HUMAN DISCOURSE: Yusuf Mahmud 132

Faculty of Business Administration: 133

- ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING REGULATION FORPROTECTION AND REMEDIATION - AN UAE PERSPECTIVE:Srinivas Inguva 135

- PREDICTING TRUST WITHIN ORGANIZATION: THE ROLEOF PERCEIVED JUSTICE IN MEDIATING THE IMPACT OFLEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE ON TRUST INORGANIZATION AND SUPERVISOR: Mohamed Gamal AboElmagd 137

- CHANGING PATTERN OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT(FDI) IN ASIAN REGION: ISSUES, MOTIVES ANDSTRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: RajeshMohnot 138

- ARE UAE ISLAMIC BANKS ADEQUATELY CAPITALIZED?Ibrahim Elsiddig Ahmed and Sayed Abbas Ahmed 139

- THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICYTRACKS IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Sahel Al-Rousan 140

Institute of Environment, Water and Energy 141

- WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE ALEXANDRIAGOVERNORATE, EGYPT: Maghawri Sh. Diab, ZeinelabidinS. Rizk and Magdy A. Assar 143



- SOURCES OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND WATER IN WADI ALBIH AQUIFER, RAS AL KHAIMAH EMIRATE, UNITED ARABEMIRATES: Zeinelabidin S. Rizk, Abdulrahman S. Alsharhanand Warren W. Wood 145

- CULTURAL CONSOLIDATION…THE BEST WAY TO ABSORBSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Riadh H. Al-Dabbagh 146

- THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF NATIONS: Riadh H. Al-Dabbagh 147

The authors alone are responsible for the viewsexpressed in their articles and for the validity of theresults herewith published which do not necessarily

reflect the opinion of AUST Network.



Faculty of Engineering



PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTSIN HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS AND SUBSEQUENT

UNIVERSITY MATHEMATICS

Fahar G. Hayati and Anas N. Ali Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

METSMaC 2007 Conference,The Petroleum Institute Abu Dhabi, March 17-19 2007

The aim of this work is to investigate the correlation in theperformance of Ajman University of Science & Technology(AUST) students in the electrical engineering programs anduniversity mathematics with their average score in high schooland their score in mathematics, which are considered as thebasis for admission into the engineering programs. The studyalso investigates the performance of students in selectedelectrical engineering core courses that rely heavily onmathematics.The performance of a population of 72 students with high schoolaverage score above 90% and who have completed all fiveengineering mathematics courses at AUST was determined andanalyzed. The outcome of such investigation could help inrevising the admission policy to electrical engineering programs.



ENHANCEMENT OF PRACTICAL TRAINING OUTCOMETHROUGH PRIOR INTERNAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Fahar G. Hayati and Mustahsan MirFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

Proceedings of the Second International Conference onEngineering Education and Training, Kuwait, April 9-11, 2007

This paper describes the modified training program forengineering students at Ajman University of Science &Technology Network (AUSTN) and its impact on developing thedesired skills of trainee students. It also explains the rationalefor modifying the earlier training program that was based solelyon training at external engineering sites. In the modifiedprogram, an internal training component has been added and itssuccessful completion is a prerequisite for starting the externaltraining. The details of the internal training program, conductedby the Faculty of Engineering, are provided and its impact on thepreparedness of trainee students for their external training atengineering sites is discussed. Feedback received from thetrainee students is analyzed and some recommendations forfurther improving the overall training program are presented.



ANALYSIS OF A NORMALIZED LMS ADAPTIVE FILTERWITH A SINGULAR INPUT COVARIANCE MATRIX

Eweda EwedaFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

9-th International Symposium on Signal Processing and ItsApplications, Sharjah, UAE, 12-15 February 2007

The paper analyzes the signal behavior of an adaptive filterwhose adaptation is governed by the normalized least meansquare (NLMS) algorithm when the covariance matrix of thefilter input is singular. The signal behavior is evaluated in termsof the mean square of the excess output error of the filter. Theanalysis is done in the context of adaptive identification of atime-invariant plant. The plant input and plant noise areassumed stationary and mutually independent. Under theseassumptions, it is found that the long-term average of the meansquare excess error of the NLMS algorithm is proportional to thealgorithm step size. This implies that in spite of the singularity ofthe input covariance matrix, the steady state signal behavior ofthe algorithm can be made arbitrarily fine by using a sufficientlysmall step size. The analytical results of the paper are supportedby simulations.



MODIFIED EE PROGRAM AT AUSTN:FROM CONCEPT TO IMPLEMENTATION

Mustahsan Mir and Fahar G. HayatiFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

Proceedings of the Second International Conference onEngineering Education & Training, Kuwait, April 9-11, 2007

This paper describes the rationale for carrying out a thoroughevaluation and subsequent replacement of an earlier 5-yearElectrical Engineering (EE) program at Ajman University ofScience and Technology Network (AUSTN) with a new 4-yearprogram that has been accredited by the Ministry of HigherEducation and Scientific Research in the UAE. It discusses theissues concerning the curriculum development, enhancement ofpractical skills, improving the problem-solving skills, anddeveloping the design and implementation skills of EE studentsby different means. It also places strong emphasis on developingtheir generic attributes. The development and implementation ofthe new 4-year EE program are explained and it is shown that ithas all the essential features needed to produce electricalengineers that can face the challenges of the 21st century.



MODELING MEMS WITH MATLAB'S SIMULINK

A. MajidFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

ICMSAO-07, March 24-27,The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE

With Matlab’s Simulink, it’s possible to simulate dynamicalmodels of linear and time invariant systems (LTI) implementedin MEMS applications, whereby a prime-mover such as a DCmotor being the electromechanical system driving an inertialload in a closed loop feedback configuration with supplementaryblocks such as compensating blocks, filters, integrators andgeometrically coordinated converters such as those used forrobotic systems. The electromechanical prime mover in MEMS isbasically a DC motor with series field to avoid having anothersupply for the field. DC series motor is used extensively intraction applications where steady state speed is determined bythe friction and gradient forces. The dynamical model of the loadis expressed as an inertial system with friction and assumingdifferent line-of-shaft orientation both for the input and output.For precise speed control of servo system, a closed loop controlsystem is advised to get advantages of improved accuracy, fastdynamic responses and reduced effects of load disturbances andsystem nonlinearities.



THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESIN GCC COUNTRIES

A. MajidFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

The 9th Annual Electric Power Conference,1-3 May 2007, Illinois, USA

Due to the present high oil prices, prices fluctuations and theirfuture upward trend, some investments can be directed to theutilization of solar and other renewable energy systems, such aspassive and active thermal solar systems, hydrogen cells andcyclic hydro systems. It is believed that the infrastructure ofthese systems is particularly feasible through the current largeconstructions and investments in real estate industry throughoutGCC countries. It is also feasible in rural and arid areas such asfarms and small villages due to the relatively low power demandand load characteristics. Due to the rapid expansion ofresidential load demands, a policy targeting these areas can beimplemented in integrating solar systems with the utility grid, inwhich up to 30% of load demand utilized by these dwellings canbe supplied by solar systems. Examples of distribution schemesin which small and medium areas are supplied by PV-utilityconnected feeders are outlined. This can lead to thedisintegration, liberalization and privatization of energy systems.The electric energy and power disintegration in such small areaswould save resources, reduce interactions and increasereliability. This paper focuses on suggested new regulationsneeded to control the utilization of renewable energy systems innewer real estates and rural areas in order to make benefit ofrecent high oil prices. It also focuses on the sizes and types ofrenewable energy systems that can be implemented in the Gulfregion.



A NEW BLIND IMAGE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE USINGDUAL MERGED WATERMARKS IN LOW-FREQUENCY BAND

DCT COEFFICIENTS

Ayman Tawfik, Ahmed N. Al-Gindy, Hussain Al Ahmad,and Rami A. Qahwaji

Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

International Conference on Communication, Computer andPower ICCCB’07, Muskat, Oman, pp. 455-458,Feb. 2007

This paper deals with a new blind technique for robust imagewatermarking in the DCT domain. The technique is based onembedding watermark information in sixteen low-frequencyband coefficients of the DCT sub-blocks. Dual watermarks havebeen merged and embedded multi-times in the host image. TheEmbedding process is based on changing the selected DCT-coefficients of the host image to odd or even values dependingon the binary watermark’s bit value. The proposed blindwatermarking embedding has shown to be strongly robustagainst several attacks.



STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REFRACTIVITY IN UAE

Kifah Al-Ansari, Abdulhadi Abu Al-Mal and Rami A. KamelFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

International Symposium on Rainfall Rate and Radio WavePropagation (ISRR ’07), Sona College of Technology, Salem,

India 29-30 January 2007 Published through the American Institute of Physics, USA, AIP

Conference Proceedings No. 923, Pages 232-247

This paper presents the initial results of the refractivity statisticsin the UAE (United Arab Emirates) for a period of 14 years(1990-2003). Six sites have been considered usingmeteorological surface data (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Al-Ain,Ras Al-Kaimah and Al-Fujairah). Upper air (radiosonde) datawere available at one site only, Abu Dhabi airport, which hasbeen considered for the refractivity gradient statistics. Monthlyand yearly averages are obtained for the two parameters,refractivity and refractivity gradient. Cumulative distributions arealso provided.

Note: This work was sent also as a contribution for theinternational telecommunication union, ITU, United Nations, andhas been discussed in the study group 3 meeting (16-25 April,2007) in Geneva where the contribution was sponsored by theEmirates Government. The work was considered as a significantcontribution and the results were uploaded to the Data Bank ofthe ITU.



A COMPARISON STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR POSITIONCONTROL USING VARIABLE STRUCTURE VERSUS PID

CONTROLLER WITH PRESCRIBED TRANSIENT RESPONSE

Hasan A. Haj Daoud ZidanFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

MMAR07, Poland, 27-29 August, 2007

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of variable structurecontroller with prescribed transient response to control theposition of the induction motor drives. Based on the functionaugmented sliding hyper plane, we can guarantee the positiontracking error converges within a reasonable specified timeinterval. Superior performance of variable structure controller isexhibited over a fixed gain PID-controller. Robustness of variablestructure controller against parameter variations and externaldisturbances is confirmed. Finally, the control algorithm hasbeen validated by both simulation and experimental testing.



BEARING MOVEMENT AFTER OXFORDUNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY:

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

J. O’Connor and A. ImranFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Biomedical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

Orthopedics: May 2007 Supplement.[the article is available for free download at the site:

www.orthosupersite.com]

Movements of the meniscal bearing on the tibial plateau afterOxford knee arthroplasty (Biomet Orthopedics, Inc, Warsaw,Ind) reflect tibiofemoral movement. They have been shown to beload dependent. This article describes the use of a mathematicalmodel of the knee in the sagittal plane to show that movementdifferences under load are caused by differences in ligamentstrains induced by different combinations of external loads andmuscle forces. During passive flexion, roll-back of the femur onthe tibia is required to minimize the forces transmitted by theligaments.Backward movement of the meniscal bearing on the tibialplateau during passive flexion and forward movement duringpassive extension are seen before wound closure during Oxfordknee arthroplasty (Biomet Orthopedics, Inc, Warsaw, Ind).Bearing movements of 12.7 mm in the medial compartment and15 mm in the lateral compartment have been measured duringpassive flexion to 90° in vitro after bicompartmentalarthroplasty. Bearing movements measured in vivo after medialand lateral unicompartmental arthroplasty by comparing staticradiographs taken in extension and at 90° flexion revealedsignificantly smaller values. The differences between in vitro andin vivo measurements were attributed to the presence of passivemuscle forces.Recently, fluoroscopic methods were used to track bearingmovement continuously over the range of motion (ROM) duringpassive and active extension/flexion and during a steep step-upexercise (Price et al, unpublished data, 2003). Active extension



exhibited significantly less forward-bearing movement on thetibial plateau than did passive extension, whereas step-upexhibited backward-bearing movement. In this article, theinvestigators use a mathematical model of the replaced knee inthe sagittal plane to show that activity-dependent differences inbearing movements arise because different activities requiredifferent patterns of external loads and muscle forces leading todifferent patterns of ligament strain. The development of themodel is built on earlier work by Zavatsky and O’Connor, Gilland O’Connor, and Lu and O’Connor.



BEARING MOVEMENT AFTER OXFORDUNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE, MENISCAL-BEARING KNEE

A. Imran, and J. O’ConnorFaculty of Engineering, Dept. of Biomedical EngineeringAjman University of Science and Technology Network

Innovating Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Sponsored asan educational service by Biomet Orthopedics, Inc; Nov. 2006;

Blenheim Palace, Oxford Shire, UK

Introduction: The paper by Baré has demonstrated that themovements of the meniscal bearing on the tibial plateau aftermedial Oxford UKR are load-dependent. A mathematical modelof the replaced knee in the sagittal plane shows that thesedifferences arise from differences in the loading and stretching ofthe ligaments.Method. Models of ligament architecture and their attachmentareas on the bones were based on anatomical studies ofFriederich et al (Orthopäde, 1992, 21, 125-34) andMommersteeg et al (J Anat,1995, 187(Pt 2), 461-71). Thepositions of the articular surfaces of the model prosthesis on thefemur and tibia were chosen on the basis of anatomical studiesof Feikes (DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999). The positionof the centre of the femoral component above the tibial plateauwas determined by its radius and the chosen thickness of themeniscal bearing. The antero-posterior position was determinedby trial and error: if the chosen position was too far posterior,the model ACL and MCL were excessively loaded; if the chosenposition was too far anterior, the PCL and LCL were excessivelyloaded. For passive motion, it was assumed that all ligamentswere just unloaded and unstretched. For active flexion/extensionof the leg under gravity with the femur horizontal, componentsof ligament forces had to be in equilibrium with those of thepatellar tendon and leg weight forces.Results The model bearing remained stationary on the tibialplateau during passive flexion to 15º and then moved steadilybackwards 7.5mm during flexion from 15º to 90º. Duringquadriceps-resisted active flexion under gravity, the bearing was



2mm posterior to its unloaded position at extension and movedbackwards only 1.5mm during flexion to 66º. From 66º to 90º,active and passive bearing movements were very similar.Conclusion. Differences between active and passive movementsarise from differences in stretching of the ligaments.



THE FUTURE OF OUR PAST

Bouzid BoudiafFaculty of Engineering,

Dept. of Architectural Engineering and Interior DesignAjman University of Science and Technology Network

The 2nd International Conference and Exhibition on ArchitecturalConservation: Opportunities and Challenges;

11-13 February 2007, Dubai, U.A.E.

