research article poverty alleviation through optimizing...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationISRN ForestryVolume 2013 Article ID 376247 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013376247

Research ArticlePoverty Alleviation through Optimizing the Marketing ofGarcinia kola and Irvingia gabonensis in Ondo State Nigeria

A D Agbelade1 and J C Onyekwelu2

1 Department of ForestryWildlife and FisheriesManagement Ekiti State University PMB 5363 Ado Ekiti Ekiti State 300001 Nigeria2 Department of Forestry and Wood Technology Federal University of Technology PMB 704 Akure Ondo State 340001 Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to J C Onyekwelu onyekwelujcyahoocouk

Received 26 May 2013 Accepted 16 June 2013

Academic Editors M Kanashiro and P Newton

Copyright copy 2013 A D Agbelade and J C Onyekwelu This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

The paper examines poverty alleviation through optimizing the marketing of Garcinia kola and Irvingia gabonensis in Ondo StateNigeria Data for this study were collected using structured questionnaire Two categories of pretested structured questionnaireswere used to obtain information from the respondents (farmers and the marketers of the species) Data analysis was done usingdescriptive analysis and Student t-test was used to compare the income generated by the producers and themarketers of the fruits ofthe tree species In addition analysis of variance (ANOVA) arranged in randomized complete block design was employed to testthe significance of price variable across the three market structures (ie farm gate price rural market price and urban marketprice) Marketing of forest fruits species is a profitable enterprise with an average profit of11912337 per marketer per month Theanalysis of variance for the two forest fruit species indicated that Irvingia gabonensis generated the highest annual income in rain-forest ecosystemwhileGarcinia kola generated the highest annual income in derived savanna ecosystemMajor constraints militat-ing against these forest fruit species are poor market access and infrastructure developmentThe paper recommended among otherthings that domestication and interventions of these forest fruit species should be encouraged for proper management and sustain-ability

1 Introduction

Nontimber forest products (NTFPs) as part of forestry sectorin any economy have always been supportive for many ruraldwellers that live within and around the forests estates Inmany rural communities the people depend solely on farm-ing and marketing of NTFPs in order to generate incomeboost their economic lives improve their nutritional intakesand sustain their livelihood However the socioeconomicnutritional cultural factors are importance values of NTFPsespecially to rural communities that depend on them [1ndash3]and were only brought to limelight in recent timeThe aware-ness of the benefits of NTFPs has been on the increase due tothe roles it play within the microlevel of the economy andhigh potential of the products to contribute to the livelihoodof the people In most part of developing countries employ-ment opportunities from traditional industries are decliningpeople within forest reservation areas look for alternative

sources of income and often turn to the collection of theseproducts from the nearby forest [4]

Garcinia kola (Bitter kola) fruits are harvested annuallybetween July and October which makes it a highly seasonalproduct Bitter kola fruits are smooth and elliptically shapedwith yellow pulp and brown seed coatGarcinia kola has eco-nomic value across West African countries where the seedsare commonly chewed and used for traditional ceremoniesand medicines It is highly valued for its perceived medicinalattributes and the fact that consumption of large quantitiesdoes not cause indigestion (as cola nuts do) makes it a highlydesired product [5] The bark when soaked into water can beused as a treatment for intestinal worms and to cure stomachpain The edible part of Garcinia kola fruit aids digestionwhen eaten raw The potential utilization of Garcinia kola ashop substitutes in beer brewing has been reported [6] Thefruit constitutes an integral part of the rural livelihood of thepeople and it boosts their economic status within the rural

2 ISRN Forestry

setting The potentials of some NTFPs like Garcinia kola(Bitter kola) in rural livelihood make it imperative to createawareness on the uses of the fruit as well as its economicimportance

Irvingia gabonensis fruit is harvested annually betweenApril and June of every year The species commonly calledBush mango belongs to the family of Irvingiaceae The fruitis similar to a small domesticated mango It is generally greenbut becomes yellowish when ripe and the ripe fruit containsa lot of fibers which is good for the body CommerciallyIrvingia gabonensis products are highly valued in NigeriaCameroon and Cote drsquoIvoire Market for the species but alsonot only exists within its natural range itrsquos also widely tradedoutside it natural range [3] Althoughmarket for the species ismostly rural it is also sold in urban centres where it attractshigher prices Apart from local and regional market thereis a growing international market for the products of thespeciesThe kernel (Ogbono) ismarketed inUSA and Europewhere about 100000 potential consumers are found [7 8] InNigeria annual demand was estimated at 80000 tonnes [9]Marketing of Ogbono has the prospect of providing a consid-erable income generating opportunity for rural people Cur-rently a cup of Ogbono costs 1158 (about US$1) in Nigeria

