Research ArticleInfluence of Bottom Ash Replacements as Fine Aggregate onthe Property of Cellular Concrete with Various Foam Contents

Patchara Onprom Krit Chaimoon and Raungrut Cheerarot

Concrete and Computer Research Unit Field of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering Mahasarakham UniversityMahasarakham 44150 Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Raungrut Cheerarot raungruthotmailcom

Received 28 August 2015 Revised 24 October 2015 Accepted 28 October 2015

Academic Editor Belal F Yousif

Copyright copy 2015 Patchara Onprom et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

This research focuses on evaluating the feasibility of utilizing bottom ash from coal burning power plants as a fine aggregate incellular concrete with various foam contents Flows of all mixtures were controlled within 45 plusmn 5 and used foam content at 3040 50 60 and 70 by volume of mixture Bottom ash from Mae Moh power plant in Thailand was used to replace riversand at the rates of 0 25 50 75 and 100 by volume of sand Compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes were determined at the ages of 7 14 and 28 days Nonlinear regression technique was developed to constructthe mathematical models for predicting the compressive strength water absorption and density of cellular concrete The resultsrevealed that the density of cellular concrete decreased while the water absorption increased with an increase in replacement levelof bottom ash From the experimental results it can be concluded that bottom ash can be used as fine aggregate in the cellularconcrete In addition the nonlinear regression models give very high degree of accuracy (1198772 gt 099)

1 Introduction

In recent years cellular concrete has increasingly been usedin construction because it has an advantage of reducing thesizes of structures Cellular concrete or foam concrete is alightweight material consisting of Portland cement paste orcement filler matrix (mortar) with homogeneous voids orpore structures created by introducing air in the formof smallbubbles Introduction of pores is achieved through mechan-ical means either by preformed foaming or mix foamingPreformed foaming is preferred to mix-forming techniquedue to the following advantages (1) a lower foaming agentrequirement and (2) a close relationship between amount offoaming agent used and air content of mix [1ndash3] Generallycellular concrete can be classified into two types autoclaveand nonautoclave cellular concrete High-pressure steamcuring makes the autoclave cellular concrete to improve thequality in lighter weight low thermal conductivity high heatresistance and low drying shrinkage The cellular concrete iswidely used in the construction industry due to its lightweight

and favorable insulation properties which are suitable formaterials of sound barriers firewalls and building panels [4]

The use of industrial waste and byproduct materialsis now widely recognized as one of the preferred optionstowards the achievement of sustainable development [5]Bottom ash (BA) is a byproduct of the combustion ofpulverized coal in the power plants From the previousstudies BA was used mainly on concrete block and roadconstructions and it was applied as lightweight aggregate inmortar and concrete [6] where the results indicated thatBA can be applied as a construction material Some studieshad progressed slowly focusing on the possibility of BA assand replacement in normal concrete [7ndash9] In additionit was used as fine and coarse aggregate in high-strengthconcrete [10] The results indicated that the slump flow offresh concrete was slightly decreased when coarse BA wasreplaced at 100 of normal coarse aggregate In ThailandMaeMoh power plants produce BA approximately 2000 tonsa day or about 20 by volume of the total ash [11] Most ofthe BA has been disposed in landfills because its uses are

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2015 Article ID 381704 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015381704

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of materials

Cement Sand Bottom ashPhysical properties

Specific gravity 314 256 210Absorption () mdash 121 618Moisture content () mdash 047 043Voids () mdash 346 468Fineness modulus mdash 276 210Blaine fineness (cm2g) 3270 mdash mdashMedian particle size (micron) 130 mdash 290Retained on sieve number 325 () 108 mdash 945

Chemical composition ()SiO2

2062 9286 4602Al2O3

522 317 2231Fe2O3

310 027 1064CaO 6500 055 1148MgO 091 049 345K2O 007 032 237

Na2O 050 042 007

SO3

270 055 176LOI 113 067 403

limited leading to increases of landfills results in greater airand environment pollution problems In addition these areseveral advantages of use of BA in the cellular concrete that iscost saving and reduction in the use of natural sand disposalof wastes prevention of environmental pollution and energysaving Moreover high porous BA particles may reduce theshrinkage which was found in using lightweight aggregate infoam concrete [12]

2 Experimental Program

21 Materials The physical properties of materials wereshown in Table 1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) withspecific gravity of 314 and Blaine fineness of 3270 cm2g wasused in all cellular concrete mixtures Local river sand (SA)having a specific gravity of 256 and BA specific gravity of 210from Mae Moh power plant in the north of Thailand wereused in this research as fine aggregate Both SA and BA weresieved through sieve number 16 and retained on sieve number100

Figure 1 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM)of BA The particle shape of BA is irregular and porousHowever the particle size distributions of the combinationsof SA and BA in this research indicated by the gradationcurves meet most of the requirement of ASTM C 33 (inFigure 2) The chemical properties of both materials are alsoreported in Table 1 The major chemical compositions ofPortland cement SA and BA were CaO (6500) SiO

2

(9286) and SiO2(4602) respectively

22 Mix Proportions The mix proportions of cellular con-crete are given in Table 2 Different mixes of cellular concretewere made by use of foam content (V) at 30 40 50

Table 2 Mix proportions of cellular concrete

Mixture Mix proportions (by volume m3)Cement Sand Water Foam content Bottom ash

30V0BA 0175 0215 0310 03 030V25BA 0166 0161 0318 03 005430V50BA 0158 0108 0327 03 010830V75BA 0150 0054 0335 03 016130V100BA 0142 0 0343 03 021540V0BA 0151 0185 0264 04 040V25BA 0144 0139 0271 04 004640V50BA 0136 0093 0278 04 009340V75BA 0129 0046 0285 04 013940V100BA 0123 0 0292 04 018550V0BA 0127 0155 0218 05 050V25BA 0121 0116 0224 05 003950V50BA 0115 0078 0229 05 007850V75BA 0110 0039 0235 05 011650V100BA 0104 0 0241 05 015560V0BA 0103 0126 0172 06 060V25BA 0097 0095 0177 06 003260V50BA 0092 0063 0182 06 006360V75BA 0087 0032 0187 06 009560V100BA 0083 0 0191 06 012670V0BA 0079 0097 0126 07 070V25BA 0074 0073 0130 07 002470V50BA 0069 0049 0134 07 004970V75BA 0066 0024 0137 07 007370V100BA 0062 0 0141 07 0097Note 30 40 50 60 70 percentage of foam content V foam content 0 2550 75 100 percentage of bottom ash and BA bottom ash

Figure 1 SEMof original bottomash observed atmagnification 50x

60 and 70 by volume of mixture and the aggregate tobinder ratio at 1 1 by weight and original BA replacementfor SA at the rates of 0 25 50 75 and 100 by volumeof sand Foam was produced by aerating an organic basedfoaming agent The foaming agent was diluted with water inratio of 1 30 by volume and then poured into an indigenouslyfabricated foam generator to produce foam with a density of50 kgm3 Cellular concrete was produced in laboratory byusing a paddle mixer with adding of foam into a mortar mix

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

0102030405060708090

100

01 1 10

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve opening (mm)