The last decade of the XX century was marked by a deepeconomical and political changes provoking some irreversibletransformations in the socio cultural organization and thephysical structure. These changes can be explained by thefailure of the economical models on which were worked out thedifferent policies of development and principles of growth andmanagement.The economical models of Ford and Keynes were replaced by thenew economical order, which is characterized by a neweconomical logic based on the accumulation of the capital. Thisnew order led implicitly to the process of restructuring economythrough the emphasis of the specialization and the flexibility.Implicitly this new order led Algeria to readjust the political andeconomical environments in the hope to be in adequacy with theproject of globalization. This readjustment is based on therationality, and is materialized through the management of thehuman resources and the territorial planning at different scalesand levels.In 1997, the Algerian population reached 30 millions, a figurewhich is expected to rise by another 5 millions by the year 2010.More than 50% of the population is living in cities (Algiers alonerepresents almost 20% of the urban population), whichrepresents more than 100% increase in city dwellers in a periodof less than 20 years.(Bearing in mind that 25% of the dwellingshave been built between 1999 and 2005 and for the other 75%,2/3 of them necessitate whether a rehabilitation or somemaintenances). The impact of this rapid urban development isthat large areas of almost all the Algerian cities, situated in the



North of the country, look the same. As a result, the city oftoday differs from its past in several respects : size and scale,street layout, land use patterns, architectural style and type ofhousing. Traditional urban form and building which would haveprovided information about regional and national identity havebeen largely replaced by forms characterizing the internationaland universal buildings and spaces. These changes have alteredthe city’s form and have given rise to questions about the impactof these changes on the image of the city in terms of size andcultural values. So the concept of urban space becomes adeterminant of the ability of planners, architects, engineers andadministrators to provide an environment which is adequatelystructured to avoid chaos and to maintain an acceptable qualityof life.



RECENT ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND URBANGROWTH IN U.A.E.

Bouzid Boudiaf, and Mohammed ArrarFaculty of Engineering,


Symposium on Architecture and Urban Growth in UAEAUSTN, 19/03/2007, Ajman, U.A.E.

Changes that have taken place in the U.A.E. since the 1970’shave been drastic. The sudden increase of the urban populationhas resulted in a fracturing of tradition. The social, economic andspatial metamorphoses of the towns in the Emirates have beenemphasized by and under the pressure of the process ofmodernization and urbanization whose dimensions could bedescribed as phenomenal. Development of contemporaryinstitutions coupled with the increase of the motorization lead tothe transformation of towns into cities.These changes have inevitably a great impact on the values andparticularly on the aesthetics. The introduction of the grid streetpattern has changed the visual image and quality of the urbanareas. A basically organic and pedestrian oriented urban patternchanged into a strictly geometric and vehicle oriented one. Inparallel with the socio – economic changes in the Emiratessociety, new technologies have been developed or importedmainly in the form of new construction techniques, buildingmaterials and the methods of construction management. Newstructural and environmental control possibilities have beenincreased with the introduction of reinforced concrete, steel andair conditioning.In this paper, we will identify the characteristics of theenvironment that might allow us to make a link betweenNational Identity and Built form?



THE REGIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISMARCHITECTURES: FROM THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE

PROJECT TO THE PROJECT OF ARCHITECTURE

Bouzid Boudiaf, and S. MakkyFaculty of Engineering,


Regional Architecture and Identity in the Age of Globalization;13-15 November 2007; CSAAR (Centre for the Study of

Architecture in the Arab Region) and the National School ofArchitecture and Urbanism, Tunis, Tunisia

The development of an architectural project requires a specificknowledge and involves many questions. What is the nature ofthe project? How does the nature of the project involveknowledge of certain kinds? What are the sources of thisknowledge (local, regional or international, abstract or real)?This Conference gives us an opportunity to discuss these issuesthrough the case of the department of architectural engineeringat Ajman University of Science and Technology, not only interms of a structure for the formation of architects but toidentify the department from the doctrinal point of view.These questions will be treated by looking at, on the one handthe structure of the department, and on the other hand byanalysing the different projects developed in the Studio ofarchitecture (Fourth year and Graduation Projects).Hence of the fact that the structure of the environment has adirect impact on the behaviour of the users, one notice that themajority of operations planned distinguishes themselves by theirdemarcations and differences with regard to the immediateenvironment. The same remark is observed in projectsdeveloped in the department of architecture, in the sense thatmost of the projects are referred to the projects and buildingspublished in the different magazines of architecture.The question of regional style or international style inArchitecture will be discussed trough the development of the



project of architecture as a pedagogical exercise. This questionwill lead us to see the relation between design knowledge andother sources of knowledge.This paper is an analysis of these different questions, and it isfrom them that we will explore, on the one hand, the stylisticpreferences in the development of the projects of architecture atthe department, and on the other hand the role of self-criticism,the immediate environment and the history of the architecture inthe process and development of the architectural project.



THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN THE PALESTINIAN VILLAGE

Jihad AwadFaculty of Engineering,


AUST Network Journal, Vol. 3, No. 11, 2006, pp 225-261

In Palestine, two major types of traditional village houses haveprevailed. The first one is characterized by its vaulted roof andhence called “The Vaulted House”. The second type has a flatroof that consists of timber and layers of clay, and supported bytransverse arches (Qanater) and is called “The Qanater House”.Although the first type has prevailed mainly in the centralmountainous regions of Palestine, today’s West Bank, it hasbeen considered in some studies as the sole type that representsthe traditional house in Palestinian villages, ignoring the secondtype, the Qanater house.This study proofs that the “Qanater house” is equally importantand was even more dominant in many areas. Moreover, it isolder than the “Vaulted house” and has represented the originalvillage house in Palestine up to the beginnings of the 20th

century.The purpose of this study is to highlight the two major types,with emphasis on the “Qanater house”, and make a comparisonbetween them.



STANDARD PROGRAMMING DESIGN OF LECTURE HALLFOR DEVELOPING THE ART EDUCATION

Naglaa Sami AbdelazizFaculty of Engineering,


The Fourth Conference of Fine-Arts Faculty, Cairo 1-3 April 2006

Educations, especially "Fine-Arts", are considered as theenhancing base of the universal taste within any society.No need to mention that the direct education is depended onseveral factors, from which we can highlight on; the professor,the student, and the interior educational environment.It was my main characteristic for scoping the importance of theinterior design of the lecture hall within the Fine-Arts faculty, orinstitutions, or colleges. The importance of these interiors is thefocus and is the importance of the educational process, withinthis developed world, this multi-media environment, thisglobalization and opening over all the civilization to prepare aconscious and updated generation.One of the most important tools in the interior and architecturedesign education is the lectures hall side by side with thestudios.Many fundamental features and facilities have to be involved andachieved within these lectures hall interiors, to improve theeducational operations.As first step to producing a competent interior at the level of thepurpose, it's to defining the main problems to be solved. Primaryproblem will be the exterior sound pollution, followed by theinterior acoustical elements to be respected. Third will be, ofcourse, the addition of the high need of new multi-media systemin the precise location within the interior. Those factors can onlybe solved within the aesthetical interior environment- furnishingand decoration- for any interior lectures hall.The standard programming design is the guideline for solvingthese previous points in purpose to designing any lecture hall



interior, at the international level of design and interiorintegrating all the environmental interior elements.



Faculty of Pharmacyand Health Sciences



ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSOMAL ATPASEENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF

DOPAMINERGIC D2 RECEPTORS

Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab, Moawia M. Al-Tabakha,Bassem Sadek, and Samir Bloukh

Faculty of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAjman University of Science and Technology Network

10th Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences (CSPS)Annual Meeting, 18th Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

(PBA) Annual Meeting, 64th Association of Faculties of Pharmacyof Canada (AFPC) Annual Meeting

number: CSPS_157May 30 – June 2 2007

Purpose, Previous research has shown that mitocondrial ATPasemay have a role in the action Dopaminergic D2 receptors. It istherefore, thought of interest to investigate the effect ofbromocriptine, sulpride or their combination on the mitocondrialand microsomal ouabain sensitive and ouabain insensitive Na+

/K+-ATPase in the liver of rats. Methods In Vivo treatment wascarried out to study the effects of bromocriptine mesylate10mg/kg, sulpride 10 mg/kg; or bromocriptine mesylate10mg/kg + sulpride 10 mg/kg, compared to a control group, inorder to measure liver Na +، K +- ATPase activity. The drugs wereinjected intraperitoneally daily for 14 days. Mitocondrial andmicrosomal fractions were obtained by the methods of Schwartz.Results, pretreatment of rats with both bromocriptine andsulpride given simultaneously had resulted in complete abolitionof both stimulation caused by bromocriptine and inhibition thatresulted from sulpride on mitochondrial as well as microsomalATPase activities. In conclusion, it is quite possible that bothmitochondrial and microsomal ATPase enzyme activities mayplay a role in the mechanism of action of dopaminergic agonistand antagonist drugs and it may also play an importantphysiological as well as pathological role in the function ofdopaminergic receptors.



FUNCTIONAL LINKAGE BETWEEN RENAL GLUTAMINE ANDRENAL HOMOCYSTEINE IN CHOLESTEROL FED RATS

Abdulrahim Abu JayyabFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network

9th IATDMCT Congress,Louisville, Kentucky, USA, April 23-28 2007

The effects of the long - term cholesterol intake on free aminoacids in the kidneys of rats were investigated, using anautomatic LKB Amino Acid Analyzer [Biochrom Ltd., Cambridge,England]. Administration of cholesterol at 100mg/kg/day for 20weeks significantly elevates the free levels of aspartate from1759 ± 197 to 2022 ± 66 (*P<0.05), therionine from 880 ± 026 to 1082 ± 093, serine from 1279 ± 033 to 1621 ± 154(**P<0.01), glutamic acid from 1340 ± 073 to 2128 ± 172(****P<0.001), glycine from 1894 ± 137 to 3175 ± 314(****P<0.001), alanine from 2548 ± 245 to 3851 ± 268(***P<0.005), valine from 1064 ± 033 to 1447 ± 41 μmol /100(*P<0.05), cystine from 103 ± 006 to 168 ± 001(****P<0.001), methionine from 371 ± 011 to 455 ± 033(*P<0.001), isoleucine from 683 ± 021 to 871± 110(*P<0.05),leucine from 1359 ± 048 to 2033 ± 061 (***P<0.005), lysinefrom 1182 ± 055 to 1514 ± 25 (*P<0.05), histidine from 318 ±014 to 388 ± 032 (*P<0.05) and arginine from 471 ± 057 to592 ± 065 μmol /100 wet tissue (*P<0.05) in the kidneys.Under the same condition cholesterol administration at 100mg/kg/day for 20 weeks significantly decreased homocystinefrom 100 ± 007 to 57 ± 018μmol /100 wet tissues (*P<0.05) inthe kidneys Meanwhile, glutamine was not detected in thekidneys of the cholesterol fed rat. These alterations in thecontent of the amino acids in the kidney tissues were associatedwith a significant elevation in the plasma gamma glytamyltransferees [γGT] activity.In conclusion, this data provides the first evidence that thecholesterol intake influences content of the renal glutaminewhich is a necessary feature of the normal physiological



homeostasis in response to alterations in the concentrations ofrenal homocysteine, other sulfur containing amino acids andremaining amino acids. Thus, under pathological conditions; itseems likely that there is an imbalance between cholesterolintake and renal glutamine and homocysteine utilization,production and metabolism, those causes an increase in thecirculating levels of homocysteine leading to pathologicalprocesses associated with an increased risk of cardiovasculardiseases, including atherosclerosis and thrombosis.



ANTAGONISM BETWEEN TAURINE AND BROMOCRIPTINEIN RAT UTERUS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO



Sharjah University Journal,PAS Journal (2007), Vol 4 No 1, 63-76

(http://www.sharjah.ac.ae/news/journal/index.htm)

Purpose, Our previous work has shown that high plasma taurinelevels was found in hyperprolactinaemic patients; these levelsreturned to normal after bromocriptine (dopaminergic agonist,D2) treatment for three months. Furthermore we reported thatbromocriptine decreased the myometrial PGI2 release in rats;whereas taurine increased the content of the myometrial PGI2concomitant with the content of the mymetrum TXA2 in the ratsas indicated in their metabolites. It was suggested that theactivity of Na+-K+-ATPase could modulate the production of PGsin several tissues. Bromocriptine is shown to stimulate Na+/K+-ATPase in the liver of rats, meanwhile taurine inhibits spermplasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase. It is therefore, thought ofinterest to investigate the effect of bromocriptine, taurine ortheir combination on the isolated rabbit jejunum and on the ratuterus in vitro and their effect on the activety of Na+-K+-ATPasein the uterus was also examined in vivo. Methods, the effect ofbromocriptine on the isolated tissues and after pretreatment ofthe tissue with sulpiride, haloperidol, cyproheptadine or taurinewere studied in vitro. Rabbit jejunum and rat uterus (in estrus)were obtained by the usual methods and suspended at 37°C inoxygenated Tyrode's and DeJahlon's solutions respectively.Isotonic contractions were measured using Bioscience IsotonicTransducers. In Vivo treatment was also carried out to study theeffects of bromocriptine mesylate 10mg/kg, taurine 200 mg/kg;or bromocriptine mesylate 10mg/kg + taurine 200 mg/kg,compared to a control group, in order to measure uterine Na+,K+-ATPase activity. The drugs were injected intraperitoneally



daily for 14 days. Results, Bromocriptine 0.1-0.26 mMstimulated the isolated rabbit jejunum and the ratuterus. Sulpiride and haloperidol failed to antagonize the inducedcontractions. The latter were abolished by pretreating the tissueswith cyproheptadine or taurine. Na+, K+-ATPase activity ATPasefrom rats uterus, pretreated with bromocriptine, showedsignificantly (P<0.01) higher activity compared to controls.Taurine, on the other hand, caused a significant inhibition of theuterus Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Pretreatment with both taurineand bromocriptine abolished completely the effects of eitherbromocriptine or taurine alone on the uterus Na+/K+-ATPaseactivity.In conclusion, Activation of serotonergic receptors may underliethe appearance of some side effects such as hallucinationsobserved in Parkinson's disease patients ingesting large doses ofbromocriptine. Furthermore, on a wider basis, these resultsshowed that bromocriptine and taurine were acting by clearlyantagonistic mechanisms in the uterus in vivo and in vitro. Theability of taurine to inhibit uterine Na+,K+-ATPase activity,together with the role of taurine its role as an endogenousregulator of PGs, and with the suggestion of the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase modulates the production of PGs in several tissues,point to the functional correlations between taurine, PGs andK+-ATPase activity in the uterus. Thus, the result of the presentstudy gives strong evidence for physiological andpharmacological roles of taurine in protection and implantationof embryo in different clinical fields. Therefore, on the base ofthese results of the present study, Bromocriptine could be usedas postcoital contraceptive where taurine could be clinically usedfor protection and implantation the embryo especially in vitrofertilization.