2 Methodology

The study was conducted in two ecological zones (Rainforestand Derived Savanna) of Ondo State Nigeria Ondo Stateis one of the thirty-six states in Nigeria located within theSouth-Western part of the country The state lies betweenlatitudes 5∘451015840 and 7∘521015840N and longitudes 4∘201015840 and 6∘51015840E

21 Data Collection and Analysis Data for this study werecollected using two sets of structured questionnaires Marketinformation from traders who market the products of thespecies in selected rural and urban markets was collectedwhich indicated the rate of supply demand prices andincome generation on the forest fruit species Farmers withGkola and I gabonensis trees on their farms home gardens orfallow field were selected and the questionnaire administeredto them Total of 60 questionnaires were administeredto farmers while 120 questionnaires were administered totraders This was complemented with focus group discussionas well as participatory observation Data collected from thefield were analysed using descriptive statistical tools such asmean frequency and percentages

22 Linear Statistical Model In addition analysis of variance(ANOVA) arranged in randomized complete block designwas also employed to test for significant difference parameters(eg price etc) from the three market structure (farm gateprice rural market price and urban market price) in the twoecological zones

The linear statistical model for randomized completeblock design (RCBD) is

119884119894119895119896= 120583 + 119861

119894+ 119879119895+ Σ119894119895119896 (1)

where 119884119894119895119896

is individual observation for the treatment in theblock 120583 is general mean 119861

119894is ecological zones (rainforest

and derived savanna ecological zones) 119879119895is market structure

(farm gate rural and urbanmarkets) andΣ119894119895119896

is experimentalerror

3 Result

31 Age Distribution of the Respondent

311 Market Assessment The age range of traders of the twoforest fruits tree species in rainforest and derived savannaecosystems is between 21 and 60 years (Table 1) Howeverthere were indications that majority of the traders are middleaged especially those involved in the sale of I gabonensisproducts For example results in Table 1 show that between 80and 93 of traders of I gabonensis in the rainforest ecosystemare between 31 and 50 years old while between 55 and 70of traders ofG kola are between the same age ranges A goodpercentage of traders (45 and 20 in rural and urbanmarkets resp) of G kola in the rainforest ecosystem are over50 years old In the derived savanna ecosystem the traders arebetween the age of 31 and 60 years old except for I gabonensisin urbanmarkets (Table 1) Similar to the results for rainforestmajority of I gabonensis traders are within the 31ndash50 years agebracket Over 45 of the traders ofG kola in both urban andrural markets in the derived savanna are over 50 years old(Table 1)

312 On-Farm Assessment The age range of farmers of theseforest food tree species in rainforest and derived savannaecosystems is between 31 and over 60 years (Figure 1) Theresults in Figure 1 indicated that elderly people are mostlyinvolved in the production of forest fruit species In bothecological zones between 70 and 90 of the farmers are 50years and above (Figure 1)The results indicated that between333 and 484 of the farmers are above 60 years old whichindicated that the farmers of forest fruit species are elderlypeopleThe result also shows that middle-aged people are notfully involved in the production of forest fruit species as onlyabout 42 and 97 of the farmerrsquos are aged between 31 and40 years in the two ecological zones of Ondo State (Figure 1)

32 Gender of the Respondent

321 Market Assessment The result reveals that the femalefolks are more involved in the marketing of the forest foodtree species as shown in Tables 2(a) and 2(b) 105 and 895of traders of Irvingia gabonensis in rural markets in rainforestecosystem are males and females respectively and all traders(100) of the species in urban markets in rainforest arefemale (Table 2(a))The same trendwas observed forGarciniakola trade where about 91 males and 909 females wereobserved to be involved in the sale of the species in ruralmarkets while only femalersquos (100) are involved in the salesof the fruit in urban Results (Table 2(b)) revealed that onlyfemales are involved in marketing all these forest fruits

ISRN Forestry 3

Table 1 Age distribution of respondent (traders) for marketassessment in the two ecological zones ()

Ecologicalzone Age range Irvingia gabonensis Garcinia Kola

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Rainforest

21ndash30 yrs 53 67 00 0031ndash40 yrs 368 600 182 40041ndash50 yrs 474 333 364 30051ndash60 yrs 105 00 464 200gt60 yrs 00 00 00 100