ASTM upper100BA25SA75BA50SA50BA

75SA25BA100SAASTM lower

Figure 2 Particle size distributions of SA BA and combinations

(cement-sand or cement-sand-bottom ash) The sequence ofmixing starts with combining the cement and fine aggregatewith water and keep mixing until a homogeneous mortar isobtained After that foam volume was added in the mortarandmixed for aminimumduration until foamwas uniformlydistributed

23 Testing Details Based on several trails the percent flows(consistency) measured in a standard flow table and inaccordance with ASTM C 230 (without raisingdropping ofthe flow table as it may affect the foam bubbles entrainedin the mix) were arrived at as 45 plusmn 5 Earlier studiesshowed that within this range it gives a good stability andconsistency [13 14] After that the specimens were removedfrom themold after 24 hoursThe compressive strengthwaterabsorption and density at specific ages were determined

The compressive strength was measured by three 50mmcubes at 7 14 and 28 days in accordance with ASTM C 109Water absorption is usuallymeasured by drying the specimento constant mass immersing it in water and measuring theincrease in mass as a percentage of dry mass Density isdefined as mass divided by volume All testing was measuredon 3 cube specimens with size of 50mm for each mix ofcellular concrete after moist curing An average of the threevalues at each age was calculated

The morphology and microstructure analysis of cellularconcrete were characterized using scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) images and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX)spectrum with 15 kV respectively Gold-coated samples wereused to examine fracture surfaces

3 Results and Discussion

31 Water Requirements The water requirements for achiev-ing a stable and workable of cellular concretes are also shownin Table 2 It was found that the water requirement increases

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er co

nten

t (

)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Figure 3 Water content of cellular concrete

with an increase in the level of sand replacement by BA Forexample the water content of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA50V75BA and 50V100BA was 0218 0224 0229 0235 and0241m3 respectivelyThis was due to the increase of porosityin cellular concrete Similar results have been reported ona study of concrete using bottom ash as sand in literature[15] And some literature explained that this was due to thehigh porosity of BA which absorbed water and resulted inhighwater requirements [11] In contrary the increase of foamcontent resulted in a decrease of water content because of itslower solid content which can be seen in Figure 3

32 Compressive Strength Compressive strength is one ofthe most important properties of concrete Many researchesshowed that the compressive strength inversed the densityof cellular concrete [12ndash14] Table 3 tabulates the compres-sive strength of cellular concrete and Figure 4 presentssome of the relationship among compressive strength andimportant parameters The compressive strength of 30V0BA40V0BA 50V0BA 60V0BA and 70V0BA at 28 days were52 40 28 20 and 17MPa respectively It was found thatcompressive strength depended on foam content percentsand replacement by BA and curing age where the cellularconcretes with the higher foam gave the lower compressivestrength The cellular concrete with foam content less than50 gave the compressive strength more than 25MPa (asTIS 1505-1998 specification) The replacement of SA by BAdecreased cement content in cellular concrete thus resultingin lower compressive strength the same as the results ofcellular concrete using higher foam content For examplethe compressive strength at 28 days of cellular concretes50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and 50V100BAwas28 28 23 19 and 17MPa respectively It can be seen thatthe use of 25 of sand replacement by BA gave similarlycompressive strength of 0 of sand replacement (not useBA) For mixes with BA compressive strength decreases withincreasing of BA content because increasing of water contentand pore number in cellular concrete will induce a decrease

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 3 Compressive strength water absorption and density of cellular concretes

Mixture Compressive strength (MPa) Water absorption () Density (kgm3)7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days

30V0BA 44 48 52 20 20 19 1336 1332 129630V25BA 42 45 50 22 23 22 1270 1280 116530V50BA 35 38 42 25 26 25 1248 1244 124130V75BA 29 32 34 27 28 27 1180 1178 117130V100BA 26 29 31 31 31 30 1141 1138 114240V0BA 36 38 40 21 21 20 1184 1180 117640V25BA 33 36 41 24 24 23 1151 1148 114240V50BA 26 30 32 28 27 27 1112 1121 111840V75BA 22 24 26 32 31 31 1065 1072 106840V100BA 20 25 26 35 36 35 1012 1010 100850V0BA 25 26 28 23 23 23 1064 1034 99950V25BA 25 27 28 28 27 28 1032 995 98450V50BA 18 20 23 35 34 34 1000 984 96850V75BA 16 17 19 37 35 36 924 883 85650V100BA 15 16 17 39 38 38 904 884 84060V0BA 17 18 20 26 26 27 960 892 83260V25BA 17 19 21 32 33 33 885 861 85560V50BA 14 14 16 38 38 37 832 835 82760V75BA 12 13 14 42 43 43 804 811 79860V100BA 11 11 12 45 46 46 766 755 76270V0BA 14 16 17 40 38 38 816 818 80870V25BA 15 15 17 42 42 44 795 791 79770V50BA 12 14 15 48 49 49 774 765 76170V75BA 09 10 10 52 53 53 740 738 73570V100BA 08 09 10 56 55 56 711 708 704

of compressive strength Similar results have been reportedon a study of compressive strength of lightweight concrete inliterature [16 17] However BA is one of pozzolanic materialsand thus it can react Ca(OH)

2from hydration reaction to

produce CSH and CAH which can enhance compressivestrength of concrete [11]

33 Water Absorption From Figure 5 it was found that anincrease in the level of replacement of SA by BA and foamcontent leads to increase of water absorption For examplethe water absorptions at 7 days of cellular concretes 30V0BA30V25BA 30V50BA 30V75BA and 30V100BA were 20 2225 27 and 31 while the water absorptions at 7 days ofcellular concretes 70V0BA 70V25BA 70V50BA 70V75BAand 0V100BA were 40 42 48 52 and 56 respectively Arelatively higher water-solids ratio produces a weaker andpervious matrix leading to higher capillary porosity whichis in turn responsible for the increase in water absorption ofmixes with BA Similar results have been reported on waterabsorption of foam concrete using fly ash as sand in theliterature of Nambiar and Ramamurthy [18]

34 Density Figure 6 indicates that an increase of BA contentleads to decrease of density of cellular concrete due to its lowspecific gravity (210) compared with SA (256) As a resultBA replacement for SA at 100 by volume reduced densityapproximately 15 by weight Use of foam content more than50 gave the density lower than 1000 kgm3 However itcan be seen that when the compressive strength and densityare higher the water absorption is lower (as Table 3) FromTable 3 it showed that the mixes that had the compressivestrength more than 25MPa and the water absorption lessthan 30 and the density less than 1000 kgm3 were cellularconcretes 50V0BA and 50V25BA where cellular concrete50V25BA was selected as the optimum mix because it hadthe lower density

With the current results it could be concluded that 25of the BA as SA and 50 of foam content (50V25BA) werethe optimum of BA content due to the compressive strengthdensity and water absorption comparable to that of thecontrol cellular concrete In addition it was found that thecompressive strength of cellular concrete is equal to class 2of aerated lightweight concrete by Thai Industrial Standards

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 4 The compressive strength of cellular concrete

(TIS) 1505 and 2601 [19 20] However the density of BAcellular concrete is higher than that of the TIS standardAlthough the density obtained from cellular concrete con-taining 50V25BA is higher than for TIS standard never-theless the density of this study is lower than typical claybrick in Thailandrsquos Construction Industry Furthermore itscompressive strength in this researchmeetsmost the requiredclay brick strength These comparisons are summarized inTable 4