CHANGES IN SERUM VITAMIN D3 METABOLITIES LEVELSAND IN THE 45CA TRANSPORT IN VITRO IN AN INVERTED

INTESTINE (INTESTINE CALCIUM ABSORPTION ANDRESORPTION FROM BONE) IN ALLOXAN DIABETES RATS

Hassan N. Al-Qieshawi, Samir Bloukh, Moawia M. Al-Tabakha, Abdulrahim Abu Jayyab


10th Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences (CSPS)Annual Meeting, 18th Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

(PBA) Annual Meeting, 64th Association of Faculties of Pharmacyof Canada (AFPC) Annual Meeting

number: CSPS_234May 30 – June 2 2007

Purpose: Osteoporosis, as well as clinical osteomalacia andrickets are well complications of diabtes mellitus. Numerousmetabolic disorders as indicated by laboratory abnormalities ofmineral levels, radiographic evidence of osteopenia, anddecreased bone mineral density can affect bone formation orresorption. The exact pathogenesis of these disorders has notbeen fully established but altered vitamin D3 metabolismappears to be the major importance. Thus this study has beenundertaken to investigate the effect of alloxan on serum levels ofthe most abundant vitamin D3 metabolitie 25- dihydroxy vitaminD3 and the most active metabolitie 25- dihydroxy vitamin D3 andon calcium metabolism. These parameters were done for thepurpose of correlating the changes in vitamin D3 metabolitieslevels if any with revelant serum electrolytes such as calciumand phosphate and with such an enzyme as alkalinephosphatase. Serum glucose and urea levels were measured tofollow the effect of alloxan if any on carbohydrates and proteinmetabolism.Methods: Two groups of male Wistar strain rats were injectedintraperitoneally with alloxane either as single 100 mg/kg or asdaily doses of 100 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Control groupsreceiving the vehicle only were also included. Serum 25-(OH) D3



and 1α, 25-(OH)2 D3 were isolated, purified and determined bycompetitive binding assays (RIA). Sera were analyzed as well forcalcium, inorganic phosphate, urea and glucose levels and foralkaline phosphatase activity. In addition the duodena fromtreated rats were isolated and used for determination of 45Catransport in vitro in an inverted intestine over certain timeperiod (intestine calcium absorption and resorption from bone).Results: Alloxan whether in acute or chronic treatment induceincrease in the serum urea levels. A highly significant increase inthe serum glucose levels. On the other hand a single dose ofalloxane induced a slight increase in serum inorganic phosphateassociated with highly significant increase in serum alkalinephosphatase activity. One week administration of alloxanexerted a significant increase in serum inorganic phosphate leveland significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity.The serum levels of 25-(OH) D3 were significantly increased inthe two groups of alloxane treated, concometant with significantdecrease in the serum 1α, 25-(OH)2 D3 level.. At the same timealloxane did induce some increase in duodenum 45Ca transport invitro.Conclusion: These results indicated that alloxan does interferewith the coversion of vitamin D3 to its active metabolities. Thehypocalcemia could be due to decrease 1α, 25-(OH)2 D3 level,icreased intestinal calcium transport and reduced bone turnover.The significant decrease of Alkaline phosphatase activity seen inour results may be due to decrease release of bone alkalinephosphatase from osteoblast which either diminished in numberor reduced in the cellular activity. Thus, it is recommended tosupply diabetic patients with ample amounts of calcium andvitamin D3.



INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIETARY GLYCINE AND FREEASPARTATE, BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS ANDTYROSINE CONTENTS IN THE BRAIN IN THE RATS



Experimental Biology, ASBMB American Society For Biochemistryand Molecular Bilogy and the XXXV International Congress ofPhysiology, Annual Meeting, in San Diego, California (2006)

Current scientific research has indicated that glycine is the majorinhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord,where it participates in a variety of motor and sensory functions.Glycine is also present in the forebrain, where it has recentlybeen shown to function as a co-agonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. It wasinteresting to study the effect of long term intake of glycine onfree amino acid in brain contents in rats, using an automatic LKBAmino Acid Analyzer [Biochrom Ltd., Cambridge, England].Feeding glycine 100 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks significantlyelevates the contents of valine from 71 ± 02 to 103 ± 06 μmol/100 g wet tissues (*P< 0.05), methionine from 46 ± 06 to 64±08 μmol /100 g wet tissues (*P< 0.05), isoleucine from 48 ± 05to 75 ± 08 μmol /100 g wet tissues (*P< 0.05), leucine from123 ± 05 to 170 ± 15 μmol /100 g wet tissues (*P< 0.05) andtyrosine from 41 ± 03 to 53 ± 04 μmol /100 g wet tissues (*P<0.05)in the brain tissues.These results are associated with a significant reduction inaspartate from 1182 ± 23 to 880 ± 20 μmol /100 g wet tissues(*P< 0.05).The glycine content in the brain showed no any significantchanges.It is suggested that, there are interaction mechanisms betweenglycine and some amino acids namely aspartate, branched chainamino acids and tyrosine which play physiological function in thebrain. Also, these results might explain the concept that



aspartate & glycine form an excitatory/inhibitory pair whichplays an important role in the brain.In conclusion, it should be an emphasis on the important role ofthese amino acids which might play as mediators in themechanism of actions of a variety of neuropsychopharmacologicagents. It is likely that the wealth of new information on glycineand these amino acids will result in an even betterunderstanding of their potential role(s) in variousneuropsychiatric disorders and in the discovery of even more ofeffective therapeutic agents.



KADIS®-BASED DIABETES MANAGEMENTIN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Eckhard Salzsieder1, Petra Augstein1, Lutz Vogt1, Ernst-Joachim Freyse1, Klaus-Dieter Kohnert1, Abdul Azeem A Ali2, Zakia Metwali2, Omer Attef2, Waffa Amour2, Iman

Salman2, Abd Al Muaty Younis3, Magda Zaki4, and NasserJabbar3

1 Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch" Karlsburg,Karlsburg - Germany;

2 Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network, UAE

3 Sheikh Khalifa Hospital, UAE; 4 Ajman Medical District, UAE

Emirates Medical Journal (2007); 25(2): UAE,August 2007, pp 221-229

KADIS® (Karlsburger Diabetes Management System) is asuccessfully tested software program that can be used in aninteractive manner as a Disease Management Program (DMP) tooptimize a person’s daily diabetes treatment regimen. It is basedon individual insulin/glucose sensitivity characterization byapplying data from a continuous glucose monitoring system. Asingle center, prospective, open-label study was performed in 18insulin-dependent diabetic patients.Twelve of 18 subjects completed the pilot study. The primaryoutcomes were: HbA1c reduction by 1.2 % (p<0.05) and meanblood glucose reduction by 1.9 mmol/l (p<0.05). The secondaryoutcomes revealed a significant reduction of hypo- andhyperglycaemic episodes from 48% to 24% per day (50%reduction, p<0.05). Reduction of insulin requirements was onlysignificant in type 2 diabetes (-11.0 IU, p<0.05), whereas intype 1 a non significant slight increase in insulin requirements by0.4 IU was observed. The overall reductions in insulinrequirements by 1.4 IU per day, and of caloric intake by 1.2 BUper day were not significant.The reduction of HbA1c by 1.2% suggests the following: (i)study subjects benefited from the study; (ii) the KADIS®



recommendations were reliable, and useful for physicians andacceptable to patients, and (iii) the DCC®-model for diabetescare was applicable in the Arabian environment. The pilot studyprovides proof of concept for the DCC® model for the UAE. TheDCC®-model was applicable and has a high potential tocontribute substantially to improvement of diabetes care in theUAE.



TELEMEDICINE-BASED KADIS® COMBINED WITH CGMS™HAS HIGH POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVING OUTPATIENT

DIABETES CARE

Eckhard Salzsieder1, Petra Augstein1, Lutz Vogt1, Klaus-Dieter Kohnert1, Peter Heinke1, Ernst-Joachim Freyse1,

Abdel Azim Ahmed2, Zakia Metwali2, Iman Salman2,and Omer Attef2

1 Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch" Karlsburg,Karlsburg - Germany;

2 Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network, UAE

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, USA,Volume 1, Issue 4, July 2007

(© Diabetes Technology Society), pp: 511-521

The Karlsburg Diabetes Management System (KADIS®) wasdeveloped over almost two decades by modeling physiologicalglucose–insulin interactions. When combined with thetelemedicine-based communication system TeleDIAB® and acontinuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS™), KADIS has thepotential to provide effective, evidence-based support to doctorsin their daily efforts to optimize glycemic control.Methods: To demonstrate the feasibility of improving diabetescontrol with the KADIS system, an experimental version of atelemedicine-based diabetes care network was established, andan international, multicenter, pilot study of 44 insulin-treatedpatients with type 1 and 2 diabetes was performed. Patientswere recruited from five outpatient settings where they weretreated by general practitioners or diabetologists. Each patientunderwent CGMS monitoring under daily life conditions by amobile monitoring team of the Karlsburg diabetes center atbaseline and 3 months following participation in the KADISadvisory system and telemedicine-based diabetes care network.The current metabolic status of each patient was estimated inthe form of an individualized “metabolic fingerprint.” Thefingerprint characterized glycemic status by KADIS-supportedvisualization of relationships between the monitored glucose



profile and causal endogenous and exogenous factors andenabled evidence-based identification of “weak points” inglycemic control. Using KADIS-based simulations, physicianrecommendations were generated in the form of patient-centered decision support that enabled elimination of weakpoints. The analytical outcome was provided in a KADIS reportthat could be accessed at any time through TeleDIAB. Theoutcome of KADIS-based support was evaluated by comparingglycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and 24-hour glucoseprofiles before and after the intervention.Results: Application of KADIS-based decision support reducedHbA1c by 0.62% within 3 months. The reduction was stronglyrelated to the level of baseline HbA1c, diabetes type, andoutpatient treatment setting. The greatest benefit was obtainedin the group with baseline HbA1c levels >9% (1.22% reduction),and the smallest benefit was obtained in the group with baselineHbA1c levels of 6–7% (0.13% reduction). KADIS was morebeneficial for patients with type 1 diabetes (0.79% vs 0.48%reduction) and patients treated by general practitioners (1.02%vs 0.26% reduction). Changes in HbA1c levels were paralleledby changes in mean daily 24-hour glucose profiles andfluctuations in daily glucose.Conclusion: Application of KADIS in combination with CGMS andthe telemedicine-based communication system TeleDIABsuccessfully improved outpatient diabetes care andmanagement.



SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DIPYRIDAMOLEAND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICAL

PREPARATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BYSYNCHRONOUS AND FIRST DERIVATIVE SYNCHRONOUS

FLUORIMETRY

Yasser EI-ShabrawyFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences


DUPHAT, The 8th Dubai International Pharmaceuticals andTechnologies Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, March 2007

Synchronous fluorimetry using zero and first derivative methodsare described for the simultaneous determination ofdipyridamole (DPR) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inpharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. Thesemethods are based on a native fluorescence of DPR and ASA.Concentration range of 5 to 90 ng ml-1 for dipyridamole and 5to 100 ngml-1 for acetylsalicylic acid are determined bymeasuring the fluorescence at 336 nm and 368 for DPR and ASArespectively using phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and its firstderivatives. The relative standard deviations obtained by zeroand first derivatives are ±0.58 and ±0.76 for dipyridamole and±O.79 and ±0.88 acetylsalicylic acid respectively. Correlationcoefficient is about 0.9999 for both. The detection limits weredetermined as (S/N = 3) are 0.05 ngml-1 for diplyridamole andacetylasilicylic acid. The proposed procedure is successivelyapplied for the simultaneous determination of both drugs inpharmaceutical preparations and in biological fluids.



CHILDREN DIABETES

Rania Alkhani and Yasser EI-ShabrawyFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences



Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by anelevation of fasting blood glucose caused by a relative orabsolute deficiency in insulin. Diabetes is classified into twotypes; type I, the patients are Insulin-Dependent DiabetesMellitus (IDDM) and Type II, the patients are non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).Actually it is difficult to distinguish between both types ofdiabetes in children because criteria for differentiating betweenthem are confusing; that is, children with type I can beoverweight; children with type II can develop ketoacidosis



HUMAN CHIMERA … AM THE TWIN OF MY OWN!!

Eman Elzain Abbas Omara and Elhadi N. MahmoudFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences



A chimera is a person who exhibits two sets of DNA withinhis/her body. Chimeras are formed when twin embryos mergetogether to become one embryo which is completely opposite ofidentical twins who are formed when a single embryo split intotwo. This occurrence takes place in the very early stages of theembryo development. Such genetic variation plays a major partin variation of the drug treatment as it may alter the drugmetabolism in an unexpected way. It also results in manycomplication regards to donating of organs.Around 30 cases of chimerism have reported worldwide andthere probably many more who will never discover their unusualorigins. Most Chimeras go through life unaware of their unusualconstitution.



DISEASE OF THE CENTURY REVEALS IN CHILDREN

Yara Malek, Noha Ahmed and Abduelmula R. AbduelakremFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences



Winner of DUPHAT Second Merit Prize Trophy

In the oil exporting Arab countries, the economic growth anddevelopment have been dramatic. Such development hasbrought benefits and has set the scene for transformation oflifestyles, eating habits, and traditional societal and familystructure in the region. Although obesity is not considered as adisease, yet it is accompanied by worse complications, anddespite the fact that it is spreading vigorously, people do tend toignore it. What is alarming is that obesity did not only invade theadults, but it has also reached our innocent children, resultingwith the manifestation of diseases that were uncommonamongst kids. Against this background we decided to undertakea study to investigate the problem among our school childrenbetween the ages of 6 to 15 year old. The research is basedupon developing questionnaires and distributing them onstudents in Ajman primary and secondary schools.Primary school health education might hold the key to raisingawareness amongst children and their families and teachers onthe prevention of obesity and other associated diseases.



CHILDREN CONSUMPTION OF FIZZY DRINKSAND JUNK FOOD IN UAE IS ALARMING

Mariam M. Bader, Reem O. Obeisi, Samar M. Munirand Abduelmula R. Abduelkarem



Winner of DUPHAT Second Merit Prize Trophy

Many UAE children survive on a diet of junk food. Parents fromtheir side try to send their children to school with wholesomefood, but junk food is the norm and they feel like they areswimming against the tide. Against this background and the factthat such topic has never been approached in the UAE, a studywas undertaken with aim to raise awareness among the childrento the risks of fizzy drinks and junk food. A questionnaire wasprepared and distributed to schoolchildren in five Emirates. Theeffect of fizzy drinks on some widely used sweet was alsocompared with the effect of water. Almost 184 (35%) of theinterviewed school children were reported that they prefer softdrink but not water. Despite the fact that that more than 475(90%) of children under investigation reported that they wouldlike to advise their friends to stop consumption of soft drinks orat least to reduce it, almost one quarter of the studied samplereported that they consider soft drink as an important part oftheir daily life. The project will discuss the findings and willexplore the fact that simply facilitating the availability of bottledwater and encouraging the removal of fizzy drinks and junk foodmight help in a drastic shift away from fizzy drinks consumptionin schools.



PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISKFACTOR AMONG THE ADULT VISITORS OF GLOBAL

VILLAGE, DUBAI SHOPPING FESTIVAL 2006

Sahar Alia, Noha Allam, Hedaia Alnajjarand Abduelmula R. Abduelkarem



Winner of DUPHAT Third Prize Trophy

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors hasbeen increasing in UAE. More than 25% of the total death in theUAE was attributed to CVD in 2003. This figure is expected tosurpass 30% in 2010 making it one of the biggest scourges inthe UAE human history. At least ten risk factors can helppredicting the likelihood of CVD. The more risk factors a personhas, the greater the likelihood of developing heart disease.Against this background it was decided to undertake a studywith aim to examine the prevalence of selected risk factorsassociated with the development of CVD in a sample of the adultvisitors of global village, Dubai Shopping Festival 2006.Clustering of CVD risk factors is common in UAE. Prevention,detection, and treatment of CVD risk factor should be animportant component of a national strategy to reduce theincreasing burden of CVD in UAE. The poster will look at themost important cardiovascular risk factors in the studied sampleand discuss the findings in the light of present practice.