DerivedSavanna


Table 2 (a) Gender and religious status of respondent for marketassessment in rainforest ecosystem (b) Gender and religious statusof respondent for market assessment in derived savanna ecosystem

(a)

Irvingia gabonensis Garcinia kolaRuralmarket

Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

GenderMale 105 0 91 0Female 895 100 909 100

ReligionChristianity 100 867 100 100Traditional 0 0 0 0Islam 0 133 0 0

(b)


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket



species in rural and urban markets in the derived savannaecosystems

322 On-Farm Assessment The results of on-farm assess-ment indicated that more males are involved in the farmingof the tree species (domestication) than the female across thesampled communities in both ecosystems Figure 2 showsthat between 762 and 923 males are involved in the

lt20 21ndash30 31ndash40 41ndash50 51ndash60 gt600

10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)

Forest fruits species (yrs)

Irvingia gabonensis rainforest Irvingia gabonensis savannaGarcinia kola rainforest

Figure 1 Age distribution of respondent for on-farm assessment inthe two ecological zones

0102030405060708090

100Re

spon

dent

s (

)

Forest fruits speciesIrvingia gabonensis

Rainforest Savanna Rainforest SavannaGarcinia kola

MaleFemale

Figure 2 Gender distribution of on-farm respondent in the twoecological zones

conservation andor planting of trees of I gabonensis and Gkola in the rainforest and derived savanna ecosystems whilethe percentage of females involved in domestication of thespecies ranged between 77 and 238 No farmer is involvedin the plantingconservation of G kola in derived savanna(Figure 2) because the ecosystem is outside the natural rangeof the species

33 Income Generation (in Naira) from Sale of the SpeciesAnnual income generated from sale of the species rangedfrom lt15000000 to gt120000000 ($31650 to $126580) inthe derived savanna ecosystem and gt15000000 togt120000000 ($31650 to $126580) in the rainforest eco-system as shown in Table 3 Generally higher income isgenerated from the sale of the fruits of the three species by

4 ISRN Forestry

Table 3 Income generated (in Naira) from sale of forest fruitspecies


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Rainforestlt50000 00 00 00 0050000ndash100000 00 00 00 100100001ndash150000 368 333 272 00150001ndash200000 316 133 455 200gt200000 316 534 273 700

Derived savannalt50000 375 00 385 0050000ndash100000 125 00 00 00100001ndash150000 188 188 154 333150001ndash200000 312 250 461 400gt200000 00 562 00 267

the marketer in urban markets than rural markets Forexample while between 534 and 700 of traders inurban markets in the rainforest ecosystem generated over120000000 ($126580) per annum only between 273 and316 of traders in rural markets generated as much in therainforest ecosystem In the derived savanna ecosystemno trader in the rural markets generated higher incomethan 120000000 ($126580) per annum In the rainforestecosystems majority of urban market traders earnedbetween 115000000 and gt120000000 ($94940 and$126580) while in rural markets majority earned between110000000 and 120000000 ($63291 to $126580) In thederived savanna majority of urban market traders earnedbetween 110000000 and gt120000000 ($63291 and$126580) while in rural markets majority earned betweenlt15000000 and 120000000 ($31650 to $126580) asshown in Table 3 The result indicated that a high percentage(up to 375) of traders in the derived savanna ecosystemgenerated low annual income of 150000 ($31650) forIrvingia gabonensis while 385 generated low annual incomeof 150000 ($31650) for Garcinia kola

331 On-Farm Assessment The producers (farmers) of theforest fruit species generated less income than the tradersof the forest fruit species across the two ecological zonesof Ondo state The result of income generation shown inFigure 3 indicated that between 321 and 308 of thefarmers in the two ecological zones generated annual incomeof less than 150000 ($31650) for Irvingia gabonensis while25 earn the same amount for Garcinia kola in rainforestecosystem Higher percentage of farmer (between 25 and542) had annual income generation of between 150000to1150000 ($31650 to $94940) from the sale of the fruits inthe two ecological zones as shown in (Figure 3) No farmergenerates any income from the sales of Garcinia kola inderived savanna (Figure 3) because the ecosystem is outsidethe natural range of the species

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)