35 Microstructural Analyses The typical SEM-EDX at mag-nitude of times50 and times2000 of cellular concrete is shown inFigure 7 At times50 of SEM it showed that at fractured surfaceof cellular concrete had many spherical bubbles with 150ndash500120583m in the matrix of cellular concrete Figure 7(a) showedthe SEM image of cellular concrete after 28 days of 50V0BA

(without BA) and Figures 7(b)ndash7(e) showed the SEM image ofcellular concrete containing BAwhere it can be observed thatcellular concrete had many air voids from foam agent Sizeand number of air voids in 50V0BA had close to BA cellularconcrete because it used the same foam content Use of BAdid not change the shape and the size of artificial air poresCellular concretes incorporating with BA were inconsistentlyformed of particle and were more porous than the controlcellular concrete It can be seen that the porous cellularconcrete increases with an increase in the BA content It canbe explained that the porous behavior is relatively reduced indensity of cellular concretes [21] At times2000 of SEM it can beseen that the microstructure morphology of fracture surfaceof cellular concretes was rough surface due to hydrationproducts (CSH Ca(OH)

2 and ettringite) The 50V0BA had

the denser surface than that of BA cellular concrete becauseBA had high porous particle

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of materials

Cement Sand Bottom ashPhysical properties

Specific gravity 314 256 210Absorption () mdash 121 618Moisture content () mdash 047 043Voids () mdash 346 468Fineness modulus mdash 276 210Blaine fineness (cm2g) 3270 mdash mdashMedian particle size (micron) 130 mdash 290Retained on sieve number 325 () 108 mdash 945

Chemical composition ()SiO2

2062 9286 4602Al2O3

522 317 2231Fe2O3

310 027 1064CaO 6500 055 1148MgO 091 049 345K2O 007 032 237

Na2O 050 042 007

SO3

270 055 176LOI 113 067 403

limited leading to increases of landfills results in greater airand environment pollution problems In addition these areseveral advantages of use of BA in the cellular concrete that iscost saving and reduction in the use of natural sand disposalof wastes prevention of environmental pollution and energysaving Moreover high porous BA particles may reduce theshrinkage which was found in using lightweight aggregate infoam concrete [12]

2 Experimental Program

21 Materials The physical properties of materials wereshown in Table 1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) withspecific gravity of 314 and Blaine fineness of 3270 cm2g wasused in all cellular concrete mixtures Local river sand (SA)having a specific gravity of 256 and BA specific gravity of 210from Mae Moh power plant in the north of Thailand wereused in this research as fine aggregate Both SA and BA weresieved through sieve number 16 and retained on sieve number100

Figure 1 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM)of BA The particle shape of BA is irregular and porousHowever the particle size distributions of the combinationsof SA and BA in this research indicated by the gradationcurves meet most of the requirement of ASTM C 33 (inFigure 2) The chemical properties of both materials are alsoreported in Table 1 The major chemical compositions ofPortland cement SA and BA were CaO (6500) SiO

2

(9286) and SiO2(4602) respectively

22 Mix Proportions The mix proportions of cellular con-crete are given in Table 2 Different mixes of cellular concretewere made by use of foam content (V) at 30 40 50

Table 2 Mix proportions of cellular concrete

Mixture Mix proportions (by volume m3)Cement Sand Water Foam content Bottom ash

30V0BA 0175 0215 0310 03 030V25BA 0166 0161 0318 03 005430V50BA 0158 0108 0327 03 010830V75BA 0150 0054 0335 03 016130V100BA 0142 0 0343 03 021540V0BA 0151 0185 0264 04 040V25BA 0144 0139 0271 04 004640V50BA 0136 0093 0278 04 009340V75BA 0129 0046 0285 04 013940V100BA 0123 0 0292 04 018550V0BA 0127 0155 0218 05 050V25BA 0121 0116 0224 05 003950V50BA 0115 0078 0229 05 007850V75BA 0110 0039 0235 05 011650V100BA 0104 0 0241 05 015560V0BA 0103 0126 0172 06 060V25BA 0097 0095 0177 06 003260V50BA 0092 0063 0182 06 006360V75BA 0087 0032 0187 06 009560V100BA 0083 0 0191 06 012670V0BA 0079 0097 0126 07 070V25BA 0074 0073 0130 07 002470V50BA 0069 0049 0134 07 004970V75BA 0066 0024 0137 07 007370V100BA 0062 0 0141 07 0097Note 30 40 50 60 70 percentage of foam content V foam content 0 2550 75 100 percentage of bottom ash and BA bottom ash

Figure 1 SEMof original bottomash observed atmagnification 50x

60 and 70 by volume of mixture and the aggregate tobinder ratio at 1 1 by weight and original BA replacementfor SA at the rates of 0 25 50 75 and 100 by volumeof sand Foam was produced by aerating an organic basedfoaming agent The foaming agent was diluted with water inratio of 1 30 by volume and then poured into an indigenouslyfabricated foam generator to produce foam with a density of50 kgm3 Cellular concrete was produced in laboratory byusing a paddle mixer with adding of foam into a mortar mix

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

0102030405060708090

100

01 1 10

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve opening (mm)

ASTM upper100BA25SA75BA50SA50BA

75SA25BA100SAASTM lower

Figure 2 Particle size distributions of SA BA and combinations

(cement-sand or cement-sand-bottom ash) The sequence ofmixing starts with combining the cement and fine aggregatewith water and keep mixing until a homogeneous mortar isobtained After that foam volume was added in the mortarandmixed for aminimumduration until foamwas uniformlydistributed

23 Testing Details Based on several trails the percent flows(consistency) measured in a standard flow table and inaccordance with ASTM C 230 (without raisingdropping ofthe flow table as it may affect the foam bubbles entrainedin the mix) were arrived at as 45 plusmn 5 Earlier studiesshowed that within this range it gives a good stability andconsistency [13 14] After that the specimens were removedfrom themold after 24 hoursThe compressive strengthwaterabsorption and density at specific ages were determined

The compressive strength was measured by three 50mmcubes at 7 14 and 28 days in accordance with ASTM C 109Water absorption is usuallymeasured by drying the specimento constant mass immersing it in water and measuring theincrease in mass as a percentage of dry mass Density isdefined as mass divided by volume All testing was measuredon 3 cube specimens with size of 50mm for each mix ofcellular concrete after moist curing An average of the threevalues at each age was calculated

The morphology and microstructure analysis of cellularconcrete were characterized using scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) images and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX)spectrum with 15 kV respectively Gold-coated samples wereused to examine fracture surfaces

3 Results and Discussion

31 Water Requirements The water requirements for achiev-ing a stable and workable of cellular concretes are also shownin Table 2 It was found that the water requirement increases

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er co

nten

t (

)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Figure 3 Water content of cellular concrete

with an increase in the level of sand replacement by BA Forexample the water content of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA50V75BA and 50V100BA was 0218 0224 0229 0235 and0241m3 respectivelyThis was due to the increase of porosityin cellular concrete Similar results have been reported ona study of concrete using bottom ash as sand in literature[15] And some literature explained that this was due to thehigh porosity of BA which absorbed water and resulted inhighwater requirements [11] In contrary the increase of foamcontent resulted in a decrease of water content because of itslower solid content which can be seen in Figure 3