PATIENTS VIEWS AND OPINIONS ON GENERICPRESCRIBING AND SUBSTITUTION PERFORMED

BY PHARMACISTS

Mais A Yacoub, Sarah A. Al-Aksharand Abduelmula R. Abduelkarem



Winner of DUPHAT Merit Prize

Since the genesis of earth, people around the world sufferedfrom diseases, and they would look for the cure whether it'sspiritual, physical, or pharmaceutical medicines. As lifeprogressed medicine was extracted from plant and animalresources and used for healing those who were ill. Newmedicines were invented and developed according to people'sneeds. As the technological evolution started manypharmaceutical companies appeared and competed with eachother in the discovery and development of new drugs for thecurrent diseases of our time. That was the prime stone in themaking of the generic drugs. Then companies started competingin the production of the generic less expensive drugs.In this research a total of 95 patients and customers wereapproached and invited to take part in the study during thestudy period of 2 months (January and February, 2007). Theaverage age of the sample polled was 28+10 years and almost55% of the patients interviewed were males. In the questionregarding the acceptance of new generic medication, abouteleven (12%) patients reported that they would choose to takethe drug without arguing. However, about 52 (55%) wouldchoose to take it after making sure that the two drugs are thesame, 31 (33%) would refuse to take the new drug and wouldeither insist on the old one or would leave and look for their drugin other pharmacies. Interestingly, sixteen (17%) of patientssurveyed thought it's unreasonable to reject generic medicationwhile 6 (7%) felt that they don't trust the pharmacist, and 71



(75%) felt more comfortable towards using the old drug. Sadly,almost 65(68%) of the patients surveyed reported that theywould take more medication than doctors prescribe because theyfeel that generic drugs are less effective! Also, 42(44%) of thepatients surveyed approved that they would stop taking theirmedication if they're not happy with the results. Other moreinteresting results were found in the survey on patients' viewsand opinions.



Faculty of InformationTechnology



NEW TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEMAPPROXIMATION ALGORITHM

H. F. Kendela, M. Ayman Al-Ahmar, and E.-S. M. El HorbatyFaculty of Information Technology


International Review on Computers and SoftwareVol. 2, No. 4, Pages 325-330, July 2007

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) has been studied bymany researchers and a great variety of heuristics andimplementations with varying solution quality/running timetradeoffs have been proposed. In this paper, we introduce aheuristic algorithm that uses nearest neighbour heuristic first tofind an initial tour and then uses a local search component toimprove the quality of the solution. The implementation of ouralgorithm is given. The local search consists of utilizing acombination of brute force and 2-Optimal techniques on smallparts of the tour. The results of our implementation arecompared with corresponding results using nearest insertionheuristic on the same instances. The effectiveness of ouralgorithm derives from the improved tour quality achieved withreasonable running times.



THE SEGMENTATION OF OFF-LINE ARABIC CHARACTERS,CATEGORIZATION AND REVIEW

Amer Al-Nassiri1, Shubair A. Abdulla2

and Rosalina Abdul Salam3

1 Faculty of Information Technology, AUST Network2 Faculty of Education and Basic Sciences, AUST Network

3 School of Computer Sciences University SaMalaysia,Pulau Pinang – Malaysia

IRECOS, Vol. 2, No. 5, September 2007

A successful Arabic character recognition system improvesinteractivity between the human and the computers in manyapplications such as: digital archiving of ancient Arabicmanuscripts, check verification, and documents analyzing. Inspite of this fact, Arabic character recognition has not receivedenough research. The goal of automating character recognitioncan not be achieved without solving the segmentation problem.The cursive nature, rotation, strokes variety, and characterslanting of Arabic word make the process of character isolation avery difficult one. According to the morphological features, theArabic characters are connected to one another within one wordby junction lines. The researchers realized this fact and startedpublishing methods to solve the problems of the segmentation.These methods are classified in many ways. This papercategorizes the segmentation methods into two approaches:Junction-Seeking Approach (JSA) and Recognize-SegmentApproach (RSA) and provides a comprehensive review forsegmentation methods in the last 20 years. The contribution alsoinvolves analyzing of the preprocessing stage and the techniquesthat are commonly used in the Arabic character recognitionsystem.



A NEW ARABIC (AHD/AMSH) HANDWRITTEN DATABASE

Amer Al-Nassiri1, and Shubair A. Abdulla2

1 Faculty of Information Technology, AUST Network2 Faculty of Education and Basic Sciences, AUST Network

Proceedings of ACIT2007, Tishreen University,Syria, November 26-28, 2007

This paper introduces new database for Arabic handwrittenwords. The Arabic handwritten database (AHD/AMSH) representsa utility to facilitate the experiments of the character recognitionalgorithms. It contains three types of images: word, isolatedcharacter, and digit images. The AHD/AMSH can be used forbaseline detection, characters segmentation, normalization,thinning, training and testing purposes. The stages ofconstruction of the AHD/AMSH database were planned carefullyto ensure its excellence. 150 words, 35 courtesy amount and 20digits were used to fill the form which has been filled by 82writers in 5 different age groups. The results were 12300 words,29028 sub-words, 56170 characters, 2870 courtesy amounts,820 Indian digits, and 820 Arabic digits. After dividing thedatabase into two categories, training and testing, it has beentested manually and systematically.



Faculty of Dentistry



INCIDENCE OF THIRD ROOT IN MANDIBULAR PERMANENTFIRST MOLAR: AN ENDODONTIC CHALLENGE

Ali M Rashid1 and Abdul-Haq A Suliman2

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry,College of Dentistry, Mosul University

2 Restorative Dept. Faculty of Dentistry,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network.

Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2006; 6(2): 194-198.

Aim: To investigate the incidence and the morphology of thirdroot for the mandibular permanent first molars from indigenousIraqi population and their significance in the successful ofendodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A clinical,radiographical prospective evaluation of first mandibularpermanent molar teeth (n = 788) and laboratory analysis of 695extracted first mandibular permanent molars collected fromUniversity Mosul, College of Dentistry, Department ofConservative Dentistry and private dental clinic were collectedand examined. All the clinical cases treated as third root present,unless otherwise both 90º, 20° mesial radiographical shift andtrapezoidal access opening excluded the presence of thismacrostructure. The third root was classified in three groups onthe basis of the curve of the root/root canal according to Ribeiroand Consolaro (1997). Chi–square was used to determine thesignificance between both genders, whereas descriptive statisticswas used to describe the result of observations. Results: Uponclinical and laboratory observation of total 1483 first mandibularpermanent molars, 121 (8.1%) exhibited radix entomolaris (RE),17 (14%) were classified as type I (straight root/root canal), 33(27.2%) as type II (an initially curved entrance and thecontinuation as a straight root/root canals) and 71(58.6%) astype III (an initial curve in the coronal third of the root canal anda second buccally orientated curve starting from the middle toapical third). Statistical analysis with Chi–square indicated nosignificant differences between both genders regarding theoccurrence of RE. In all cases, RE occurred bilaterally. Out of 71teeth attended for clinic, 87.3% teeth required retreatment,



while the apparent reason of extraction for 86% of 50 collectedextracted teeth with RE seemed failure of endodontic treatmentand the cleaning and obturation confined to the mesial and distalcanals only. In all cases, the orifice of the RE was locateddistolingual from the main canal in the distal root. Conclusion:Clinicians should be aware of this unusual root morphology inmandibular first molars. Radiographs exposed at two differenthorizontal angles are needed to identify this additional root. Theaccess cavity must be modified in a distolingual direction inorder to visualize and treat the RE; this results in a trapezoidalaccess cavity.



DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL DENTIN CARIES AFTERCONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL AND CHE-MOMECHANICAL

CARIES REMOVAL WITH CARI-SOLV™

Abdul-Haq A Suliman1 and Omar S Rahawi21 Restorative Dept. faculty of Dentistry,

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network.2 Department of Conservative Dentistry,College of Dentistry, University of Mosul

Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2006; 6 (Sp Iss): 101S-106S

Aim: To examine the efficacy of chemo–mechanical dentinremoval method in vitro. Material and Methods: Forty eightextracted permanent teeth with occlusal caries. The dentincaries of each tooth was removed either with chemo–mechanicalmethod using Carisolv™ or mechanically using round bur.Cutting and caries removal monitored by checking the hardnessof dentin with a dental explorer and stopped when teeth in eachgroup showed either a leather hard texture or a sharp scratchingsound was heard. The caries activity of the remaining dentin wasassessed by using an acid red as a caries indicator. The meansurface areas of the pink zone (caries active, pH <5.5) andyellow zone (caries inactive, pH >5.5), of each caries lesion wascalculated using AutoCAD computer software. Result: Revealedthat for teeth treated with Carisolv™ the surface area ofremaining carious dentin was significantly more when itcompared with teeth that treated mechanically in each group,using unpaired t–test regardless of the clinical criterion for cariesremoval. Conclusion: Carisolv™ is effective in caries removalwhen used as chemomechanical caries removal thanconventional mechanical method and the mean surface areas ofremaining affected carious dentin was more in chemomechanicalthan conventional mechanical meaning that more tooth structureis preserved using chemomechanical method.



THE EFFECT OF AMALGAM ALLOY TYPES, SURFACETREATMENTS, AND BONDING AGENTS ON THE SHEAR

BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN AMALGAMAND RESIN COMPOSITE

Raghad A. Rasheed1 and Abdul-Haq A Suliman2

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry,College of Dentistry, University of Mosul2 Restorative Dept. Faculty of Dentistry,

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network.

Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2006; 6 (Sp Iss): 38S-47S

Aims: To evaluate the effect of amalgam alloy types, surfacetreatments, bonding agents, on the shear bond strengthbetween set amalgam and resin composite restorative materials.Materials and Methods: Three hundred and thirty eight holes(6mm in diameter and 2mm depth) prepared in a 2x2.5 cm coldcure acrylic resin blocks in which amalgam was condensed. The338 samples were divided into two groups, the control groupwhich consisted of 26 intact amalgam samples, and the repairgroup consisted of 312 repair amalgam samples. Each group(intact, and repair) was subdivided into two groups according tothe type of amalgam alloy. Half of the samples were filled withspherical amalgam alloy and the other were filled with admixedamalgam alloy. The repair samples then divided in to fourgroups according to the surface treatment, in turn each sub-group divided into three groups according to the bonding agent.The samples were thermocycled, before shear bond strengthwas tested. The mode of failure was observed for eachspecimen. Results and Conclusion: The statistical analysisshowed that the repair strength was 50% of the intact strength,and the admixed amalgam samples showed higher shear bondstrength than spherical amalgam samples. The group roughenedwith diamond bur showed higher repair bond strength than thegroups received other surface treatment. The use of dentinbonding agent (All–Bond 2 and Alloybond) would increase therepair bond strength between the amalgam and the composite



restorative materials. And the mode of failure was mostly anadhesive type.



TEMPERATURE RISE BENEATH A LIGHT–CUREDMATERIALS USING TWO TYPES OF CURING MACHINES

Sabah A Ismail1 and Abdul-Haq A Suliman2

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry,College of Dentistry, University of Mosul2 Restorative Dept. Faculty of Dentistry,

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network.

Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2006; 6(1): 20-25

Aim: To measure the temperature rise induced by a lightemitting diode (LED) curing unit and by quartz tungsten halogen(QTH) curing unit using two types of composite resin XRVHerculite and Venus. Materials and Methods: Forty extractednon–carious single canal premolars were cleaned and bisectedlongitudinally. Class V preparations were cut on the buccalsurfaces. The teeth were divided into four groups; each of ten.The teeth in the first and second groups were restored with XR–Herculite composite resin. The teeth in the third and fourthgroups were restored with Venus composite resin. Thecomposite resin in the first and third groups were polymerizedusing QTH curing unit “Astralis” for 40 seconds; the lightintensity was 502 mW/cm2. The distance between the tip of thelight and the composite was 3 ± 1 mm. The composite resin inthe second and fourth groups was polymerized using LEDs“Ultra–Lite 200 E plus” curing unit for 20 seconds; the lightintensity was 536 mW/cm2 using the same distance as the firstand third groups. The temperature rise at the pulpal wall wasrecorded by placing a thermocouple on the pulpal wall directlyunder the restoration. Results: The lowest temperature riseduring LED irradiation with Venus composite resin followed byLED irradiation with XRV Herculite composite resin. WhereasQTH curing units with XRV Herculite composite resin producedhigher values, QTH curing units with Venus composite resinproduced the highest temperature rise. Conclusion: Thetemperature rise of LED curing units and QTH curing units usedin this study was under the limits that affect the integrity of thedental pulp.



THE BACTERICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF CHLORHEXIDINE AS AN ENDODONTIC IRRIGANT

Abdul-Haq A Suliman1, Ghada Y. Abdul- Rahman2

and Wiam M. Al–Ashou3

1 Restorative Dept. Faculty of Dentistry,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network.

2 Department of basic Sciences College of Dentistry,University of Mosul

3 Department of Conservative Dentistry College of Dentistry,University of Mosul

Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2006; 6(Sp Iss): 71S-78S.

Aims: to determine the bactericidal efficiency of 0.75%Chlorhexidine in vitro. The time required for this irrigant to startits antimicrobial effect on the selected microorganisms isolatedfrom the infected root canals and unidentified samples takenfrom root canals with necrotic pulps were evaluated. Materialsand Methods: The substantive antimicrobial effect of 0.75%Chlorhexidine in vitro is also considered. Samples taken from 13teeth with necrotic pulp from patients attended the Departmentof Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry at MosulUniversity. The turbidity method was applied to determine theantimicrobial effect of 0.75% Chlorhexidine and the combinationof 0.5% Chlorhexidine and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite comparingwith the antimicrobial effect of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, thetime required for these materials to start their antimicrobialeffect on the selected microorganisms was determined usingcontact test. The antimicrobial effectiveness were evaluated atdifferent time intervals, immediately, 5, 10, 15 minutes after thecontact of the microorganisms with the irrigating solutions.Results: Both 0.75% Chlorhexidine and 2.5% sodium hypo-chlorite are effective on microorganisms collected from rootcanal. There is no significant difference between Chlorhexidineand sodium hypochlorite in their antimicrobial effect on theanaerobic microorganisms, but Chlorhexidine is more effectiveon the aerobic microorganisms. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine0.75% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite has an immediate effect



on the selected microorganisms and unidentified samples fromthe teeth with necrotic pulps. The combination of Chlorhexidine0.5% and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite has an effect started after5 minutes.