Forest fruits speciesIrvingia gabonensis rainforestIrvingia gabonensis savanna

Garcinia kola rainforest

Belo

w 5

0000

5000

0ndash10

0000

1000

00ndash1

5000

0

1500

00ndash2

0000

0

Abov

e 200

000

Figure 3 Total annual income generated (in Naira) from forestfruits

34 Comparison of Income Generated from Marketing ofForest Fruits Species The results of analysis of varianceindicated that there are significant differences between theaverage annual incomes generated by respondents from thesale of the fruits of the three species within the two ecologicalzones of the study as well as between the variousmarket typesas shown in Tables 4(a) and 4(b)The results showed a signifi-cant difference in income generated from the sale of the fruitsof the species as onemoves from farm gate (on farm) throughrural markets to urban markets The analysis indicated thatincome generated was significantly highest in urbanmarkets in the two ecological zones and it was found to besignificantly higher than income obtained from ruralmarketsand farm gatesThe difference in income generated was morenoticeable in rainforest than in derived savanna ecosystemFor example while average annual income generated at urbanmarkets in the rainforest ecosystem was 119166700($121310) and it was only16666700 ($42200) at farm gatea difference of over 300 (Table 4(a)) The difference inannual income generation at urban markets 112333000($78060) and farm gates 17500000 ($47470) in derivedsavanna ecosystem was about 200 Annual incomegenerated from rural markets in the two ecological zones wassignificantly higher than that of on-farm (farm gate) incomegeneration which is the least and less than110000000Naira($63291 USD) per annum within the two ecological zones(Table 4(a)) The results also show higher-income generationin rainforest ecosystem than derived savanna for the marketanalysis and reverse being the case for on-farm analysiswhich reveals that derived savanna had the higher incomethan the rainforest ecosystem The analysis of variance forthe two forest fruit species within the two ecological zonesis presented in Table 4(b) Irvingia gabonensis generated the

ISRN Forestry 5

Table 4 (a) Results of analysis of variance for mean annual incomegenerated (in Naira) and assessed vertically in the two ecologicalzones and the three market types (b) Results of analysis of variancefor annual income (in Naira) generated from the sales of the twoforest fruit species assessed vertically in the two ecological zones

(a)

Ecologicalzones On farm Rural

marketUrbanmarket

Rainforest 66667 123333 191667 (119875 gt 005)DerivedSavanna 75000 111667 123330

Significantly different from each other at 119875 gt 005 level of significance

(b)

Ecologicalzones Garcinia kola Irvingia gabonensis

Rainforest 133330 191667 (119875 gt 005)DerivedSavanna 135000 98333


highest annual income in rainforest ecosystem 119166700($121310) of Ondo state while Garcinia kola generated thehighest annual income in derived savanna ecosystem113500000 ($85443) Irvingia gabonensis generated signif-icantly higher income in rainforest than derived savannaecosystem and Garcinia kola generated significantly higherincome in derived savanna ecosystem than rainforest

4 Discussion

Most of the respondents (54) are females involved in thesales of forest fruits species indicating that forest fruits mar-keting is a female dominated enterprise and malersquos are themajor collectors and also involved in the production Major-ity of the marketers (72) are within the active labour agerange of 20ndash50 yearsMajority of themarketers used ldquosize andsweetnessrdquo as the standard measure of selling Prices of forestfruits are arrived through bargaining power of the sellers andbuyers as attested to by 70 of the respondents About 54of the respondents claimed that forest fruits are not alwaysavailable throughout the year due to their seasonal natureand perishability The most common method of informingbuyers of forest fruits is through open display as attested to by58 of the respondents The most common strategy of opti-mising forest fruits marketing among respondents is by pro-cessing before sales as attested to by 38 of the respondentsForest fruits marketing is a profitable enterprise with anaverage monthly profit of 11912397 ($12104) per marketerpermonth and in turn can alleviate poverty within the house-hold and this is support of Adebisi 2004 findings [5] Theresults of this study revealed that the production collectionand marketing of I gabonensis and G kola constitute majoreconomic contribution to the livelihood of the people inthe rainforest and derived savanna ecological zones of OndoState The use of these two forest fruits species adds crucial

dimension to a diversified livelihood base of the rural pop-ulace and thereby reducing poverty Thus they act as safetynet particularly when there is a shortfall in agriculturalproduction and thus fill the gap of food shortage and reducemalnutrition

5 Recommendations

Forest fruit species contribute significantly to the peoplersquoseconomy and livelihood Thus priority should be given tothe conservation of the mother trees to ensure sustainableproduction of the fruits while effort should be made towardstheir domestication Currently in the study area especiallyin the rainforest ecosystem domestication of the forest fruitspecies is inadequate It is therefore recommended that forestmanagement strategies and interventions should be designedfor domestication of the forest fruit species in the two ecolog-ical zones to properly address the management and sustain-ability of the resource base of the species