32 Compressive Strength Compressive strength is one ofthe most important properties of concrete Many researchesshowed that the compressive strength inversed the densityof cellular concrete [12ndash14] Table 3 tabulates the compres-sive strength of cellular concrete and Figure 4 presentssome of the relationship among compressive strength andimportant parameters The compressive strength of 30V0BA40V0BA 50V0BA 60V0BA and 70V0BA at 28 days were52 40 28 20 and 17MPa respectively It was found thatcompressive strength depended on foam content percentsand replacement by BA and curing age where the cellularconcretes with the higher foam gave the lower compressivestrength The cellular concrete with foam content less than50 gave the compressive strength more than 25MPa (asTIS 1505-1998 specification) The replacement of SA by BAdecreased cement content in cellular concrete thus resultingin lower compressive strength the same as the results ofcellular concrete using higher foam content For examplethe compressive strength at 28 days of cellular concretes50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and 50V100BAwas28 28 23 19 and 17MPa respectively It can be seen thatthe use of 25 of sand replacement by BA gave similarlycompressive strength of 0 of sand replacement (not useBA) For mixes with BA compressive strength decreases withincreasing of BA content because increasing of water contentand pore number in cellular concrete will induce a decrease

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 3 Compressive strength water absorption and density of cellular concretes

Mixture Compressive strength (MPa) Water absorption () Density (kgm3)7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days

30V0BA 44 48 52 20 20 19 1336 1332 129630V25BA 42 45 50 22 23 22 1270 1280 116530V50BA 35 38 42 25 26 25 1248 1244 124130V75BA 29 32 34 27 28 27 1180 1178 117130V100BA 26 29 31 31 31 30 1141 1138 114240V0BA 36 38 40 21 21 20 1184 1180 117640V25BA 33 36 41 24 24 23 1151 1148 114240V50BA 26 30 32 28 27 27 1112 1121 111840V75BA 22 24 26 32 31 31 1065 1072 106840V100BA 20 25 26 35 36 35 1012 1010 100850V0BA 25 26 28 23 23 23 1064 1034 99950V25BA 25 27 28 28 27 28 1032 995 98450V50BA 18 20 23 35 34 34 1000 984 96850V75BA 16 17 19 37 35 36 924 883 85650V100BA 15 16 17 39 38 38 904 884 84060V0BA 17 18 20 26 26 27 960 892 83260V25BA 17 19 21 32 33 33 885 861 85560V50BA 14 14 16 38 38 37 832 835 82760V75BA 12 13 14 42 43 43 804 811 79860V100BA 11 11 12 45 46 46 766 755 76270V0BA 14 16 17 40 38 38 816 818 80870V25BA 15 15 17 42 42 44 795 791 79770V50BA 12 14 15 48 49 49 774 765 76170V75BA 09 10 10 52 53 53 740 738 73570V100BA 08 09 10 56 55 56 711 708 704

of compressive strength Similar results have been reportedon a study of compressive strength of lightweight concrete inliterature [16 17] However BA is one of pozzolanic materialsand thus it can react Ca(OH)

2from hydration reaction to

produce CSH and CAH which can enhance compressivestrength of concrete [11]

33 Water Absorption From Figure 5 it was found that anincrease in the level of replacement of SA by BA and foamcontent leads to increase of water absorption For examplethe water absorptions at 7 days of cellular concretes 30V0BA30V25BA 30V50BA 30V75BA and 30V100BA were 20 2225 27 and 31 while the water absorptions at 7 days ofcellular concretes 70V0BA 70V25BA 70V50BA 70V75BAand 0V100BA were 40 42 48 52 and 56 respectively Arelatively higher water-solids ratio produces a weaker andpervious matrix leading to higher capillary porosity whichis in turn responsible for the increase in water absorption ofmixes with BA Similar results have been reported on waterabsorption of foam concrete using fly ash as sand in theliterature of Nambiar and Ramamurthy [18]

34 Density Figure 6 indicates that an increase of BA contentleads to decrease of density of cellular concrete due to its lowspecific gravity (210) compared with SA (256) As a resultBA replacement for SA at 100 by volume reduced densityapproximately 15 by weight Use of foam content more than50 gave the density lower than 1000 kgm3 However itcan be seen that when the compressive strength and densityare higher the water absorption is lower (as Table 3) FromTable 3 it showed that the mixes that had the compressivestrength more than 25MPa and the water absorption lessthan 30 and the density less than 1000 kgm3 were cellularconcretes 50V0BA and 50V25BA where cellular concrete50V25BA was selected as the optimum mix because it hadthe lower density

With the current results it could be concluded that 25of the BA as SA and 50 of foam content (50V25BA) werethe optimum of BA content due to the compressive strengthdensity and water absorption comparable to that of thecontrol cellular concrete In addition it was found that thecompressive strength of cellular concrete is equal to class 2of aerated lightweight concrete by Thai Industrial Standards

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 4 The compressive strength of cellular concrete

(TIS) 1505 and 2601 [19 20] However the density of BAcellular concrete is higher than that of the TIS standardAlthough the density obtained from cellular concrete con-taining 50V25BA is higher than for TIS standard never-theless the density of this study is lower than typical claybrick in Thailandrsquos Construction Industry Furthermore itscompressive strength in this researchmeetsmost the requiredclay brick strength These comparisons are summarized inTable 4

35 Microstructural Analyses The typical SEM-EDX at mag-nitude of times50 and times2000 of cellular concrete is shown inFigure 7 At times50 of SEM it showed that at fractured surfaceof cellular concrete had many spherical bubbles with 150ndash500120583m in the matrix of cellular concrete Figure 7(a) showedthe SEM image of cellular concrete after 28 days of 50V0BA

(without BA) and Figures 7(b)ndash7(e) showed the SEM image ofcellular concrete containing BAwhere it can be observed thatcellular concrete had many air voids from foam agent Sizeand number of air voids in 50V0BA had close to BA cellularconcrete because it used the same foam content Use of BAdid not change the shape and the size of artificial air poresCellular concretes incorporating with BA were inconsistentlyformed of particle and were more porous than the controlcellular concrete It can be seen that the porous cellularconcrete increases with an increase in the BA content It canbe explained that the porous behavior is relatively reduced indensity of cellular concretes [21] At times2000 of SEM it can beseen that the microstructure morphology of fracture surfaceof cellular concretes was rough surface due to hydrationproducts (CSH Ca(OH)

2 and ettringite) The 50V0BA had

the denser surface than that of BA cellular concrete becauseBA had high porous particle

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

0102030405060708090

100

01 1 10

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve opening (mm)

ASTM upper100BA25SA75BA50SA50BA

75SA25BA100SAASTM lower

Figure 2 Particle size distributions of SA BA and combinations

(cement-sand or cement-sand-bottom ash) The sequence ofmixing starts with combining the cement and fine aggregatewith water and keep mixing until a homogeneous mortar isobtained After that foam volume was added in the mortarandmixed for aminimumduration until foamwas uniformlydistributed

23 Testing Details Based on several trails the percent flows(consistency) measured in a standard flow table and inaccordance with ASTM C 230 (without raisingdropping ofthe flow table as it may affect the foam bubbles entrainedin the mix) were arrived at as 45 plusmn 5 Earlier studiesshowed that within this range it gives a good stability andconsistency [13 14] After that the specimens were removedfrom themold after 24 hoursThe compressive strengthwaterabsorption and density at specific ages were determined