TOBACCO ASSOCIATED LESIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

Dhafira Hassan MajedFaculty of Dentistry,


The Second Annual Medical Conference of the International IraqiMedical Association, 12th -14th April 2007, Sharjah-UAE

The excessive use of tobacco has been associated with variouslesions of the oral cavity. The different ways in which tobacco isused lead to considerable variation in appearance, site andfrequency of these lesions. The local oral effects of tobacco havereceived relatively little attention and are not widelyacknowledged among the general public outside the potential forcancer. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize currentconcepts of such local oral effects, especially the nonmalignantchanges, and to discuss effects of commonly used smokinghabits in the UAE. The crucial role of dentists in detection andearly management of these lesions is highlighted.



SCREENING FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS USINGGINGIVAL CREVICULAR BLOOD

Yousef Khader, Bashar Al-Zu’bi, Ahmad Judehand Mohammed Rayyan

Faculty of Dentistry,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network

International Journal of Dental Hygiene 4, 2006; 179-182

This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of thegingival crevicular blood for estimating the glucose level duringroutine periodontal examination using Xitux® Diagnostics Smart-X self-monitoring blood glucose device among Jordanian patientsattending dental teaching clinics.A total of 34 type 2 diabetic patients (18 males and 16 females)and 26 non-diabetic patients (14 males and 12 females)participated in this study. Glucose level was measured in asample of gingival crevicular blood and in another sampleobtained by finger puncture using a self-monitoring device.Glucose measurements from gingival crevicular blood samples,ranged from 57 to 250 mg dl-1 with a mean of 125.4 ± 60.7 mgdl-1 (±SD) and glucose measurements obtained by fingerpuncture, ranged from 62 to 263 mg dl-1 with a mean of 131.9 ±61.1 mg dl-1. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was performed toassess the correlation between the glucose measurements inthese two samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed analmost perfect positive correlation between the gingival readingsand finger-puncture readings (r = 0.997, P < 0.0001).In conclusion, gingival crevicular blood can provide anacceptable source for measuring blood glucose level. However,the technique to obtain an acceptable blood sample fromgingival crevices is not always feasible which would limit itsapplication as a clinical practice.Additional studies that refine this technique and use largersample size are recommended.



CARIES EXPERIENCE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN UAE:REVIEW AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Raghad Hashim1, Murray Thomson2, Manal Awad3,and Kathren Ayers2

1Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates,

2 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,3University of Sharjah, College of Dentistry,

United Arab Emirates

The Dental News Journal 2007; 16(1): 20-26

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review theprevalence of caries in preschool children in UAE over the past15 years, to discuss possible local risk factors and to highlightthe different aspects related to the planning, implementationand evaluation for interventions at the national and communitylevels. Method: Epidemiology studies performed between 1991-2006, using the WHO criteria for dental caries among preschoolchildren were retrieved and reviewed.Result: The caries experience of preschool children was high.The mean dmft of (4.9-8.6) were reported, the d componentcomprised (72-94%). A secular change of caries experience inthe two decades was not apparent. The amount of untreatedcaries lesions was high.Conclusion: This review finding indicates the importance ofmonitoring the dental health of UAE children and has implicationfor preparation, planning, implementation and evaluation offuture preventive programs in which the UAE government andprivate industry might participate.



DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND USE OF DENTALSERVICES AMONG PRESCHOOLERS IN AJMAN, UAE

Raghad Hashim1, Murray Thomson2, Kathren Ayers2,James Lewsey2, and Manal Awad3

1Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates,2University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,

3University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences,United Arab Emirates

The International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry2006; 16: 257-262.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence and associations of dentalcaries in the primary dentition of young children in Ajman, UAE.Methods: Random sampling was used to select children aged 5or 6 years old who were enrolled in public or private schools.Clinical examinations for caries were conducted by a singleexaminer using WHO criteria. Parents completed questionnairesseeking information on socioeconomic background, oral hygieneand dietary practices, fluoride use, and dental service utilization.Logistic regression modelling was used to identify risk markersand risk indicators for caries prevalence.Results: The total number of children sampled was 1297, ofwhom dental examination and questionnaire data were obtainedfor 1036 (79.9%), of whom 50.0% were female. The prevalenceof dental caries in 5- and 6-year-old children was 72.5% and79.7% respectively (P<0.01), with respective mean dmfs scoresof 9.2 (sd, 12.6) and 11.4 (sd, 13.3) respectively (P<0.01).Multivariate analysis indicated that age, sex, income, nationality,mother's education, dietary habits; oral hygiene and dentalutilization were significantly associated with caries experience.Conclusion: Dental caries prevalence and severity in youngchildren in Ajman are relatively high, and socioeconomic factors,dietary habits, oral hygiene, and dental utilization are importantdeterminants of that dental caries experience. There is an urgentneed for oral health programs targeted at the treatment andunderlying causes of dental caries of those children.



QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES TO INVESTIGATE MOTHER'SORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE IN AJMAN

Raghad Hashim1, Murray Thomson 2, Manal Awad3, and Kathren Ayers 2

1Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates,2University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,

3University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, United ArabEmirates

This research was nominated for Giddon Award in the 85th

International Association of Dental Research –IADR- conferenceheld in New Orleans –United State of America, June 2007

Objectives: This qualitative study was designed to obtain moreinformation related to feeding practice and fluoride use bymothers of preschool children (aged 2-5 years) in the emirate ofAjman, and the ability of these mothers to accept/rejectpreventive advice and action, in order to explain the previouslyrecorded high caries prevalence in preschool children todetermine a strategy to control dental caries in this population.Methods: Six groups, each comprising 6-10 mothers from urbanand rural areas from different nationalities of Ajman emiratewere selected. Questions were formulated using informationobtained from a previous questionnaire survey using a funnelapproach. All sessions were audio recorded and information wasanalyzed using the cut and paste technique.Results: In total, 42 mothers participated in the focus groupsand the result showed that some mothers had slightlyunfavorable attitudes towards the diet (high consumption ofcarioganic food) of their young children, while the use offluoride, other than in toothpaste was rare. However, favorableopinions by these mothers were also reported, as many were infavor of community water fluoridation and encouraged the idea adental preventive program.Conclusion: The mother's attitude was positive towardprevention, but their knowledge of dental caries and the effect ofcariogenic food on the teeth were confused.



ORAL HEALTH, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, DIETARYHABITS OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN AJMAN,

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.

Raghad Hashim1, Murray Thomson 2, Manal Awad3,and Sheila Williams2,


2University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,3University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences,

United Arab Emirates

The FDI Annual World Dental Congress – Dubai –United Arab Emirate, October, 2007

Objective: To investigate the association between oral health, interms of dental caries, and socioeconomic factors, and dietarypractices in 5-6-year-old children in Ajman, UAEMethods: A one-stage cluster sample was used to randomlyselect children aged 5 or 6 years old who were enrolled in publicor private schools in Ajman, UAE. Clinical examinations for carieswere conducted by a single examiner using WHO criteria.Parents completed questionnaires seeking information on childand family characteristics, dietary habits, and oral hygiene.Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify riskmarkers and risk indicators for caries experience.Results: The total number of children sampled was 1297. Dentalexamination and questionnaire data were obtained for 1036(79.9%), of whom 50.0% were female. The prevalence of ECC in5- and 6-year-old children was 72.9% (95% CI, 61.8, 83.9) and80.0% (95% CI, 76.0, 84.4) respectively, with mean dmftscores of 4.0 (sd, 4.1) and 4.9 (sd, 4.3) respectively (P<0.05).Multivariate analysis indicated that frequency of snackingbetween meals per day, snack consumption level and thefrequency of brushing had a significant effect on the severity ofECC, while only the snack consumption level and the frequencyof brushing had a significant effect on plaque score. There was astrong association between plaque score and the severity ofECC.



Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of ECC in youngchildren in Ajman is high, with child and family characteristics,dietary habits, and oral hygiene practices being importantdeterminants. Young children in Ajman would benefit fromhealth promotion strategies directed towards appropriate dietarypractices and oral hygiene measures framed within culturallyspecific guidelines.



ORAL HEALTH OF ARAB CHILDREN

Manal A Awad1, Raghad Hashim2 and Emad El Subeihi11University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, United Arab

Emirates2Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science and

Technology Network, United Arab Emirates,

The FDI Annual World Dental Congress – Dubai –United Arab Emirate, October, 2007

Introduction: A review of the literature was performed tosummarize the dental caries and periodontal diseasesexperiences of Arab children in Middle Eastern countries.Materials & Methods: A Medline search using the keywords“dental caries”, “periodontal diseases”, “Arab” and “children”revealed many hits from which English –language articles werereviewed.Results: In Saudi Arabia, one study showed that the mean dmfsscores among 5-6 years old children was as high as 21.5 (s.d:3.2). In Jordan, 31% of 4-5 years old children had a dmft scoregreater than 4, and 66% of these children had gingivitis.Furthermore, a recent survey in the UAE showed that, 5-6 yearsold local children had significantly higher levels of decayedsurfaces compared to other Arab children [ds=9.9 (s.d: 12.5)and ds: 7.6 (sd: 10.9), p<0.01,respectively].Conclusion: Therapeutic and preventive oral health measuresare imperative to reduce the prevalence of dental caries andperiodontal diseases among children in Arab populations.



THE ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF DENTAL STUDENTSIN AJMAN UNIVERSITY

Shaima Al-Mashhadani and Raghad HashimFaculty of Dentistry

Ajman University of science and Technology Network

The 84th International Association of Dental Research Conference–IADR- Brisbane –Australia, June, 2006

Objectives: Several researchers have investigated the attitudeand behavior of dental students regarding their oral healthhabits, and the influence of the scientific information dispendedduring dental study on their own oral hygiene, oral health habitsand oral health status. The aim of this study was to determinethe oral health habits, oral hygiene and dental caries levelamong the final year dental students in Ajman University, UnitedArab Emirates.Method: The 101 students, mean age 25 sd (7.1) took part inthis study, whoever took part in this study responded to anannouncement for students who wish to participate in an oralhealth survey. Participants were asked to completequestionnaire regarding their oral health habits. In addition, theyreceived oral examinations using the WHO criteria.Results: The dental examination revealed that overall the meanDMFS was 8.5 (sd 6.8) while mean plaque score was 0.3 and (sd0.5). The univariate analysis showed that (67.3%) consumesugar containing food once daily, (54.4%) brush their teethtwice a day, (70.3%) used other method for cleaning their teethapart from tooth brush, (88.2%) visited the dentist during thelast year. In addition the Bivariate analysis revealed that therewere significant association between DMFS score and studentsNationality, frequency of eating/day, frequency of brushing,using other methods of tooth cleaning and making dental visits.Conclusion: Dental students are highly motivated towardmaintaining their oral health. However their oral health did notreach a satisfactory level. This half victory shows that it isnecessary to put more emphasis on the teaching of prevention in



our faculty and especially on finding the best way to transmit themessage of oral health promotion.



ORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OFELEMENTARY SCHOOLTEACHERS IN UAE

Nuha Hawas and Raghad HashimFaculty of Dentistry


The 84th International Association of Dental Research ConferenceIADR- Brisbane –Australia, June, 2006

Objectives: To assess the oral health related knowledge,attitudes, and behaviour of schoolteachers in the U.A.E.Method: This study was conducted in the U.A.E., the fiveNorthern Emirates were included in this study. A questionnairewas designed to elicit information on teacher's age, year ofteaching experience, and ethnicity. In addition, information wasalso collected on the different areas of oral health related issues.Two stage simple random sampling scheme was used. Both male& female teachers were included.Results: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by2376 teachers for a response rate of 91%. A significantproportion of the teachers knew about the causal factors indental caries, however relatively few were aware of the usefuleffect of sugar free gum (24%) and pit & fissure sealants (11%).Most of the teachers were aware of the importance of toothbrushing (62%). School teachers wanted to be involved in oralhealth education.Conclusion: Although teachers had positive attitudes towardsparticipating in oral health education for school children, therewere some knowledge gaps and some inconsistent opinionsabout efficacy and relative effectiveness of caries preventionmethods which might benefit the population they teach. Trainingof teachers should aim at improving their level of knowledge onoral health. This will facilitate their role as health educators.



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTISTSIN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Kalid Al-Ali and Raghad HashimFaculty of Dentistry


The FDI Annual World Dental Congress – Dubai –United Arab Emirates, October, 2007

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate theprevalence of occupationally related health problems and theirassociations to work practice, personnel characteristics, physical,social factors and general health status.Method: A cross-sectional study by using one-stage complexsampling technique using a self reported questionnairedistributed to all 844 dentists, working in the three largest cities(Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah) in United Arab Emirates (UAE).Results: Seven hundred and thirty three 733(86.9%) dentistsaged 22-70 years responded. The most common occupationalhealth problems were musculoskeletal pain 498(67.9%) andpercutaneous injury 307(41.9%). Around one fifth 135(18.4%)of dentists had a history of contact dermatoses, and around onesixth 118(16.1%) had systemic problems, and 99(13.5%) aresmokers. Only 285(38.9%) of dentists reported exercising on aregular basis.Conclusion: The present study showed high risk ofmusculoskeletal symptoms and percutaneous injuries amongdentists. Also, a tendency towards increased occurrence of skinsymptoms was noted among dentists. As exposure to potentialinfectious agents is of concern; continuing education in theavoidance of percutaneous injuries would be beneficial. Furtherstudies are needed to identify causes of musculoskeletal painand to identify the appropriate interventions to reduce itsprevalence, as would similar measures to reduce exposure toagents which may produce contact dermatoses. The awarenessof occupational health problems should be highlighted at allclinical and research symposia.