References

[1] E T Ayuk B Duguma S Franzel et al ldquoUses management andeconomic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid low-lands of Cameroonrdquo Forest Ecology and Management vol 113no 1 pp 1ndash9 1999

[2] J C Okafor ldquoImproving edible species of forest productsrdquoUnasylvia vol 42 no 165 pp 17ndash22 1991

[3] J C Onyekwelu and B Stimm ldquoIrvingia gabonensis (Aubrey-Lecomte ex O Rorke) Baillrdquo in Enzyklopadie der HolzgewachseP Schutt HWeisgerberH J Schuck andA Roloff Eds vol 43of Erganzungslieferung p 14 EcomedMunich Germany 2006

[4] A A Adepoju and A S Salau ldquoEconomic valuation of non-timber forest productsrdquo MPRA Paper 2689 2007 httpmpraubuni-muenchende2689

[5] A A Adebisi ldquoA case study of Garcinia kola nut production-to-consumption system in J4 area of Omo forest reserve south-west Nigeriardquo in Forest Products Livelihoods and ConservationCase Studies of Non-Timber Forest Product Systems T Sunder-land and O Ndoye Eds vol 2 pp 115ndash132 CIFOR Africa2004

[6] A F Eleyinmi and R A Oloyo ldquoPilot scale brewing trials usingformulated blends of selected local vegetables as hop substituterdquoJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 38 no 6 pp 609ndash611 2001

[7] FAO Non-Wood Forest Products of Central Africa CurrentResearch Issues and Prospective for Conservation and Develop-ment T C H Sunderland L E Clark and P Vantomme EdFAO Roma Italy 2003

[8] D O Ladipo J M Foundoun and N Ganga ldquoDomesticationof the Bush Mango (Irvingia spp) some exploitable intraspe-cific variations in West and Central Africardquo in Domesticationand Commercialization of Nontimber Forest Products for Agro-forestry R R B Leakey A B Temu M Melnyk and P Van-tomme Eds Non Wood Products No 9 pp 193ndash205 FAORome Italy 1998

[9] L C Nwoboshi ldquoMeeting the challenges of deforestation inNigeria through effective reforestationrdquo in Proceedings of the1996 Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of NigeriaA B Oguntala Ed Minna Nigeria 2000

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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ClimatologyJournal of

2 ISRN Forestry

setting The potentials of some NTFPs like Garcinia kola(Bitter kola) in rural livelihood make it imperative to createawareness on the uses of the fruit as well as its economicimportance

Irvingia gabonensis fruit is harvested annually betweenApril and June of every year The species commonly calledBush mango belongs to the family of Irvingiaceae The fruitis similar to a small domesticated mango It is generally greenbut becomes yellowish when ripe and the ripe fruit containsa lot of fibers which is good for the body CommerciallyIrvingia gabonensis products are highly valued in NigeriaCameroon and Cote drsquoIvoire Market for the species but alsonot only exists within its natural range itrsquos also widely tradedoutside it natural range [3] Althoughmarket for the species ismostly rural it is also sold in urban centres where it attractshigher prices Apart from local and regional market thereis a growing international market for the products of thespeciesThe kernel (Ogbono) ismarketed inUSA and Europewhere about 100000 potential consumers are found [7 8] InNigeria annual demand was estimated at 80000 tonnes [9]Marketing of Ogbono has the prospect of providing a consid-erable income generating opportunity for rural people Cur-rently a cup of Ogbono costs 1158 (about US$1) in Nigeria

2 Methodology

The study was conducted in two ecological zones (Rainforestand Derived Savanna) of Ondo State Nigeria Ondo Stateis one of the thirty-six states in Nigeria located within theSouth-Western part of the country The state lies betweenlatitudes 5∘451015840 and 7∘521015840N and longitudes 4∘201015840 and 6∘51015840E

21 Data Collection and Analysis Data for this study werecollected using two sets of structured questionnaires Marketinformation from traders who market the products of thespecies in selected rural and urban markets was collectedwhich indicated the rate of supply demand prices andincome generation on the forest fruit species Farmers withGkola and I gabonensis trees on their farms home gardens orfallow field were selected and the questionnaire administeredto them Total of 60 questionnaires were administeredto farmers while 120 questionnaires were administered totraders This was complemented with focus group discussionas well as participatory observation Data collected from thefield were analysed using descriptive statistical tools such asmean frequency and percentages

22 Linear Statistical Model In addition analysis of variance(ANOVA) arranged in randomized complete block designwas also employed to test for significant difference parameters(eg price etc) from the three market structure (farm gateprice rural market price and urban market price) in the twoecological zones

The linear statistical model for randomized completeblock design (RCBD) is

119884119894119895119896= 120583 + 119861

119894+ 119879119895+ Σ119894119895119896 (1)

where 119884119894119895119896

is individual observation for the treatment in theblock 120583 is general mean 119861

119894is ecological zones (rainforest

and derived savanna ecological zones) 119879119895is market structure

(farm gate rural and urbanmarkets) andΣ119894119895119896

is experimentalerror

3 Result

31 Age Distribution of the Respondent

311 Market Assessment The age range of traders of the twoforest fruits tree species in rainforest and derived savannaecosystems is between 21 and 60 years (Table 1) Howeverthere were indications that majority of the traders are middleaged especially those involved in the sale of I gabonensisproducts For example results in Table 1 show that between 80and 93 of traders of I gabonensis in the rainforest ecosystemare between 31 and 50 years old while between 55 and 70of traders ofG kola are between the same age ranges A goodpercentage of traders (45 and 20 in rural and urbanmarkets resp) of G kola in the rainforest ecosystem are over50 years old In the derived savanna ecosystem the traders arebetween the age of 31 and 60 years old except for I gabonensisin urbanmarkets (Table 1) Similar to the results for rainforestmajority of I gabonensis traders are within the 31ndash50 years agebracket Over 45 of the traders ofG kola in both urban andrural markets in the derived savanna are over 50 years old(Table 1)

312 On-Farm Assessment The age range of farmers of theseforest food tree species in rainforest and derived savannaecosystems is between 31 and over 60 years (Figure 1) Theresults in Figure 1 indicated that elderly people are mostlyinvolved in the production of forest fruit species In bothecological zones between 70 and 90 of the farmers are 50years and above (Figure 1)The results indicated that between333 and 484 of the farmers are above 60 years old whichindicated that the farmers of forest fruit species are elderlypeopleThe result also shows that middle-aged people are notfully involved in the production of forest fruit species as onlyabout 42 and 97 of the farmerrsquos are aged between 31 and40 years in the two ecological zones of Ondo State (Figure 1)

32 Gender of the Respondent

321 Market Assessment The result reveals that the femalefolks are more involved in the marketing of the forest foodtree species as shown in Tables 2(a) and 2(b) 105 and 895of traders of Irvingia gabonensis in rural markets in rainforestecosystem are males and females respectively and all traders(100) of the species in urban markets in rainforest arefemale (Table 2(a))The same trendwas observed forGarciniakola trade where about 91 males and 909 females wereobserved to be involved in the sale of the species in ruralmarkets while only femalersquos (100) are involved in the salesof the fruit in urban Results (Table 2(b)) revealed that onlyfemales are involved in marketing all these forest fruits

ISRN Forestry 3



Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Rainforest


DerivedSavanna



(a)


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket



(b)


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket






10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)




0102030405060708090

100Re

spon

dent

s (

)



MaleFemale




4 ISRN Forestry



Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)



Belo

w 5

0000

5000

0ndash10

0000

1000

00ndash1

5000

0

1500

00ndash2

0000

0

Abov

e 200

000



ISRN Forestry 5


(a)


marketUrbanmarket



(b)





4 Discussion



5 Recommendations


References














Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














ISRN Forestry 3



Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket

Rainforest


DerivedSavanna



(a)


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket



(b)


Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket






10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)




0102030405060708090

100Re

spon

dent

s (

)



MaleFemale




4 ISRN Forestry



Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)



Belo

w 5

0000

5000

0ndash10

0000

1000

00ndash1

5000

0

1500

00ndash2

0000

0

Abov

e 200

000



ISRN Forestry 5


(a)


marketUrbanmarket



(b)





4 Discussion



5 Recommendations


References














Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














4 ISRN Forestry



Urbanmarket

Ruralmarket

Urbanmarket





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Resp

onde

nts (

)



Belo

w 5

0000

5000

0ndash10

0000

1000

00ndash1

5000

0

1500

00ndash2

0000

0

Abov

e 200

000



ISRN Forestry 5


(a)


marketUrbanmarket



(b)





4 Discussion



5 Recommendations


References














Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














ISRN Forestry 5


(a)


marketUrbanmarket



(b)





4 Discussion



5 Recommendations


References














Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














research article poverty alleviation through optimizing...

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