The compressive strength was measured by three 50mmcubes at 7 14 and 28 days in accordance with ASTM C 109Water absorption is usuallymeasured by drying the specimento constant mass immersing it in water and measuring theincrease in mass as a percentage of dry mass Density isdefined as mass divided by volume All testing was measuredon 3 cube specimens with size of 50mm for each mix ofcellular concrete after moist curing An average of the threevalues at each age was calculated

The morphology and microstructure analysis of cellularconcrete were characterized using scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) images and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX)spectrum with 15 kV respectively Gold-coated samples wereused to examine fracture surfaces

3 Results and Discussion

31 Water Requirements The water requirements for achiev-ing a stable and workable of cellular concretes are also shownin Table 2 It was found that the water requirement increases

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er co

nten

t (

)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Figure 3 Water content of cellular concrete

with an increase in the level of sand replacement by BA Forexample the water content of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA50V75BA and 50V100BA was 0218 0224 0229 0235 and0241m3 respectivelyThis was due to the increase of porosityin cellular concrete Similar results have been reported ona study of concrete using bottom ash as sand in literature[15] And some literature explained that this was due to thehigh porosity of BA which absorbed water and resulted inhighwater requirements [11] In contrary the increase of foamcontent resulted in a decrease of water content because of itslower solid content which can be seen in Figure 3

32 Compressive Strength Compressive strength is one ofthe most important properties of concrete Many researchesshowed that the compressive strength inversed the densityof cellular concrete [12ndash14] Table 3 tabulates the compres-sive strength of cellular concrete and Figure 4 presentssome of the relationship among compressive strength andimportant parameters The compressive strength of 30V0BA40V0BA 50V0BA 60V0BA and 70V0BA at 28 days were52 40 28 20 and 17MPa respectively It was found thatcompressive strength depended on foam content percentsand replacement by BA and curing age where the cellularconcretes with the higher foam gave the lower compressivestrength The cellular concrete with foam content less than50 gave the compressive strength more than 25MPa (asTIS 1505-1998 specification) The replacement of SA by BAdecreased cement content in cellular concrete thus resultingin lower compressive strength the same as the results ofcellular concrete using higher foam content For examplethe compressive strength at 28 days of cellular concretes50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and 50V100BAwas28 28 23 19 and 17MPa respectively It can be seen thatthe use of 25 of sand replacement by BA gave similarlycompressive strength of 0 of sand replacement (not useBA) For mixes with BA compressive strength decreases withincreasing of BA content because increasing of water contentand pore number in cellular concrete will induce a decrease

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 3 Compressive strength water absorption and density of cellular concretes

Mixture Compressive strength (MPa) Water absorption () Density (kgm3)7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days

30V0BA 44 48 52 20 20 19 1336 1332 129630V25BA 42 45 50 22 23 22 1270 1280 116530V50BA 35 38 42 25 26 25 1248 1244 124130V75BA 29 32 34 27 28 27 1180 1178 117130V100BA 26 29 31 31 31 30 1141 1138 114240V0BA 36 38 40 21 21 20 1184 1180 117640V25BA 33 36 41 24 24 23 1151 1148 114240V50BA 26 30 32 28 27 27 1112 1121 111840V75BA 22 24 26 32 31 31 1065 1072 106840V100BA 20 25 26 35 36 35 1012 1010 100850V0BA 25 26 28 23 23 23 1064 1034 99950V25BA 25 27 28 28 27 28 1032 995 98450V50BA 18 20 23 35 34 34 1000 984 96850V75BA 16 17 19 37 35 36 924 883 85650V100BA 15 16 17 39 38 38 904 884 84060V0BA 17 18 20 26 26 27 960 892 83260V25BA 17 19 21 32 33 33 885 861 85560V50BA 14 14 16 38 38 37 832 835 82760V75BA 12 13 14 42 43 43 804 811 79860V100BA 11 11 12 45 46 46 766 755 76270V0BA 14 16 17 40 38 38 816 818 80870V25BA 15 15 17 42 42 44 795 791 79770V50BA 12 14 15 48 49 49 774 765 76170V75BA 09 10 10 52 53 53 740 738 73570V100BA 08 09 10 56 55 56 711 708 704

of compressive strength Similar results have been reportedon a study of compressive strength of lightweight concrete inliterature [16 17] However BA is one of pozzolanic materialsand thus it can react Ca(OH)

2from hydration reaction to

produce CSH and CAH which can enhance compressivestrength of concrete [11]

33 Water Absorption From Figure 5 it was found that anincrease in the level of replacement of SA by BA and foamcontent leads to increase of water absorption For examplethe water absorptions at 7 days of cellular concretes 30V0BA30V25BA 30V50BA 30V75BA and 30V100BA were 20 2225 27 and 31 while the water absorptions at 7 days ofcellular concretes 70V0BA 70V25BA 70V50BA 70V75BAand 0V100BA were 40 42 48 52 and 56 respectively Arelatively higher water-solids ratio produces a weaker andpervious matrix leading to higher capillary porosity whichis in turn responsible for the increase in water absorption ofmixes with BA Similar results have been reported on waterabsorption of foam concrete using fly ash as sand in theliterature of Nambiar and Ramamurthy [18]

34 Density Figure 6 indicates that an increase of BA contentleads to decrease of density of cellular concrete due to its lowspecific gravity (210) compared with SA (256) As a resultBA replacement for SA at 100 by volume reduced densityapproximately 15 by weight Use of foam content more than50 gave the density lower than 1000 kgm3 However itcan be seen that when the compressive strength and densityare higher the water absorption is lower (as Table 3) FromTable 3 it showed that the mixes that had the compressivestrength more than 25MPa and the water absorption lessthan 30 and the density less than 1000 kgm3 were cellularconcretes 50V0BA and 50V25BA where cellular concrete50V25BA was selected as the optimum mix because it hadthe lower density

With the current results it could be concluded that 25of the BA as SA and 50 of foam content (50V25BA) werethe optimum of BA content due to the compressive strengthdensity and water absorption comparable to that of thecontrol cellular concrete In addition it was found that thecompressive strength of cellular concrete is equal to class 2of aerated lightweight concrete by Thai Industrial Standards

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 4 The compressive strength of cellular concrete

(TIS) 1505 and 2601 [19 20] However the density of BAcellular concrete is higher than that of the TIS standardAlthough the density obtained from cellular concrete con-taining 50V25BA is higher than for TIS standard never-theless the density of this study is lower than typical claybrick in Thailandrsquos Construction Industry Furthermore itscompressive strength in this researchmeetsmost the requiredclay brick strength These comparisons are summarized inTable 4

35 Microstructural Analyses The typical SEM-EDX at mag-nitude of times50 and times2000 of cellular concrete is shown inFigure 7 At times50 of SEM it showed that at fractured surfaceof cellular concrete had many spherical bubbles with 150ndash500120583m in the matrix of cellular concrete Figure 7(a) showedthe SEM image of cellular concrete after 28 days of 50V0BA