DENTAL DISEASES IN SUBJECTSWITH -THALASSEMIA MAJOR

Mohamed A JaberFaculty of Dentistry


Proceedings of the Libyan Dental Conference, Libya, 2007

BACKGROUND: Several studies have described the impact thatdental caries and periodontitis may have on the dentitions ofindividuals with thalassemia, but there are no reports about thethalassemia patients in UAE.AIMS & OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describeoro-facial manifestation of thalassemia patients and to analyzethe prevalence and severity of dental caries, periodontalproblems, the frequencies and types of dental and facialdevelopmental anomalies and to compare that with normalcontrol subjects.Material AND METHODS: Sixty children with thalassemiaattending Thalassemia Center of Al-Wasel Hospital Dubai wereselected for the study. In the evaluation, the children werecompared with normal control group selected from childrenattending Faculty of dentistry Ajman University dental clinic andmatched for age and sex. Clinical assessment include extraoraland intraoral examination, including hard and soft tissue,measurement of DMF and dmf while periodontal evaluationincluded the recording of plaque index (P1), gingival index (GI),probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). usingSilness and Löe plaque index (Pl.I), Löe and Silness gingivalindex (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD).RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, children withthalassemia had fewer teeth erupted. Dental caries wassignificantly higher in thalassemia patients group (P < 0.0001)compared to the healthy controls. Periodental problems weremore frequent in the thalassemia than the non-thalassemiasample (67.4 per cent cf 34.7 per cent), with more of thethalassemia children showing poor oral hygiene (59.2 per cent cf8.2 per cent), and developmental dental defects. Patients with



Thalassemia showed a higher frequency of malalignments inboth the deciduous and permanent dentitions compared with thechildren in control groups. The frequency of malalignments washigher in the permanent than in the deciduous dentition. In thedeciduous dentition, the frequency of malalignments was similarin the maxilla and mandible, and in both boys and girls. In thedeciduous dentition, the thalassemia group presented a higherfrequency of malalignment in the upper central incisor, lateralincisor, and canine regions compared with the normal children.Conclusion: Individuals with thalassemia have an increasedprevalence of dental caries compared with otherwise normal,age-matched control groups. Thalassemia is not associated withincreased levels of gingivitis or periodontitis



INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES AND OCCUPATIONALHAZARDS AMONG THE DENTAL STAFF

Mohammed Mustahsen ur Rehmanand Quratulain Khalid Dar

Faculty of DentistryAjman University of science and Technology Network

Journal of Pakistan Dental Association,Vol 16(02) April-June 2007, pp 65-70

Objectives: Dental health care workers (DHCW's) are exposed toa variety of microorganisms and occupational hazards duringdental procedure.The aim of this study was to explore awareness and attitudesregarding infection control procedures and occupational hazardsin dental settings of private and government organizations in theUnited Arab Emirates.Material and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire wasdistributed to 120 DHCW's of which 100 responded. All wereaware of infection control procedures and occupational hazards.Result: Only 67% were vaccinated against HBV. Specialcontainers for sharp disposal was used by 95% of the studypopulation where as 94% ensured instrument sterility beforeusing them, 42% used rubber dam during endodontic and 12%during restorative procedures. Dental water supply/suctionsystems within the past 6 months were inspected by 76%,contact with amalgam in 45%, & 55% didn’t store scrapamalgam. 7 % suffered sharp injury with in the past month, and15 % within the past 6 months, 74% suffered from backache,37% held x-ray intra-orally for their patients while 26% usedlead aprons. Fifth- nine percent had attended seminars orworkshops on infection control & occupational hazards and 81%periodically evaluated & updated infection control measures forthemselves & their staffs.Conclusion: The use of standard precautions, employee trainingand arrangement of workshops or seminars on proper infectioncontrol are emphasized in dental practice settings of governmentand private organizations.



FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT’S SATISFACTION WITHTHE CARE PROVIDED BY DENTAL STUDENTS

Mohammed Mustahsen ur RehmanFaculty of Dentistry


Journal of Pakistan Dental Association,Vol 16(02) April-June 2007, pp 147-152

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the level of patientsatisfaction regarding cleanliness in the clinic, student-doctorachievement, appointments, comfort of the staff, studentcourtesy and dental health care provided by the student –dentists.Material and Methods: Patient files were drawn from records thathad been registered for comprehensive dental treatment duringthe year 2004 - 2005. Two hundred fifty files of adult patientswere included in the study in which the patient satisfactionquestionnaire was filled up by the patient upon completion of thetreatment. The main questionnaire used to determine the levelof satisfaction was composed of two sections.Results: An average 45.06 % (39.6 - 52.4%) rated the cliniccleanliness, student- doctor achievement, dental care quality,comfort, staff-student courtesy and appointment as excellent,52.73% (47.2 - 55.6%) rated it as good, 1.93% (0.4 - 4.4%) asfair and only 0.19 % (0.0 - 0.4%) of patients rated it as poor.An average 97.6% (90 - 99.6%) of patients were satisfiedwhereas 2.3 % (0.4 - 10%) were dissatisfied with student –doctor achievements and dental health care provided.Conclusion: Majority of patients were satisfied with dental careprovided by the student-dentists. Clinic cleanliness, patientcomfort, staff-student courtesy, latest sophisticated equipment,highly qualified teaching staff, free dental treatment andconvenient appointments may play an important role in patientsatisfaction.



EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR DIFFERENT LIGHT-ACTIVATEDCOMPOSITES CURE WITH DIFFERENT LIGHT ENERGY

DENSITIES

Ali A. Al- Shekhli, Haitham J. Al-Azzawiand Isra’a A. Al- Aubi

Faculty of DentistryAjman University of science and Technology Network

Al Mustansiriya Dental Journal, Iraq, Vol 3(3), 2006, pp 224-229

Background: This study investigated the influence of light energydensity (intensity x time) on the effectiveness of composite curein view of the curing profiles of light-polymerization units withdifferent light- activated composites to determine the energydensity that satisfies adequate polymerization of all light-activated composites types used in this study.Materials and methods: This study investigated the hardness ofthe top/bottom surfaces and hardness ratio of 2-mm thickcomposite specimens after exposure to different light energydensities. Parameters included five light intensities (200, 300,400, 500 and 600 mW/cm2) and seven curing times (20, 40, 60,90, 120, 150 and 180 seconds) for each of the four differentlight-activated composite materials (Tetric Ceram, Heliomolar,Herculite XRV and Degufill Mineral).Results: Statistical analysis of the data by using the one-wayanalysis of variance revealed that, most of the hardness ratiosexhibited a very highly significant difference according tointensity, composite type and curing time. The results indicatedthat, Heliomolar and Degufill Mineral light-activated compositesrequired approximately (36 J/cm²) energy density for adequatepolymerization for a 2-mm thick specimen while, Herculite XRVand Tertric Ceram light-activated composites requiredapproximately (12 J/cm²) energy density for adequatepolymerization for a 2-mm thick specimen.Conclusion: This study indicated that, final curing should not bedone with energy density less than (300 mW/cm2 for 120seconds, 400 mW/cm2 for 90 seconds and 600 mW/cm2 for 60



seconds) for Heliomolar and Degufill Mineral light-activatedcomposites.



FACEMASK VERSUS FACEMASK WITH RPE THERAPY: SOFTTISSUE ANALYSIS

Ekmen, O1, Kilicoglu, H1, Qasrawi, O2, and Gorgun, O1

1 Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department ofOrthodontics. Istanbul-Turkey

2Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates

82nd Congress of the European Orthodentic Society,July 4-8, 2006 – Vienna-Austria

AIM: To evaluate and compare soft tissue changes gained byfacemask therapy with and without RPE.MATERIAL AND METHOD: 36 CI III subjects (16 male, 20female) were evaluated and separated in 3 groups. ; I. Group(n=12, mean age 11.01+ 1.38) was treated with facemask andRPE, II. Group (n=12, mean age 10, 04 + 1.22) was treatedwith only facemask as described by Delaire, and III. Group(n=12, mean age 9.86+ 1.24) was used as control group andconsisted of untreated individuals with similar malocclusion.Study was carried out on 72 lateral cephalograms taken pre andpost face mask application for treatment groups, pre and postobservation for control group. Kruksal Wallis test was used forstatistical analysisRESULTS

• When compared with control goup,H angle showed asignificant increase in treatment groups (p<0.05).But thereis no significant difference between these groups.

• In both treatment groups,while B-VP and Pg-VP movedbackward,soft tissue Si and PgS followed these points.

• While lower jaw rotated backward Ii-VP distance decreasedand lower incisor retruded backward relatively

• In both treatment groups upper lip came forward (Ls-SteinerS line ; p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In both treatment groups concave profile becamemore balanced and both upper and lower lip showed goodimprovement.



FACEMASK VERSUS FACEMASK WITH RPE THERAPY :SKELETAL AND DENTOALVEOLER COMPARISON

Gorgun, O1, Kilicoglu, H1, Qasrawi, O2, and Ekmen, O1

1 Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department ofOrthodontic, Istanbul l-Turkey


82nd Congress of the European Orthodentic Society,July 4-8, 2006 – Vienna-Austria

AIM: To compare skeletal and dentoalveolar changes afterfacemask therapy with and without RPE.MATERIAL AND METHOD: Lateral cephalograms of 36 patients(16 male, 20 female) with Cl III malocclusion were evaluated.Data was divided into 3 groups; I. Group (n=12, mean age11.01+ 1.38) was treated with facemask and RPE, II. Group(n=12, mean age 10, 04 + 1.22) was treated with onlyfacemask as described by Delaire, and III. Group (n=12, meanage 9.86+ 1.24) was used as control group and consisted ofuntreated individuals with similar malocclusion.Study was carried out on 72 lateral cephalograms taken pre andpost face mask application for treatment groups, pre and postobservation for control group. Kruksal Wallis test was used forstatistical analysis.RESULTS

• Sagittal discrepancy was decreased in both treatment group,in the meaning of ANB and WITS measurement, but thedifference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

• There was a statistically significant different in the anteriorface height parameters (N-ANS, ANS-Me and N-Me) betweentwo treatment groups (p<0.05). Total anterior face heightincreased more in facemask group than to facemask withRPE.

• Lower incisors were retruded 2.29 +3.6 mm in facemaskwith RPE group and 4.58 +1.68 mm in facemask group butthe difference was not statistically significant. (p>0.05)



CONCLUSION: It is concluded that both treatment groupsshowed similar improvements in sagittal plane. It is suggestedthat individual’s vertical growth should be considered carefully.



MISSING TEETH: PROSTHETIC REHABILITATIONFOLLOWING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

Qasrawi O1, Gümrü D2, Kılıçoğlu H2, Yeniyol S2, KarabudaZC2, and Özdemir T2

1 Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates,


Oral Implantology Journal2007; 2:2: 31-40

Especially in adolescents, missing teeth in anterior part of themaxilla cause functional, aesthetical and psychological problems.For treatment of missing teeth, apart from conventional methods(removable partial dentures, maryland bridges, fixed dentures),osteointegrate implants developed by Branemark et al. may beused. On account of function and aesthetics, implant applicationis a reliable and predictable method. It is significant to applyimplants after active bone growth period in adolescents.In this study, two patients have a prosthetic rehabilitationfollowing orthodontic treatment. In first case after thepreparation of necessary room for missing upper left centralincisor, an implant is applied. In the second case, aftermesialization of canines to the place of lateral incisors, which arecongenitally missing, an implant is applied in the gained space.As a consequence, osteointegrate implant application in anteriorpart of maxilla is fairly conservative and aesthetic method.



APPLICATION OF MINI SCREW IN ORTHODONTICS

Gümrü D1, Qasrawi O2, Kılıçoğlu H1, and Özdemir T1



Oral Implantology Journal2007; 2: 20-30

Recently, mini screws are widely used to maintain orthodonticanchorage. Mini screws used in palatal bone, alveoler process,retromolar regions and tuberosity, minimize patient cooperationand reduce treatment time. Occasionally conventional intra-oralanchorage gaining methods are not only inefficient, but alsohave some side effects. Hence, mini screws are significantalternative for stable intra-oral anchorage. Besides, applicationand elimination of mini screws are quite easy.In this study, mini screws are applied in two patients. In firstcase, in order to intrude lower left premolars which wereextruded due to early extraction of upper left premolars, a miniscrew is placed between the roots of lower left premolars.İntrusion is achieved by an elastic between the segmental archapplied to the lower premolars and mini screw. In second case,mini screw is placed between the roots of lower right first andsecond molars to distalize canine and lower anterior segment.After beginning canine distalization, canines resist distalization.Whereupon canine resistance is reduced by a partial alveolarcorticotomy to continue orthodontic treatment.As a consequence, by mini screws, desired dental movementsare achieved without anchorage loss and side effects caused byconventional methods.



MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN PATIENT WITHECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA: A CASE REPORT

Osama QASRAWI1, E. Bahar TUNA2, Hülya KILIÇOĞLU2,Cüneyt KARABUDA2, and Jawad ABDEL-HAK2

1 Faculty of Dentistry, Ajman University of science andTechnology Network, United Arab Emirates,

2 Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Turkey

10th International Congress of the Turkish Orthodentic Society,24-28 September 2006, Istanbul - Turky

Ectodermal dyplasia (ED) is a congenital disorder defined by thedyplasia of ectodermal layer (hair, nails, enamel of the teeth andskin). These disorders occur in 1 in 100.000 births. Due tofunctional, esthetic and psycological problems treatment shouldstart at early age on these patients. Dental and skeletaldevelopment should be evaluated and the most suitableprosthetic alternative should be chosen.A 17-years-old girl was referred for management of the oralmanifestations of her hypohidrotic ED. Oral examinationrevealed 7 missing teeth on maxilla and 8 on mandible withdental malformations. Treatment plan consisted of dentaltreatment, orthodontic treatment and oral implantation. Afterdental rehabilitation, orthodontic treatment was completed, anddental implants with implant-supported fixed prosthesis werereplaced.In order to improve their dental, esthetic, and functionalrequirements, clinicians should take a comprehensive andmultidisciplinary approach with such these patients.



Faculty of Information,Mass Communication andHumanities



USES OF METHODS OF SOCIAL MARKETING IN THEPROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION ISSUES

A CASE STUDY ON THE FRENCH CHANNEL USHUAIA

Khaled Zamoum and Ashref Abd Al MogeitFaculty of Information, Mass Communication and Humanities


Athawabit, a Quarterly Journal of Culture, Development andPolitics, Yemen, Vol. 47, Jan. – Mar. 2007, pp. 76 – 108

The environmental Information highlights as a modern conceptthat goes beyond the news context to the educational andawareness. This study comes within this framework to focus ondefining the theoretical arena of the environmental informationon one hand, and identifying the areas in which it operates onthe other. The aim of this study is to highlight themethodological standards used in social marketing campaigns inorder to adapt it toward marketing and promoting positiveenvironmental values.



THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICRELATIONS USING WEB PAGES - A FIELD STUDY ONSECTORS OF ARAB YOUTH IMMIGRANTS IN THE UAE

DURING THE SPRING 2006

Ashref Abd Al Mogueit and Khaled ZamoumFaculty of Information, Mass Communication and Humanities


AUST Network Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 2 – 2007, pp: 281 – 337

This study sought to measure the effectiveness of the use of theInternet by Arab governments, through the measurement of thesize of turnout on these pages and the sufficiency that resultsfrom it, and how this correlates with the improvement of theImage of the Mother Country in the mind of its citizens. It (thestudy) measures also the impact of factors affecting positivelyand negatively on the subject, in the period from 1/4/2006 to31/4/2006, all done through field study on a sample of 825single of arab immigrants in the United Arab Emirates.



VIRTUAL WORLD EPISTEMOLOGYDUBAI e-GOVERNMENT EXPERIENCE STUDY

APPLICATION ON A SAMPLE FROM DUBAI e-GOVERNMENTWEBSITE USERS

Khaled ZamoumFaculty of Information, Mass Communication and Humanities


12th Annual Conference: Communication at the Crossroad ofGlobalization, Arab–U.S. Association For Communication

Educators, Zayed Universsity, UAE. Oct. 2007

Since the beginning of the fifties of the last century the signs ofthe virtual societies began to appear linked as they were to thetechnology revolution in the media and communication field. Thevirtual society becomes since then reality in the people andinstitutions lives, especially in the services, electronic commerce,data information, entertainment, and electronic administration.In fact, the electronic government represents one of multiplefaces of this radical change towards the virtual behavior. Thisproblematic of this study focuses on the presentation andspecificities of the virtual society through the daily publicpractice and by studying the traits of the Dubai eGovernment.This study aims at the recognition of the essence andfoundations of the virtual society, and on the other side theonline use endorsed by the public in the real life. This study usestwo main methods: The first one, implies the description andanalyzes the specificities of the virtual society concept and theDubai eGovernment. The other is the scanning method which isused to study a sample from the Dubai eGovernment websiteusers.



COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF INTERPRETING

Sahab Abdul AzizFaculty of Information, Mass Communication and Humanities


English Language and Literature StudiesDec. 2006. Vol. V, No.2, Ain Shams University

This paper is centered on the communicative aspect ofinterpreting as a resource of verbal behaviour. Interpreting isviewed as a combined decoding and encoding operationinvolving the transfer of information from one person to anothervia linguistic code signals forming a communicative activity. Theinterpreter, as a special type of transmitter or mediator betweena source text producer and recipients, is seen as switchingsignals of one information–bearing code or language to those ofanother.



STYLISTIC PROBLEMS CONFRONTING ARAB STUDENTS INARABIC- ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Kadhim H. Bakir and Hashim G. LazimFaculty of Information, Mass Communication and Humanities


Published online in: www.translationdirectory.com

Away from simplistic definitions, translation is, in fact, both apainstaking and an arduous process especially with regard tostyle. To prove this lucidly, a translation test (Arabic intoEnglish) has been administered to 40 advanced-level students ofthe Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty ofForeign Languages and Translation, Ajman University of Scienceand Technology Network. Dealing with a passage of fair length(170 words), the testees have committed stylistic errors in areaspertinent to literal vs. free translation, mistranslations,inadequate translation, inexact rendering, and L1 interference. Ithas been found that the students have generally focused ontranslating words as isolated entities. Their task, however,should have been directed, rather, towards dealing withcomplete discourse in its diverse dimensions.



Faculty of Educationand Basic Sciences



THE DEGREE OF PRACTICING SKILLS OF TEACHINGTILAWAH BY ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTRUCTORS IN AJMANUNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NETWORK

Majed Zaki Al-JalladFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


Journal of Educational and Psychological SciencesVol. 8, No. 2, June 2007, pp 13-36

This study aimed at investigating the degree of Practicing Skillsof Teaching Tilawah by Islamic Studies instructors in AjmanUniversity of Science and Technology Network from studentspoint of view, in the light of variables of sex and (AGPA).The sample of the study consisted of (279) students who wereenrolled in the program for preparing Islamic Education teachersat the university campus in Al-Fujairah.The research instrument (Questionnaire) was constructed by theresearcher, it was consisted of (66) items divided into fivedomains, and its validity and reliability were verified.The main results of the present study showed that studentsresponses revealed a moderate degree for the whole domains ofthe study, it was also showed that the first domain (theobjectives of teaching Tilawah) acquired the highest degree ofstudents responses, followed by the (teaching aids) domain, onthe other hand, the rest of the domains acquired moderatedegree.The analysis also revealed that there were no significantdifferences regarding the variables of sex and students (AGPA)on the study domains as a whole, while there were differencesconcerning the variable of students (AGPA) on third and fourthdomains.



DOMAINS AND EVALUATION TOOLS USED BY ISLAMICEDUCATION TEACHERS ON THE ASSESSMENT OF

STUDENTS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Majed Zaki Al-Jallad1 and Muayed Asad Denawi21 Faculty of Education and Basic Sciences

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network2 Islamic Education Teacher, Al-Ebtekar School, Gheyathy, UAE

Journal of Sharjah University, Vol. 4, No. 3, Septmber 2007

This study aimed at identifying of the domains and evaluationtools used by Islamic Education teachers on the assessment ofstudents in light of the variables of sex, academic qualification,and experience.The sample of the study consisted of (87) Islamic Educationteachers selected randomly, in which (38) were males and (49)were females. Their perceptions were elicited by a questionnaireespecially developed by the researchers which comprised (42)items distributed over eight domains.The main findings of the present study showed that teachersresponses revealed a moderate degree of the use of evaluationtools on the study domains as a whole. It is also showed thatactivities domain acquired the highest degree of responses.Besides, results showed that concerning the use of evaluationtools in the psychomotor domain got the lowest degree.The analysis also demonstrated no significant differencesregarding the variables of sex, academic qualification andexperience on the degree of teachers’ use of the evaluation toolsstated in the study instrument.



THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING CYCLEINSTRUCTIONAL MODEL AND CONCEPT MAPS ON NINTHGRADE STUDENTS ACQUISITION OF JURISPRUDENTIAL

CONCEPTS

Majed Zaki Al-Jallad1 and Omar Abdul-Kader Al-Shamalti21 Faculty of Education and Basic Sciences

Ajman University of Science and Technology Network2 Faculty of Education, King Khalid University, Abha,

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Journal of Sharjah University, Vol. 4, No. 1,February 2007, pp199-231

This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the leaningcycle model and concept maps on the acquisition of ninth gradestudents of the jurisprudential concepts.This study attempted to answer the following question: is thereany significant differences between ninth grades studentsacquisition of jurisprudential concepts that are related to theteaching method?The study sample consisted of (74) students and distributedover (3) randomly selected classes. To achieve the aims of thestudy, the researchers designed an achievement test toinvestigate students acquisition of the jurisprudential concepts,and a pre-acquisition jurisprudential knowledge test. The contentvalidity and reliability of both tests were examined.The researchers, also, designed teaching material of thejurisprudence unit for the ninth class in accordance with thelearning cycle and conceptual maps.After conducting the study, the researchers administered theachievement test to examine the extent of acquisition of thejurisprudential concepts.Findings showed that there were statistically significantdifferences in acquisition of jurisprudential concepts related tothe method of teaching in favor of experimental groups i.e.learning cycle and conceptual maps.



THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING BRAINSTORMINGSTRATEGY ON FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENTSAND DEVELOPING THEIR CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS IN

ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Majed Zaki Al-JalladFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


Journal of Um Al Qura University for Educational, Social andHuman Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 2, July 2007, pp 56-104

The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness ofusing brainstorming strategy on students' achievements anddeveloping their creative thinking skills in Islamic EducationThe sample of the study consisted of (28) fifth grade malestudents, it was distributed into two groups: the experimentalgroup used brainstorming strategy, while the control group usedthe normal way of teaching. Students' achievements andcreative thinking skills were measured by using two testsdeveloped by the researcher.The results showed that there were statistically significantdifferences on students' achievements, and on developing theircreative thinking skills both in the total results of the test and ineach single skill examined (fluency, flexibility and originality) inthe favour of experimental group.The study recommendations stated the importance of usingbrainstorming in teaching Islamic Education, and the importanceof developing teachers competencies on methods and techniquesof teaching thinking in general and creative thinking inparticular.



DEVELOPMENT OF AN ONGOING ASSESSMENT SYSTEMFOR ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

Zuhrieh ShanaFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


International Journal of Instructional Technologyand Distance Learning, Vol 4, No. 7, July 2007

(http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jul_07/article03.htm)

Ajman University of Science and Technology like otheraccredited and reputable higher education institutions, needs toregularly assess the effectiveness of its academic programs. Thiscommitment is documented in its institutional mission "toguarantee pertinence and quality of educational programsthrough the constant assessment of learning outcomes".It is a well established fact that a single assessment tool maynot give an accurate and reliable result. Consequently, it isrecommended to use a variety of assessment tools andprograms to ensure fair and objective judgments of realachievement of the graduates. The "Nine Principles of GoodPractice for Assessing Student Learning" (AAHE, 1992) supportsthe significance of broad representation of assessment tools inorder to cross traditional boundaries and take an innovativeapproach in pursuing excellence in student learning'sassessments. In this regard, an electronic assessment program,Objective-Based Course Assessment Program, is being designedto be used as a systematic and ongoing process of determining ifthe program is meeting its expectations.The paper discusses and describes justifications for thisassessment program, conceptual framework, and an example ofits usage at the Department of Educational Technology/AjmanUniversity of Science and Technology (AUST). When assessmentof each objective of all courses in the curriculum is completed,the degree to which program goals and objectives have beenachieved is determined. Although it is designed and utilized forthe Department of Educational Technology, AUST, this template-



like assessment program can be adapted and used in anyacademic program at any educational institution.

Editor’s Note: Assessment is the basis of course developmentand continuous quality improvement. This comprehensiveprogram improvement strategy developed for the AjmanUniversity Science and Technology program revisits goals andassessment procedures on a regular basis to maintain academicprograms that are relevant and high in quality.



A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF ARAB WESTERN RELATIONSWITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO EDUCATION AND THE

EMERGENCE OF MODERN STANDARD ARABIC AND ITS USEAS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES

El Tayeb El Mansour El Hassan El ZakiFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


The Journal of Dubai Islamic and Arabic Studies College(Majallat Kulliat Al dirasat Al Arabia wal Islamia-Dubai)

Issue No. 34 –December 2007

The paper deals with the educational and cultural ties betweenthe Arab World and the West. It surveys the nature of theseties: their historical origin, context, continuation, expansion,adaptation, and implications for education, language policy andlanguage planning in the Arab World. Section A starts with abrief historical background about the early Arab – Westerncontacts. This is followed by dividing the region into 3 sub-regions: the Eastern, the Middle, and the Western. The region isthen divided into two cultural zones: English and French andeach Zone is further sub-divided into Primary and Secondary.Section B outlines the emergence of western-modeled educationand its impact on traditional education during the 19th and 20th

centuries in all regions and zones. Section C follows in verybroad terms the development of Modern Standard Arabic withinthe context of Arabic Renaissance and educational reforms.Section D considers the use of MSA as a sole medium of co-medium in Arab Education in all zones particularly in the post-independence era. Section E, the final section, gives a very briefappraisal of the paper pointing out to, and trying to justify, itslimitations.



LEARN MATHEMATICS WITH MATLABAT THE UNIVERSITIES

Osama Agami RashwanFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


Book, Publisher: Al-Falah Library, 2007 ISBN: 9957-17-072-4

Written for students, this book uses MATLAB to solve examplesand provide an introduction to the fundamentals of mathematics.Topics covered include calculus, differential equations, LinearAlgebra, Basic Statistics, and programming in MATLAB.MATLAB and Simulink are introduced and used to solvenumerous examples in the book. The Curve Fitting Toolbox isalso briefly introduced.It is promoted by the Mathworks at:http://www.mathworks.com/support/books/book14130.html?language=21&language=21



EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND GENDER ON HUMORSTYLES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Ahmed Hussein Al- ShafeyFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


International Conference of Psychology,Cairo, 18-22 November 2007

This study aimed at finding out the effect of both self-esteemand gender on humor styles. The Humor Styles Questionnaireand Self-Esteem Test for Adolescence and Adults wereadministered to a sample of 540 (270 males, 270 females), halfof them had high self-esteem, and another half had low self-esteem. The results showed:

1- The self-esteem had main effect on all humor styles.2- The gender had only effect on Affiliative Humor, and

Aggressive Humor.3- There was no statistically significant interaction between

self-esteem and gender on humor styles as a whole.The results were discussed in the light of literature available.



READING IN THE INTRODUCTIONOF IBN KHALDOUN ABOUT URBAN SCIENCE

Mohammed Abdel HaiFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


The Journal of Arabic History (Majallat Attarikh Al Arabi)Issue No. 39 -Casa Blanca March 2007

This article reflects clearly the view of Ibn Khaldoun in hisfamous Introduction about the mechanisms controlling humansociology across its various developmental stages. The view isbased on two issues:The first: revealing the path of the development of humancommunity and the factors affecting and shaping it namelyintrinsic needs operating within the place and the environment.These factors are controlled in the first stage of BedouinUrbanization by the natural factor and in the second stage ofUrban Development by the cultural factor.The second: specifying the function of history which according tohim is the critical evaluation of the social behavior of man whichis controlled by the human mind and analogy using thephilosophical values and criteria predominant at the time of IbnKhaldoun.Beside and within these two issues Ibn Khaldoun discussedmany theories in addition to human gathering like the ovalshape of earth and the relation between animals, plants andnon-loving things and the effect of the environment on humanlife style and many other issues which have been rediscovered inmodern times and which formed the foundation of modernthinking (particularly Historical Materialism and Evolution).Seven centuries have passed since this book has been writtenand it is still novel and unique particularly in the Arab Cultureand the Human Culture in general. Although this seminal workhas been compiled in a different era of the Islamic and Arabhistory it is still valid for understanding the world of today giventhe differing contemporary circumstances.



For all these reasons the Introduction is the most famous Arabwork of its kind. It has been translated into many languages andmore than 300 studies in different languages have been writtenabout it. Besides many Academic Chairs have been establishedworldwide for more than a century in the most famous institutes.



COMMUTATIVITY CRITERIA IN BANACH ALGEBRAS

Ould Hamoud CheikhFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


The 5th UAE Math-Day Conference, 28th & 29th April 2007 Etisalat University College, Sharjah, UAE

We consider complex Banach algebras satisfying the condition(xy)k = xkyk for all x ; y in the algebra where k is an integer(k≥2).We show that for k = 2 and k = 3, this condition yieldscommutativity in unital Banach algebras.For higher values of k, commutativity is obtained for semi-simplealgebras.The extension of the results to wider classes of topologicalalgebras is also considered.



THE WORD (AMEEN) AND ITS USESIN SUPPLICATION AND ARABIC LANGUAGE

Mazen Ahmed JaradatFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


AUST Network Journal, Vol 12, No. 1. 2007

This paper is dealing with the word (Ameen), one of thehistorical and linguistic issues which occupied the mind oflinguists and Qur’anic exegetes, and widely found in their books.We find in some books a profound discussion of the word butbrief discussion would be found in the Qur’anic interpretationbooks.Ibn Al-Khashshab in sixth century of Hijra (d. 567 h.) hascollected what had been written about the word and shed lighton the importance of it, with particular emphasis on theworshipper’s use of it in the end of the verse the opening(Fatiha). The treatise that Ibn Al Kashshab has written is entitled(A Flash of speech concerning the word “Ameen” which is usedin the supplication and its grammatical rule in the ArabicLanguage).This important manuscript is a rare one and it has derived itscontent from many sources.



WISDOM AND ITS PROGRESSIN THE POETRY OF ABITAMAM

(A PRESENTATION AND AN ANALYSIS)

Hashim Salih MannaFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


Altrath Al-Arabi Magazine, Damscus, Vol.101 (2006) Year 26

This is a study that introduces “Wisdom;” its conditions and itsfeatures, and records its presence in the poetry of Abitamam; itwas divided into two parts:The first part is represented in the study of “Wisdom,” whichvaries between mimicking, building on and employing theinherited “Pieces of Wisdom and Proverbs.” The second,observes the progress of “Wisdom” –in the poetry of Abitamam– through his dependence on philosophy, logic, justification andinterpretation in a style which is based on giving the evidence,providing the proof and proving the claim that he used to gainthrough his observations and awareness in his depict of thestatus quo, and his contemplation of life itself and his portrayalof the human temperaments and behaviors.