(without BA) and Figures 7(b)ndash7(e) showed the SEM image ofcellular concrete containing BAwhere it can be observed thatcellular concrete had many air voids from foam agent Sizeand number of air voids in 50V0BA had close to BA cellularconcrete because it used the same foam content Use of BAdid not change the shape and the size of artificial air poresCellular concretes incorporating with BA were inconsistentlyformed of particle and were more porous than the controlcellular concrete It can be seen that the porous cellularconcrete increases with an increase in the BA content It canbe explained that the porous behavior is relatively reduced indensity of cellular concretes [21] At times2000 of SEM it can beseen that the microstructure morphology of fracture surfaceof cellular concretes was rough surface due to hydrationproducts (CSH Ca(OH)

2 and ettringite) The 50V0BA had

the denser surface than that of BA cellular concrete becauseBA had high porous particle

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 3 Compressive strength water absorption and density of cellular concretes

Mixture Compressive strength (MPa) Water absorption () Density (kgm3)7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 28 days

30V0BA 44 48 52 20 20 19 1336 1332 129630V25BA 42 45 50 22 23 22 1270 1280 116530V50BA 35 38 42 25 26 25 1248 1244 124130V75BA 29 32 34 27 28 27 1180 1178 117130V100BA 26 29 31 31 31 30 1141 1138 114240V0BA 36 38 40 21 21 20 1184 1180 117640V25BA 33 36 41 24 24 23 1151 1148 114240V50BA 26 30 32 28 27 27 1112 1121 111840V75BA 22 24 26 32 31 31 1065 1072 106840V100BA 20 25 26 35 36 35 1012 1010 100850V0BA 25 26 28 23 23 23 1064 1034 99950V25BA 25 27 28 28 27 28 1032 995 98450V50BA 18 20 23 35 34 34 1000 984 96850V75BA 16 17 19 37 35 36 924 883 85650V100BA 15 16 17 39 38 38 904 884 84060V0BA 17 18 20 26 26 27 960 892 83260V25BA 17 19 21 32 33 33 885 861 85560V50BA 14 14 16 38 38 37 832 835 82760V75BA 12 13 14 42 43 43 804 811 79860V100BA 11 11 12 45 46 46 766 755 76270V0BA 14 16 17 40 38 38 816 818 80870V25BA 15 15 17 42 42 44 795 791 79770V50BA 12 14 15 48 49 49 774 765 76170V75BA 09 10 10 52 53 53 740 738 73570V100BA 08 09 10 56 55 56 711 708 704

of compressive strength Similar results have been reportedon a study of compressive strength of lightweight concrete inliterature [16 17] However BA is one of pozzolanic materialsand thus it can react Ca(OH)

2from hydration reaction to

produce CSH and CAH which can enhance compressivestrength of concrete [11]

33 Water Absorption From Figure 5 it was found that anincrease in the level of replacement of SA by BA and foamcontent leads to increase of water absorption For examplethe water absorptions at 7 days of cellular concretes 30V0BA30V25BA 30V50BA 30V75BA and 30V100BA were 20 2225 27 and 31 while the water absorptions at 7 days ofcellular concretes 70V0BA 70V25BA 70V50BA 70V75BAand 0V100BA were 40 42 48 52 and 56 respectively Arelatively higher water-solids ratio produces a weaker andpervious matrix leading to higher capillary porosity whichis in turn responsible for the increase in water absorption ofmixes with BA Similar results have been reported on waterabsorption of foam concrete using fly ash as sand in theliterature of Nambiar and Ramamurthy [18]

34 Density Figure 6 indicates that an increase of BA contentleads to decrease of density of cellular concrete due to its lowspecific gravity (210) compared with SA (256) As a resultBA replacement for SA at 100 by volume reduced densityapproximately 15 by weight Use of foam content more than50 gave the density lower than 1000 kgm3 However itcan be seen that when the compressive strength and densityare higher the water absorption is lower (as Table 3) FromTable 3 it showed that the mixes that had the compressivestrength more than 25MPa and the water absorption lessthan 30 and the density less than 1000 kgm3 were cellularconcretes 50V0BA and 50V25BA where cellular concrete50V25BA was selected as the optimum mix because it hadthe lower density

With the current results it could be concluded that 25of the BA as SA and 50 of foam content (50V25BA) werethe optimum of BA content due to the compressive strengthdensity and water absorption comparable to that of thecontrol cellular concrete In addition it was found that thecompressive strength of cellular concrete is equal to class 2of aerated lightweight concrete by Thai Industrial Standards

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 4 The compressive strength of cellular concrete

(TIS) 1505 and 2601 [19 20] However the density of BAcellular concrete is higher than that of the TIS standardAlthough the density obtained from cellular concrete con-taining 50V25BA is higher than for TIS standard never-theless the density of this study is lower than typical claybrick in Thailandrsquos Construction Industry Furthermore itscompressive strength in this researchmeetsmost the requiredclay brick strength These comparisons are summarized inTable 4

35 Microstructural Analyses The typical SEM-EDX at mag-nitude of times50 and times2000 of cellular concrete is shown inFigure 7 At times50 of SEM it showed that at fractured surfaceof cellular concrete had many spherical bubbles with 150ndash500120583m in the matrix of cellular concrete Figure 7(a) showedthe SEM image of cellular concrete after 28 days of 50V0BA

(without BA) and Figures 7(b)ndash7(e) showed the SEM image ofcellular concrete containing BAwhere it can be observed thatcellular concrete had many air voids from foam agent Sizeand number of air voids in 50V0BA had close to BA cellularconcrete because it used the same foam content Use of BAdid not change the shape and the size of artificial air poresCellular concretes incorporating with BA were inconsistentlyformed of particle and were more porous than the controlcellular concrete It can be seen that the porous cellularconcrete increases with an increase in the BA content It canbe explained that the porous behavior is relatively reduced indensity of cellular concretes [21] At times2000 of SEM it can beseen that the microstructure morphology of fracture surfaceof cellular concretes was rough surface due to hydrationproducts (CSH Ca(OH)

2 and ettringite) The 50V0BA had

the denser surface than that of BA cellular concrete becauseBA had high porous particle

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 40 50 60 70

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 4 The compressive strength of cellular concrete

(TIS) 1505 and 2601 [19 20] However the density of BAcellular concrete is higher than that of the TIS standardAlthough the density obtained from cellular concrete con-taining 50V25BA is higher than for TIS standard never-theless the density of this study is lower than typical claybrick in Thailandrsquos Construction Industry Furthermore itscompressive strength in this researchmeetsmost the requiredclay brick strength These comparisons are summarized inTable 4

35 Microstructural Analyses The typical SEM-EDX at mag-nitude of times50 and times2000 of cellular concrete is shown inFigure 7 At times50 of SEM it showed that at fractured surfaceof cellular concrete had many spherical bubbles with 150ndash500120583m in the matrix of cellular concrete Figure 7(a) showedthe SEM image of cellular concrete after 28 days of 50V0BA

(without BA) and Figures 7(b)ndash7(e) showed the SEM image ofcellular concrete containing BAwhere it can be observed thatcellular concrete had many air voids from foam agent Sizeand number of air voids in 50V0BA had close to BA cellularconcrete because it used the same foam content Use of BAdid not change the shape and the size of artificial air poresCellular concretes incorporating with BA were inconsistentlyformed of particle and were more porous than the controlcellular concrete It can be seen that the porous cellularconcrete increases with an increase in the BA content It canbe explained that the porous behavior is relatively reduced indensity of cellular concretes [21] At times2000 of SEM it can beseen that the microstructure morphology of fracture surfaceof cellular concretes was rough surface due to hydrationproducts (CSH Ca(OH)