THE BLINDNESS OF BASHSHAR AND ITS EFFECT,IN HIS PSYCHOLOGY AND HIS LITERARY WORK

Hashim Salih MannaFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


AUST Network Journal, Vol. 11, No.1 (2006)

Bashshar was born blind; he never had a look at this life; henever saw what exists in it, nor he saw its colours, and thatwhat made him be isolated from everything that stands on “thebases” of vision, which feeds him with the means of observationthat prints the images of things and reflects them, and reactswith them, and lives with them side by side and supplies itspossessor with such outcomes. Despite of all this, his veryhandicap did not stand in the way of excelling in his poetrywritings, and his ability to produce better than those whoenjoyed “sound eyes” could produce of artistic imagery, for hecomposed it with a unique formula in his private inner world,which in turn is supplied, successfully, from his outward world.His handicap made him a very sensitive person a possessor ofhigh and delicate poetic “deep” sense, as if he possessed “asixth” faculty of feeling, or as if he developed the faculty ofhearing, to a very great extent, which in turn compensated himfor his lost faculty of seeing which he considered as a virtue andnot as a shortcoming; it helped him to have a wider scoop “oflife”; and granted him with a deeper reflection, andcomprehension of things, that, in addition, made him “see life”and whatever “exists” in it, can be comprehended by “theheart”, and the ear and not by the eye “merely”, since sensesreplace each other and function in the places of each other. Infact, some “people” believed that seeing weakens the smartnessof the heart, and keeps the beholder occupied with what heenvisages or beholds of things, and this causes themalfunctioning of his reflection and creative innovation, anddispels his feelings and emotions. Verily, Bashshar has hadovercame all sorts of obstacles, and surpassed all kinds of



pitfalls, and lead his life not just like those who can see, buteven better.



HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

Yusuf MahmudFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


International Conference On Mathematics,Al Ithad School, Dubai, UAE, (2007)

We survey literature concerning different views related to thephilosophy of mathematics and summarize these into threedistinct views: realistic, Platonic and logistic philosophies. Inaddition, we survey, extensively, the contributions of differentnations and cultures in different eras in the field of mathematicsconcentrating on Arab-Muslim contributions. Finally, we discussthe relevance of mathematics in three areas, i.e.: enhancing thepractice of systematic thinking, structuring basic sciences andpractical uses that cover all facets of human life.



TERMINOLOGY AND HUMAN DISCOURSE

Yusuf MahmudFaculty of Education and Basic Sciences


AUST Network Journal, Vol. 12, No.3 (2007)

In this piece of work, we attract attention to the important issueof the necessity of accurately identifying the meanings ofdifferent terms to guarantee the beneficial human discourse atall levels. Examples considered include the terms: religion,belief, freedom, technology transfer, spirit and spiritual acts,mind and soul and Hadith terminology in Islam. Examples of thelack of decent discourse and miscommunication among peoplebelonging to different cultures and those belonging to the sameculture due to the ill defined terms are stressed upon.



Faculty of BusinessAdministration



ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING REGULATION FORPROTECTION AND REMEDIATION -AN UAE PERSPECTIVE

Srinivas InguvaDepartment of Accounting,

Faculty of Business Administration,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network

International Economic Conference On Trade And Industry(Trade and Industrial Development: Contemporary Challenges

and Policies), Penang, Malaysia, 3-5 December, 2007

The purpose of any accounting system is to provide managersacross the organization with information that facilitates not onlyControl of activities and refinement of operational plans but alsothe accountability. With changing accounting policies both thecorporate and financial worlds’ effective and consistentdeployment of accounting logic by keeping environmentalprotection is highly essential for rapidly polluting currentenvironment. In years past, environmental issues were oftenignored by both corporations and individuals. Environmentalaccounting is used to determine measures to promotesustainable environmental management. Implementingmeasures that strike a balance between cost reduction andenvironmental impact reduction is crucial to promotingsustainable environmental management. The release of newInternational Accounting Standards (IAS), the World Bank,United Nations, and International Federation of Accountants(IFAC) environmental guidance documents has added pressureto the IASC to come out with an environmental standard.UNCTAD has been at the forefront of work on environmentalaccounting. The Group recommended that it concentrate itsfuture efforts on examining available guidance on the mainissues in environmental financial accounting and on identifyingkey environmental performance indicators and their relation tofinancial performance. Ultimately, this has given a focus to forma framework for environmental accounting which may be usedby national standard-setters. Such a framework will comprise aset of recommended "best-practices" which will be drawn from



the work of national professional accounting bodies, industrygroups and accounting standard setters. The present study isaimed to focus the environmental accounting issues and thelegal framework for environmental protection and remediation inthe UAE. The required information for the study has beencollected from secondary sources those include the officialpublications of the government and non government agencies.The study is limited to the law and regulation related to theenvironmental accounting issues in the UAE and; the summaryof the study would reveal the effective environmental protectionand remediation frame work for current environmentalaccounting practices in UAE.



PREDICTING TRUST WITHIN ORGANIZATION:THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED JUSTICE IN MEDIATING THEIMPACT OF LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE ON TRUST IN

ORGANIZATION AND SUPERVISOR

Mohamed Gamal Abo ElmagdFaculty of Business Administration,


The Economic and Business Review, No. 2, pp. 1-79 (2007)

This study examines the relationship between elements ofleader-member exchange relationship (LMX) and trust inorganization and supervisor, with particular intention toinvestigate the mediating effect of procedural and interactionaljustice on this relationship. A hypothesized path model based ontheoretical literature was generated to represent causalrelationships among the variables. Two paths were explored: (a)the relationship among LMX, procedural justice, and trust inorganization, (b) the relationship among LMX, interactionaljustice, and trust in supervisor. Regarding path 1, findingsindicated a statistically significant relationship between LMX andprocedural justice, and LMX and trust in organization.Surprisingly, the relationship between procedural justice andtrust in organization, and the mediating effect of proceduraljustice on the relationship between LMX and trust in organizationwere non significant. With reference to path 2, findings indicateda statistically significant relationship between LMX andinteractional justice, LMX and trust in supervisor, andinteractional justice and trust in supervisor. The mediating effectof interactional justice on the relationship between LMX and trustin supervisor was also significant. Important practicalimplications and recommendations for managers and futureresearch were presented.



CHANGING PATTERN OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT(FDI) IN ASIAN REGION: ISSUES, MOTIVES AND

STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Rajesh MohnotFaculty of Business Administration,


World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and SustainableDevelopment, Volume 3, No.2, 2007; Page 158-169

Asian region has always been considered as a prudent centre forinvestment particularly by United Kingdom, Japan and theUnited States of America. During last couple of years, FDI hasbecome an imminent factor for the Asian countries, may be inthe face of globalisation and financial crisis of 1997. This paperreviews the changing pattern of FDI in Asian region in context tothe Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. It also assesses the role ofFDI in the growth of the economies of Asian region. The studyattempts to test the variance level of FDI among the samplecountries especially after the financial crisis. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and the Post Hoc Tests are applied to see furtherwhere exactly variance lies.



ARE UAE ISLAMIC BANKS ADEQUATELY CAPITALIZED?

Ibrahim Elsiddig Ahmed and Sayed Abbas AhmedDepartment of Accounting,

Faculty of Business Administration,Ajman University of Science and Technology Network

Directions II Conference, Kuwait University,Kuwait, January 2007

Capital is one of the key factors to be considered when thesafety and soundness of a particular bank is assessed. Anadequate capital base serves as a safety net for a variety of risksin the course of business.The study is mainly concerned with whether Basle II accord canbe applied by Islamic banks or there is a need for someadjustments to replicate it. One of the main research findings isthat there is no contradiction between the measures of Basleand AAOIFI and instead there is a uniformity..This research is also taking into account the role of capital inIslamic banks, adequacy of banking capital, how adequatecapital is defined, and mainly how adequate capital can bemeasured in conventional and Islamic banks in UAE. The studyused four ratios (Tier2 to Tier1, Capital to Total Deposits, Capitalto Total Assets, and Capital to Weighted Average Risky Assets)to measure the adequacy of capital and it is found to beadequate under the four used ratios.The four Islamic banks had been selected to attain theobjectives of this study. An average of three financial periodshad been selected (2003 through 2005) to analyze also fourratios of capital adequacy. During this period the economicsituation is highly stable and progressing and all banks were ableto apply Basel requirements.The paper is divided into three main parts: The first part is aboutintroduction and literature review, the second part highlights theresearch problem and methodology; and in the third part weanalyzed the collected data and presented the findings of thestudy.



THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICYTRACKS IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Sahel Al-RousanFaculty of Business Administration,


Journal of International Selling & Sales Management,Vol.32, No. 32, (2007), UK

This paper examines and analyses the various internationaltrade policy tracks designed by a fast-growing open countrysuch as the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Available evidencesuggests that the various policy tracks being pursued by the UAEto promote its international trade interests far and wide haveimportant lessons for a cross-section of developing countries Theidea to promote ‘open regionalism’ in the oil-rich Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) countries is also subjected to a carefulscrutiny in this paper with a view to examining its implicationsfor other regional groupings in the world.



Institute of Environment,Water and Energy



WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE ALEXANDRIAGOVERNORATE, EGYPT

Maghawri Sh. Diab1, Zeinelabidin S. Rizk2

and Magdy A. Assar3

1 Faculty of Science, Menoufiay University, Egypt2 Institute of Environment, Water and Energy, Ajman University

of Science and Technology Network, United Arab Emirates3 RODECO consulting GMBH, Germany

Journal of Arab Academy for Science, Technology and MaritimeTransport, Volume 33, Number 64, July 2007

The Alexandria city is located on the southern edge of theMediterranean Sea and has a pleasant weather, attracting over amillion vacationers each summer. During summer seasons, thepopulation of the city increases from 3.7 millions to 4.7 millions,and is predicted double by the year 2022. The Nile waterdelivered to the area does not meet the escalating demandespecially during the summer months when peak drinking waterand irrigation demands coincide.The objectives of this study are to assess water resources in theAlexandria Governorate and evaluate water managementstrategies. To achieve these objectives the authors havecollected data on the prevailing climate, surface water resources,major aquifer, water production, quality and losses, in additionto projections of population, water demands and per capitawater use.The average daily water production in Alexandria during 2007 is2.9 million cubic meters (m3) subdivided into 62% residential,30% industrial and commercial and 8% governmental. The percapita water consumption has jumped from 227 liters per capitaper day (LCD) in 1999 to 640 LCD in 2007. The unaccounted forwater, ranging from 37% in 2003-2004 to 48% in 1992-1993, isabove the normally acceptable range of water losses (5% to20%). It was estimated that 70% of unaccounted for water isrelated to unmetered commercial losses. The Block MappingProgram (BMP) implemented in 1992 revealed that 32% ofwater losses in the houses at eastern Alexandria were not



actually used, but counted by master meters in buildings. ToBMP has also increased revenue and reduced unaccounted forwater, but unfortunately, it was only applied to 5% of the totalservice area, which includes Alexandria and parts of Al Buhayrahand Matruh Governorates.Projections of populations and water demands for the period2007-2022 shows that 5% reduction in water losses saves half amillion Egyptian pounds and 217000 m3 of water per day orserves an extra million people. Reduction of water losses by10% saves a million Egyptian pounds and 434000 m3 of waterper day or serves an extra 2 million people. Finally, 20%reduction in water losses saves 2 million Egyptian pounds and867000 m3 of water per day or serves an extra 4 million people.



SOURCES OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND WATER IN WADIAL BIH AQUIFER, RAS AL KHAIMAH EMIRATE,

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Zeinelabidin S. Rizk1, Abdulrahman S. Alsharhan2

and Warren W. Wood3

1 Institute of Environment, Water and Energy, Ajman Universityof Science and Technology Network, UAE2 Faculty of Science, UAE University, UAE

3 Department of Geological Sciences,Michigan State University, USA

Hydrogeology Journal, Vol 15, No. 7,5 May 2007, © Springer-Verlag 2007

Regional brines that underlie the potable groundwater appear tobe responsible for the increase in dissolved solids in the Wadi AlBih aquifer in the Ras Al Khaimah Emirate, United ArabEmirates. In this karstic carbonate aquifer, groundwaterextraction exceeds recharge and the reduced heads can inducetransport of underlying brines into the potable water aquifer.Increasing dissolved solids with time threatens the continueduse of groundwater for agricultural and domestic uses.The potential of intrusion of seawater, dissolution of minerals, orintrusion of regional brines as a source of these solutes wereevaluated based on groundwater samples collected in April andSeptember 1996 from the Wadi Al Bih well field and isotope datafrom previously collected samples.Hydrogeologic conditions and solute modeling suggest thedominant source of solutes in the Wadi Al Bih aquifer is mostlikely an underlying regional brine. The pervasive presence oftritium is consistent with recent (since 1960s) recharge in thedrainage basin, thus, the solutes and water appear to be fromdifferent sources. The chemical and isotopic data are alsoconsistent with enhanced groundwater recharge associated withdams constructed to reduce flooding.



CULTURAL CONSOLIDATION…THE BEST WAY TO ABSORB SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Riadh H. Al-DabbaghInstitute of Environment, Water and Energy


AUST Network Journal: Vol.11, Issue 3, (2006)

A careful investigation of the human culture at large woulddefinitely prove that it has been historically cumulative in itsknowledge, material and other aspects. The early features ofcivilization sought to utilize the material and non-materialpotentialities to organize people's social lives, especially thesocial order. Culture itself, which represents the essence oforiginality, was transferred from one generation to anotherthough it has been refined by cutting back some of its elementsand ingredients to ascertain its continuity and compatibility withthe requirements of changing life. Yet, culture could retain itsessence, values, distinctive and harmonious structure.Humanity, on its part, continued to be backed up by thecomponents of various human cultures. The advent of industryheralded a turning point in human history as it led to a muchquicker development of the value system and the props ofhuman culture. As a result, various ideologies appeared; theywere based, for a long time, on human productivity and thenovel consequences of the industrial revolution. This resulted insocial mobility, social change, knowledge dissemination andexperience accumulation.With all these in mind, humanity began to witness a tremendousdisparity among various cultures. As such, new unprecedentedprocedures began to appear especially those pertinent todevelopment and the balance between life requirements andculture components.



THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF NATIONS

Riadh H. Al-DabbaghInstitute of Environment, Water and Energy


AUST Network Journal: Vol.12, Issue 2, (2007)

Science and technology represent two basic powers that back upthe movement of history and bring about changes at thepersonal, social, national and international levels. From timeimmemorial, they have considerably contributed to thedevelopment of human cultures. Irrespective of the rulingregimes, science and technology used always to form anessential element for economic prosperity, thus led toexperience accumulation required to broaden the productive andcultural bases and consequently improved the living standards.This is especially true of the Arab-Islamic culture which wasable, at its earlier stages, to take in science and technology inthe regions conquered, the neighboring areas, and even thedistant places as well. The Arab-Muslims tended to developsciences, added to them and applied them on a large scale.During times of stagnation and weakness, the Arabic Islamicculture gradually began to lose its power for scientificdevelopment; conversely, Italian republics, and then theWestern states, worked very hard to translate knowledge,sciences and technology from Arab-Islamic and other cultureswith the aim of achieving comprehensive renaissance.

research-compendium-2006-2007

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