2 and ettringite) The 50V0BA had

the denser surface than that of BA cellular concrete becauseBA had high porous particle

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

(a) 7 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 40 50 60 70

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Foam content ()

(c) 28 days

Figure 5 The water absorption of cellular concrete

According toOrdinary PortlandCement (OPC) BA fromMae Moh power plant contained large amount of CaO andSiO2[22]Therefore the results of the EDXanalysis of cellular

concrete confirm the presence of Ca and Si as major elementsand the elements of Fe andMg are present asminor elementsIn addition it was found that the increasing of the BA contenthad a little effect on the chemical reaction of cellular concretebecause BA had large particle for reaction with Ca(OH)

2and

it was also used as fine aggregate [11] A ratio of CaO and SiO2

(CaSi) was often used to characterize the CSH in concretewhere the higher CaSi ratio gave the higher compressivestrength From Table 1 it was found that CaO and SiO

2

of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BA were 6500and 2062 and 1148 and 4602 respectively Thus theCaSi ratios of 50V0BA 50V25BA 50V50BA 50V75BA and50V100BA were 315 191 115 063 and 025 respectively It

can be seen that use of higher BA replacement decreased theCaSi ratio and compressive strength of cellular concrete wasrelated to the decrease in CaSi ratio too

36 Predicting the Compressive Strength Water Absorptionand Density Using Multiple Regression Techniques The non-linear regressionmodels were performed under SPSS version15 as (1) The best fit of the data was determined to pre-dict compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concretes containing bottom ash Classical statisticalmethod was employed for nonlinear regression models andthe various possible equations were tried to find the appropri-ate equation based on the absolute fraction of variance (1198772)results that estimates the proportion of the total variation inthe series using (2) In addition the root mean square (RMS)error and mean absolute percentage (MAPE) error were

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(a) 7 days

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(b) 14 days

0BA25BA50BA

75BA100BA

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

30 40 50 60 70Foam content ()

Den

sity

(kg

m3)

(c) 28 days

Figure 6 The density of cellular concrete

used to measure the variation using (3) and (4) respectivelyConsider

119884 = 119886 + 11988611199091+ 11988621199092+ 11988631199093+ 11988641199094+ 11988651199095+ 11988661199096

+ 11988671199091

2+ 11988681199092

2+ 11988691199093

2+ 119886101199094

2

+ 119886111199095

2+ 119886121199096

2+ 1198861311990911199092+ 1198861411990911199093

+ 1198861511990911199094+ 1198861611990911199095+ 1198861711990911199096

+ 1198861811990921199093+ 1198861911990921199094+ 1198862011990921199095

+ 1198862111990921199096+ 1198862211990931199094+ 1198862311990931199095

+ 1198862411990931199096+ 1198862511990941199095+ 1198862611990941199096

+ 1198862711990951199096

(1)

1198772=

sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894) (119872119894minus119872119894)

radic[sum119873

119894=1(119875119894minus 119875119894)

2

] [sum119873

119894=1(119872119894minus119872119894)

2

]

(2)

RMS = radic 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

2

(3)

MAPE = 1119873

119873

sum

119894=1

1003816100381610038161003816119875119894minus119872119894

1003816100381610038161003816

119875119894

times 100 (4)

where 119875119894is the predicted value of 119894th pattern 119875

119894is the average

predicted value of 119894th pattern 119872119894is the actual value of 119894th

pattern119872119894is the average actual value of 119894th pattern and119873 is

the number of patternsIn this study the volume of cement (119909

1) sand (119909

2)

water (1199093) foam content (119909

4) bottom ash (119909

5) and age (119909

6)

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

CaFeK

Au

AlMg

O

20

20

60

80

(cps

)

40

4 6 8Energy (keV)

Si

Ca

(a) 50V0BA

FeCa

CaO

AuSi

AlMg

0

50

100

(cps

)2 4 6 8

Energy (keV)

(b) 50V25BA

Ca

CaK Fe

OSi

AuAl

Mg

(cps

)

2 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(c) 50V50BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

0

50

100

Ca

Ca

KAl

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

(d) 50V75BA

(cps

)

20 4 6 8Energy (keV)

Ca

Ca

K

Al

Mg Fe

O

C

Si

Au

0

20

40

60

co

100

(e) 50V100BA

Figure 7 SEM image and EDX spectrum of cellular concrete after 28 days

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

Table 4 Comparison between cellular concrete and other materials

Description Compressive strength (MPa) Density (kgm3) Water absorption ()Aerated lightweight concrete

(TIS 1505-1998) class 2 25 300ndash500 30(TIS 2601-2013) class 8 20 701ndash800 25(TIS 2601-2013) class 9 25 801ndash900 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 10 25 901ndash1000 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 12 25 1001ndash1200 23(TIS 2601-2013) class 14 50 1201ndash1400 20

Commercial clay brick (in Thai) 20ndash30 1650 40

Table 5 The input variables used in nonlinear regression models

Input variables Minimum MaximumCement (by volume) 119909

10062 0175

Sand (by volume) 1199092

0 0215Water (by volume) 119909

30126 0343

Foam content (by volume) 1199094

03 07Bottom ash (by volume) 119909

50 0215

Age (day) 1199096

7 28

Table 6 Statistical performance of proposed regression models

Nonlinear regression models 1198772 RMSE MAPE

Compressive strength 099493 008151 333669Water absorption 099670 056786 150650Density 099348 1473598 107225

had significant influence on the compressive strength waterabsorption and density of cellular concrete Therefore thesesix important input parameters were taken into account inthe proposed nonlinear regression models The limit valuesof input variables used in regression models are listed inTable 5 The details of the best expression equations forthe compressive strength water absorption and density ofcellular concrete using nonlinear regression techniques aregiven as (5) (6) and (7) respectively

The nonlinear regression models were evaluated viastatistical parameters as seen in Table 6 Based on absolutefraction of variance (1198772) it was found that the nonlinearregression technique gives a high degree of accuracy where1198772 of the nonlinear regression models are higher than

099 In addition the root mean square (RMS) error andmean absolute percentage (MAPE) error of compressivestrength water absorption and density of cellular concretewere 008151 056786 1473598 and 333669 150650and 107225 respectively Figures 8ndash10 demonstrated thatthe nonlinear regression was reasonably highly capable ofgeneralizing between the input parameters variables and theoutput response Consider

Compressive strength (MPa)

= 1721866 minus 2722131199091minus 246505119909

2+ 2420789119909

3

minus 2870071199094minus 327519119909

5minus 021929119909

6

+ 56701741199091

2+ 1861474119909

2

2minus 396672119909

3

2

+ 11435291199094

2+ 2097094119909

5

2minus 000063119909

6

2

+ 335143911990911199092+ 3186306119909

11199093

+ 272458911990911199094+ 3082001119909

11199095

+ 073010211990911199096+ 1104364119909

21199093

+ 243536311990921199094+ 4106349119909

21199095

+ 743467611990921199096minus 253026119909

31199094+ 2806124119909

31199095

minus 47815711990931199096+ 326210119909

41199095+ 0110857119909

41199096

+ 822849711990951199096

(5)

Water absorption ()

= 3028752 minus 9361821199091minus 2667696119909

2+ 978052119909

3

minus 5688081199094minus 2962800119909

5+ 0466288119909

6

+ 5125541199091

2+ 3055733119909

2

2minus 287101119909

3

2

+ 26656221199094

2+ 4053092119909

5

2+ 0000225119909

6

2

+ 488700711990911199092minus 1780599119909

11199093+ 8675238119909

11199094

+ 532641111990911199095minus 223514119909

11199096minus 915991119909

21199093

+ 258810911990921199094+ 7054651119909

21199095minus 152013119909

21199096

minus 96853511990931199094minus 1138688119909

31199095+ 2140973119909

31199096

+ 287058111990941199095+ 0083734119909

41199096minus 218526119909

51199096

(6)

Density (kgm3)

= minus161981 minus 75684161199091+ 5710310119909

2

+ 79408041199093+ 2688471119909

4+ 5422624119909

5

minus 5859221199096+ 1564919119909

1

2+ 15173410119909

2

2

+ 164639031199093

2minus 962597119909

4

2+ 28294298119909

5

2

+ 00220991199096

2+ 27792847119909

11199092minus 1647790119909

11199093

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pred

icte

d co

mpr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Actual compressive strength (MPa)

R2 = 09949

y = 09989x

Figure 8 Performance of the compressive strength by nonlinearregression model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pred

icte

d w

ater

abso

rptio

n (

)

Actual water absorption ()

R2 = 09967

y = 09997x

Figure 9 Performance of the water absorption by nonlinearregression model

+ 730736611990911199094+ 27585862119909

11199095minus 223943119909

11199096

minus 661194511990921199094+ 42750751119909

21199095

+ 626941811990921199096+ 9538123119909

31199094

+ 999155511990931199096minus 6533201119909

41199095

+ 591778511990941199096+ 4507238119909

51199096

(7)

when 1199091is cement (by volume) 119909

2is sand (by volume) 119909

3

is water (by volume) 1199094is foam content (by volume) 119909

5is

bottom ash (by volume) and 1199096is age (day)

4 Conclusions

From the experimental results on evaluating the feasibility ofutilizing BA from Mae Moh power plant as a fine aggregatein cellular concrete it can be concluded as follows

(1) The cellular concrete containing the BA exhibitedhigher porosity than those of the control concreteand resulted in higher water requirement for achiev-ing workability of cellular concrete Compressivestrength absorption and density depended on foamcontent percent sand replacement by BA cementcontent and curing age

600700800900

10001100120013001400

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400Actual density (kgcumiddotm)

Pred

icte

d de

nsity

(kg

cumiddotm

)

R2 = 09934

y = 09998x

Figure 10 Performance of the density by nonlinear regressionmodel

(2) The optimum replacement of BA in cellular concretewas 25 by volume of sand and used 50 of foamcontent where it gave compressive strength densityand water absorption of 28MPa 984 kgm3 and28 respectively In addition it was closed to class10 of TIS standard Moreover the resultant propertiesof the optimummix are greater than typical clay brickinThailandrsquos construction industry

(3) The nonlinear regression technique can be used topredict the compressive strength water absorptionand density of cellular concrete because it gave a highabsolute fraction of variancewith a lowmean absolutepercentage error and root mean square error

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the Concreteand Computer Research Unit Faculty of EngineeringMahasarakham University for providing facilities and equip-ment

References

[1] K Ramamurthy E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and G InduSiva Ranjani ldquoA classification of studies on properties of foamconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 6 pp388ndash396 2009

[2] A J Hamad ldquoMaterials production properties and applicationof aerated lightweight concrete reviewrdquo International Journal ofMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2 no 2 pp 152ndash157 2014

[3] J B Hernandez-Zaragoza T Lopez-Lara J Horta-Rangel et alldquoCellular concrete bricks with recycled expanded polystyreneaggregaterdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engineering vol2013 Article ID 160162 5 pages 2013

[4] P J Tikalsky J Pospisil and W MacDonald ldquoA method forassessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 11

cellular concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no5 pp 889ndash893 2004

[5] D G Snelson and J M Kinuthia ldquoCharacterisation of anunprocessed landfill ash for application in concreterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 91 no 11 pp 2117ndash2125 2010

[6] H K Lee H K Kim and E A Hwang ldquoUtilization of powerplant bottom ash as aggregates in fiber-reinforced cellularconcreterdquoWaste Management vol 30 no 2 pp 274ndash284 2010

[7] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoInfluence of furnace bottom ashon properties of concreterdquo Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers Structures and Buildings vol 156 no 1 pp 85ndash922003

[8] Y Bai and P A M Basheer ldquoProperties of concrete containingfurnace bottom ash as a sand replacement materialrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Structural Faults andRepair London UK July 2003

[9] Y Bai F Darcy and P A M Basheer ldquoStrength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ashas fine aggregaterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 19no 9 pp 691ndash697 2005

[10] H K Kim andH K Lee ldquoUse of power plant bottom ash as fineand coarse aggregates in high-strength concreterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 25 no 2 pp 1115ndash1122 2011

[11] C Jaturapitakkul and R Cheerarot ldquoDevelopment of bottomash as pozzolanic materialrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engi-neering vol 15 no 1 pp 48ndash53 2003

[12] P E Regan and A R Arasteh ldquoLightweight aggregate foamedconcreterdquo The Structural Engineer vol 68 no 9 pp 167ndash1731990

[13] E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoFresh statecharacteristics of foam concreterdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 20 no 2 pp 111ndash117 2008

[14] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoSorption characteristicsof foam concreterdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 37 no 9pp 1341ndash1347 2007

[15] R Kasemchaisiri and S Tangtermsirikul ldquoUse of bottom ash asfine aggregate for self-compacting concreterdquo in National Con-vention on Civil Engineering MAT049 pp 277ndash283 BangkokThailand 2008

[16] T Y Lo W C Tang and H Z Cui ldquoThe effects of aggregateproperties on lightweight concreterdquo Building and Environmentvol 42 no 8 pp 3025ndash3029 2007

[17] K Jitchaiyaphum T Sinsiri C Jaturapitakkul and P Chin-daprasirt ldquoCellular lightweight concrete containing high-calcium fly ash and natural zeoliterdquo International Journal ofMinerals Metallurgy and Materials vol 20 no 5 pp 462ndash4712013

[18] E K K Nambiar and K Ramamurthy ldquoInfluence of fillertype on the properties of foam concreterdquo Cement and ConcreteComposites vol 28 no 5 pp 475ndash480 2006

[19] Ministry of Industry ldquoAutoclaved aerated lightweight concreteelementrdquo Thai Industrial Standard 1505-1998 Thai IndustrialStandard Bangkok Thailand 1998

[20] Ministry of Industry ldquoAerated lightweight concreterdquo ThaiIndustrial Standard 2601-2013 Ministry of Industry BangkokThailand 2013

[21] N Narayanan and K Ramamurthy ldquoStructure and propertiesof aerated concrete a reviewrdquoCement and Concrete Compositesvol 22 no 5 pp 321ndash329 2000

[22] P Chindaprasirt C Jaturapitakkul W Chalee and U Rat-tanasak ldquoComparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and

bottom ash geopolymersrdquoWasteManagement vol 29 no 2 pp539ndash543 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials