research article experiment investigation on electrical and thermal performances of a...

Research ArticleExperiment Investigation on Electrical and ThermalPerformances of a Semitransparent PhotovoltaicThermalSystem with Water Cooling

Guiqiang Li Gang Pei Ming Yang and Jie Ji

Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai RoadHefei City 230026 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Gang Pei peigangustceducn

Received 25 March 2014 Accepted 2 July 2014 Published 1 September 2014

Academic Editor Hongxing Yang

Copyright copy 2014 Guiqiang Li et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Different from the semitransparent building integrated photovoltaicthermal (BIPVT) systemwith air cooling the semitransparentBIPVT system with water cooling is rare especially based on the silicon solar cells In this paper a semitransparentphotovoltaicthermal system (SPVT) with water cooling was set up which not only would provide the electrical power and hotwater but also could attain the natural illumination for the buildingThe PV efficiency thermal efficiency and exergy analysis wereall adopted to illustrate the performance of SPVT systemThe results showed that the PV efficiency and the thermal efficiency wereabout 115 and 395 respectively on the typical sunny day Furthermore the PV and thermal efficiencies fit curves were madeto demonstrate the SPVT performance more comprehensively The performance analysis indicated that the SPVT system has agood application prospect for building

1 Introduction

Building integrated photovoltaicthermal (BIPVT) is oneof the most applicable solutions for solar PV For BIPVTit can take away the heat from PV cells to keep a highelectrical efficiency and then supply the electrical powerand heat source for the building Chow et al indicated thatthe limited building space for accommodating solar deviceshas driven a demand on the use of PVT technology [1]Ooshaksaraei et al illustrated the characterization of air-based photovoltaicthermal panels with bifacial solar cells[2] J H Kim and J T Kim took the experiment on theperformance of an unglazedPVT collectorwith twodifferentabsorber types [3] Matuska investigated the influence ofbuilding integration of polycrystalline PV modules on theirperformance and potential for use of active liquid coolingby use of BIPV-T collectors through simulation analysis [4]Nonetheless considering the comfort and the architecturallighting as the facade or roof in building the BIPVT stillneeded tomaintain the natural lighting of the building spaces

It is known for BIPV that the transparency of the PVsystem is realised by either thin PV cells becoming trans-parent or leaving spaces between the PV cells to allow thenatural illumination partially into the building [5] Kang et alused the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to replace buildingwindows which allowed light transmission and application ofvarious colors but had a lower efficiency in terms of electricitygeneration than silicon solar cells [6]

However due to the cooling structure it is more difficultfor BIPVT to maintain the natural lighting of the buildingspaces than BIPV Many researchers improved BIPVT toachieve this purpose For BIPVT with air cooling Vats etal designed a building integrated semitransparent photo-voltaicthermal (BISPVT) system for roof and facade whichcould provide electricity space heating and day lighting[7ndash9] Kamthania et al presented the performance evaluationof a hybrid photovoltaicthermal (Semitransparent PVT)double pass facade for space heating [10] But for BIPVTwith water cooling less work has been focused on thesemitransparent photovoltaicthermal system which is due

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2014 Article ID 360235 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014360235

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Area size of the SPVT

Component Area size (m2)PV 0112Total area (excluding gap) 027

to the common whole flat plate PVT process technologywith water cooling Suppose that a semitransparent pho-tovoltaicthermal system (SPVT) with water cooling wasbuilt it not only would provide the electrical power spaceheating and hot water for the building but also could attainthe natural illumination which would further expand theapplication scope of the BIPVT

Therefore this paper presented a semitransparent photo-voltaicthermal system with water cooling for building appli-cation through improving the PVT structure The systemadopted a technology that the PV was directly laminated onthe surface of the square tube and the space was left betweensquare tubes The schematic diagram of the semitransparentphotovoltaicthermal systemwithwater cooling on a roof wasshown in Figure 1 and the sunlight can be allowed through thegap into the building space Considering that the crystallinesilicon PV has a higher electrical efficiency than other solarPVs thus the semitransparent photovoltaicthermal systemadopted the crystalline silicon PV to obtain a higher PVpower The experiment focused on the electrical and thermalperformances of the SPVT system which indicated that theSPVT system has a good PVT performance

2 Experimental Rig Setup

21 SPVT Solar Collector Structure The SPVT consisted ofPV the cooling square tube the storage tank the connectingpipe and other major components The constituent layers ofPVT were shown in Figure 2(a)The PV was inserted withinthe encapsulated materials which included the transparentTPT (tedlar polyester-tedlar) and the EVA (ethylene-vinylacetate) layers on the top and the EVAand opaque TPT layersunderneath TPT is known for its good electrical insulationand EVA is the adhesive material Further down the squarepipe is a layer of thermal insulation which covered the twoside surfaces and bottom surfaces of the square pipe There isan insulated air layer between the front glazing and the PVencapsulation the same as that between the back glazing andthe thermal insulation layer

Four PV cells were connected in series and lami-nated together on one square tube The size of each PVcell is 156 cm lowast 10 cm and that of the square pipe is800 cmlowast15 cm The SPVT system has 18 square pipes(Figure 2(b)) The real photo of SPVT was shown inFigure 3(c) and the sunlight can pass through the spacesbetween the square pipes to reach the ground

Other size parameters of this SPVT system were shownin Table 1

22 Experimental Test Device The SPVT system cooperatedwith a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) thus theoutput value of PV could maintain at its maximum value

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the SPVT with water cooling on aroof

During operation the cooling water was circulated from thebottom port of the storage tank then entered into the lowerinlet of the SPVT collector and took away the heat fromthe PV at last outflowed from the upper outlet of the SPVTcollector and returned to the top port of the storage tank A15Wmini water pumpwas installed as an auxiliary loop tooland the flow rate was approximately 0031m3h The volumeof water tank was 20 L Three thermocouples were verticallyand symmetrically arranged in the tank to test the watertemperature in the storage tank The ambient temperatureand wind speed were measured by ambient monitor Thecomponents of the test equipment are listed in Table 2

3 Testing and Evaluation of theSemitransparent PhotovoltaicThermalSystem

31 Experimental Test Profile The prototype of the SPVTsystem was designed and installed on a rooftop at Universityof Science and Technology of China in Hefei (31∘531015840N117∘151015840E) The orientation of the system was facing south ata 32∘ tilt angle

32 Evaluation Performance of SPVT System The electricalefficiency of PV from the experiment was given

120578syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898

119866 sdot 119860pv (1)

where 119868119898

and 119881119898

are the current and the voltage of thePV operating at the maximum power 119866 is the total solarradiation Wmminus2 119860pv is PV area m2

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

(a)

(b)

(C)

(1) Front glazing(2) TPT(3) EVA(4) PV module(5) Square pipe(6) Thermal insulation(7) Back glazing

(1)(2)(3)(4)(3)(2)(3)

(5)(6)

(7)

Figure 2 SPVT structure (a) constituent layers of PVT (b) PVT and (c) photo of SPVT solar collector

Water tank

Flowmeter

Valve

Meteorological data collection system

MPPT

Storage battery

Data acquisition system

VoltmeterAmmeter

SPVT

T1

T2

T3

Load

Ambient temperature

Anemometer

Global pyranometer

Minipump

Figure 3 Testing schematic diagram of SPVT system


Table 2 Specification of the test components

Test equipment Specification Suppliers names Quantity Position

Ultrasonic flowmeter TUF-2000P Shanghai Juguan IndustryAutomation Device Ltd 1 Main pipe line

Thermocouple 02mm copper-constantan Homemade 3 Water tank

Pyranometer TBQ-2 Jinzhou China (Sun Co) 1 Near experimental rig withthe same tilted angle

Minipump sim15 KW Homemade 1 Main pipe lineAmbient monitor JZH-1 Jinzhou China (Sun Co) 1 Near experimental rig

Others data acquisition instrument Agilent 34970A (USA) test computer electrical wires etc

For the SPVT system the heating capacity obtained bythe water in the tank can be expressed as follows

119876systh = 119898

119908 tank119888119889119879

119889119905

(2)

where 119879 is the average water temperature in the tank ∘CThe system thermal efficiency 120578systh is calculated by

120578systh =

int

1199052

1199051

119876systh119889119905

119860119888int

1199052

1199051

119866119889119905

(3)

120578systh can also be obtained by

120578systh = 1205720minus 119880119904119879lowast

119894

= 1205720minus 119880119904

119879119894minus 119879119886

119866

(4)

where 119866 is the average solar radiation Wmminus2 and 119860119888is the

total area of the collectorThe exergy efficiency can be defined to describe the

quality difference between electricity and heat The exergyanalysis method was based on the second law of thermody-namics which revealed a system with a reasonable degree ofenergy and could evaluate the system performance better

The exergy efficiency of PV unit conversion is defined as

120576syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898

119866 sdot 119860pv sdot 120593sradmax (5)

where 120593sradmax is the maximum efficiency ratio for determin-ing the exergy of thermal emission at temperature 119879 [11 12]and the expression is

120593sradmax = 1 +

1

3

(

119879119886

119879

)

4

minus

4

3

119879119886

119879

(6)

where 119879 is equal to the 6000K solar radiation temperature inthe exergetic evaluation

The exergy efficiency of thermal conversion is defined as

120576sys =

int

1199052

1199051

(

119864119883output

minus 119882pump) 119889119905

int

1199052

1199051

119864119883sun

119889119905

(7)

where the exergy obtained in the storage tank could be writ-ten as follows [13] and assuming that the temperature valuein the tank is the arithmetic average of three thermocoupletemperature values

119864119883output

=

119876systh (1 minus

119879119886

119879

) (8)

119864119883sun

is the exergy from the sun and could be written as

119864119883sun

= 119860119888119866120593sradmax (9)

4 Experimental Results and Discussion

41 Performance Analysis on a Typical Sunny Day A typicalday as an example the test time was from 800 to 1530The environmental parameters during the test were shown inFigure 4The average solar radiation and the average ambienttemperature were 7290Wmminus2 and 169∘C respectively Theaverage wind speed was approximately 15msminus1

According to (1) and (2) the instantaneous PV efficiencyand thermal efficiency can be obtained as shown in Figure 5The value of PV efficiency was between 0095 and 013 Thetendency of the PV efficiency curve was gradually declinedduring the test which was because the water temperaturebecame higher For thermal efficiency the instantaneousvalues increased at first and then gradually declined Themaximum value of the thermal efficiency was 530 Theoverall PV efficiency and the thermal efficiency on whole daywere about 115 and 395 respectively

It is clear that for the SPVT system the exergy efficiencyof the PV was much higher than that of the hot water(Figure 6) That is because in the SPVT system applicationsthe production of electricity is the main priority and it isnecessary to operate the PV modules at a low temperatureThe water was heated from 194∘C to 445∘C during the testBefore 830 the water temperature increased slowly and theexergy efficiency of the thermal output was below 1 and thehighest exergy efficiency of the thermal output was between1230 and 1300 and the maximum value was about 285

42 SPVT Performance Curve Fitting Referring to [14] inorder to apprehend the electrical and thermal performanceof the SPVT system under the forced flow situation Case 1ndashCase 11 on the experiment with different initial temperatures


0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Solar radiationAmbient temperature

Time

10

12141618202224262830

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

mminus2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Figure 4 Environmental parameters during the test

007008009010011012013014015016017018019020

Time

010015020025030035040045050055060

Inst

anta

neou

s the

rmal

effici

ency

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Inst

anta

neou

s PV

effici

ency

PV efficiencyThermal efficiency

Figure 5 PV and thermal efficiency during the test

000001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016

PVThermalWater temperature

Time

Exer

gy effi

cien

cy

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)

Figure 6 Exergy efficiency with water temperature variation duringthe test

0010 0015 0020 0025 0030 0035 0040 0045007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

PV effi

cien

cy

010

015

020

025

030

035

040

045

050

Ther

mal

effici

ency

120578th

120578th = 0659 minus 13188Tlowasti


120578pv

120578pv = 0128 minus 0850Tlowasti


Tlowasti (m2 ∘C Wminus1)

Figure 7 PV efficiency and thermal efficiency fit curves of theexperimental results on SPVT system

were chosen to illustrate the overall performance as shownin Table 3

The PV efficiencies and thermal efficiencies of the SPVTsystem in Case 1ndashCase 11 were fitted to a linear function tocorrespond to mutual relationships among the variables asshown in Figure 7

For the SPVT system the PV efficiency under thezero reduced temperature condition was 128 which wasreasonable and could be further improved by using the frontglazing material with a higher transmissivity The thermalefficiency intercept was 659 which could also be improvedby using selective absorber surface with low emissivity

43 Experiment Error Analysis The relative error (RE) of thedependent variable 119910 can be calculated as follows

RE =

119889119910

119910

=

120597119891

1205971199091

1198891199091

119910

+

120597119891

1205971199092

1198891199092

119910

+ sdot sdot sdot +

120597119891

120597119909119899

119889119909119899

119910

119910 = 119891 (1199091 1199092sdot sdot sdot 119909119899)

(10)

where 119909119894 (119894 = 1 119899) is the variable of the dependent

variable 119910 and 120597119891120597119909 is the error transferring coefficient ofthe variables

The experimental relative mean error (RME) during thetest period can be expressed as

RME =

sum119873

1|RE|119873

(11)

According to (10)ndash(11) the RMEs of all variables werecalculated and the results were given in Table 4

5 Conclusion

This paper presented a semitransparent photovoltaicthermalsystem (SPVT) with water cooling which not only could


Table 3 List of experimental results

ParametersInitial water

temperature in thetank (∘C)

Averageenvironmentaltemperature (∘C)

Average solarradiation (Wsdotmminus2)

Average water flow(m3

sdothminus1)PV efficiency

()

System thermalefficiency

()Case 1 209 127 5209 0031 0113 0484Case 2 247 145 7106 0031 0124 0484Case 3 262 156 6652 0031 0121 0474Case 4 287 174 7780 0031 0121 0479Case 5 307 177 8450 0031 011 0489Case 6 333 179 9308 0031 0101 0444Case 7 358 185 9790 0031 0113 0451Case 8 384 194 9692 0031 0112 0414Case 9 416 195 7535 0031 0102 0266Case 10 431 197 8061 0031 0107 0263Case 11 445 195 6110 0031 0095 0148

Table 4 The experimental RME of the variables

Variable 119879 119866 120578syspv 120578systh

RME 0066 20 42 2279

provide the electrical power and hot water but also wouldattain the natural illumination for the building and in com-parison with the common nontransparent BIPVT system ithas more advantages

Based on the experiment results the PV efficiency andthermal efficiency of the SPVT system on the sunny daywereapproximately 115 and 395 respectively Furthermorethe exergy analysis of the SPVT system was made to indicatethat the PV exergy efficiency was the main portion inthe system exergy efficiency which was because in PVTsystem applications the production of electricity is the mainpriority and it is necessary to operate the PV modules atlow temperature At the same time the PV and thermalefficiencies fit curves were made to illustrate the SPVTsystem performance comprehensively

The experiment presented the overall electrical and ther-mal performances of the SPVT system and verified thefeasibility of it which indicated a good application prospect

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The study was sponsored by the National Science Foundationof China (Grant nos 51178442 51408578) and ldquothe Fun-damental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesrdquo andChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M550350)

References

[1] T T ChowGN Tiwari andCMenezo ldquoHybrid solar a reviewon photovoltaic and thermal power integrationrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2012 Article ID 307287 17 pages2012

[2] P Ooshaksaraei K Sopian R Zulkifli M A Alghoul andS H Zaidi ldquoCharacterization of a bifacial photovoltaic panelintegrated with external diffuse and semimirror type reflectorsrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID465837 7 pages 2013

[3] J H Kim and J T Kim ldquoThe experimental performanceof an unglazed PVT collector with two different absorbertypesrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2012 Article ID312168 6 pages 2012

[4] TMatuska ldquoSimulation study of building integrated solar liquidPV-T collectorsrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2012Article ID 686393 8 pages 2012

[5] N Sellami T K Mallick and D A McNeil ldquoOptical character-isation of 3-D static solar concentratorrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 64 pp 579ndash586 2012

[6] J-G Kang J-H Kim and J-T Kim ldquoPerformance evaluation ofDSC windows for buildingsrdquo International Journal of Photoen-ergy vol 2013 Article ID 472086 6 pages 2013

[7] K Vats and G N Tiwari ldquoPerformance evaluation of a buildingintegrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal system forroof and faaderdquo Energy and Buildings vol 45 pp 211ndash218 2012

[8] K Vats and G N Tiwari ldquoEnergy and exergy analysis ofa building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal(BISPVT) systemrdquo Applied Energy vol 96 pp 409ndash416 2012

[9] K Vats V Tomar and G N Tiwari ldquoEffect of packing factoron the performance of a building integrated semitransparentphotovoltaic thermal (BISPVT) system with air ductrdquo Energyand Buildings vol 53 pp 159ndash165 2012

[10] D Kamthania S Nayak and G N Tiwari ldquoPerformanceevaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal double pass facadefor space heatingrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 43 no 9 pp 2274ndash2281 2011

[11] R Petela ldquoExergy of undiluted thermal radiationrdquo Solar Energyvol 74 no 6 pp 469ndash488 2003

[12] R Petela ldquoExergy analysis of the solar cylindrical-paraboliccookerrdquo Solar Energy vol 79 no 3 pp 221ndash233 2005


[13] T T Chow G Pei K F Fong Z Lin A L S Chan and J JildquoEnergy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic-thermal collectorwith and without glass coverrdquo Applied Energy vol 86 no 3 pp310ndash316 2009

[14] T T Chow W He and J Ji ldquoHybrid photovoltaic-thermosyphonwater heating system for residential applicationrdquoSolar Energy vol 80 no 3 pp 298ndash306 2006

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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International Journal ofPhotoenergy


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International Journal of


Journal of

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Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


Table 1 Area size of the SPVT

Component Area size (m2)PV 0112Total area (excluding gap) 027

to the common whole flat plate PVT process technologywith water cooling Suppose that a semitransparent pho-tovoltaicthermal system (SPVT) with water cooling wasbuilt it not only would provide the electrical power spaceheating and hot water for the building but also could attainthe natural illumination which would further expand theapplication scope of the BIPVT

Therefore this paper presented a semitransparent photo-voltaicthermal system with water cooling for building appli-cation through improving the PVT structure The systemadopted a technology that the PV was directly laminated onthe surface of the square tube and the space was left betweensquare tubes The schematic diagram of the semitransparentphotovoltaicthermal systemwithwater cooling on a roof wasshown in Figure 1 and the sunlight can be allowed through thegap into the building space Considering that the crystallinesilicon PV has a higher electrical efficiency than other solarPVs thus the semitransparent photovoltaicthermal systemadopted the crystalline silicon PV to obtain a higher PVpower The experiment focused on the electrical and thermalperformances of the SPVT system which indicated that theSPVT system has a good PVT performance

2 Experimental Rig Setup

21 SPVT Solar Collector Structure The SPVT consisted ofPV the cooling square tube the storage tank the connectingpipe and other major components The constituent layers ofPVT were shown in Figure 2(a)The PV was inserted withinthe encapsulated materials which included the transparentTPT (tedlar polyester-tedlar) and the EVA (ethylene-vinylacetate) layers on the top and the EVAand opaque TPT layersunderneath TPT is known for its good electrical insulationand EVA is the adhesive material Further down the squarepipe is a layer of thermal insulation which covered the twoside surfaces and bottom surfaces of the square pipe There isan insulated air layer between the front glazing and the PVencapsulation the same as that between the back glazing andthe thermal insulation layer

Four PV cells were connected in series and lami-nated together on one square tube The size of each PVcell is 156 cm lowast 10 cm and that of the square pipe is800 cmlowast15 cm The SPVT system has 18 square pipes(Figure 2(b)) The real photo of SPVT was shown inFigure 3(c) and the sunlight can pass through the spacesbetween the square pipes to reach the ground

Other size parameters of this SPVT system were shownin Table 1

22 Experimental Test Device The SPVT system cooperatedwith a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) thus theoutput value of PV could maintain at its maximum value

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the SPVT with water cooling on aroof

During operation the cooling water was circulated from thebottom port of the storage tank then entered into the lowerinlet of the SPVT collector and took away the heat fromthe PV at last outflowed from the upper outlet of the SPVTcollector and returned to the top port of the storage tank A15Wmini water pumpwas installed as an auxiliary loop tooland the flow rate was approximately 0031m3h The volumeof water tank was 20 L Three thermocouples were verticallyand symmetrically arranged in the tank to test the watertemperature in the storage tank The ambient temperatureand wind speed were measured by ambient monitor Thecomponents of the test equipment are listed in Table 2

3 Testing and Evaluation of theSemitransparent PhotovoltaicThermalSystem

31 Experimental Test Profile The prototype of the SPVTsystem was designed and installed on a rooftop at Universityof Science and Technology of China in Hefei (31∘531015840N117∘151015840E) The orientation of the system was facing south ata 32∘ tilt angle

32 Evaluation Performance of SPVT System The electricalefficiency of PV from the experiment was given

120578syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898

119866 sdot 119860pv (1)

where 119868119898

and 119881119898

are the current and the voltage of thePV operating at the maximum power 119866 is the total solarradiation Wmminus2 119860pv is PV area m2


(a)

(b)

(C)


(1)(2)(3)(4)(3)(2)(3)

(5)(6)

(7)


Water tank

Flowmeter

Valve


MPPT

Storage battery


VoltmeterAmmeter

SPVT

T1

T2

T3

Load

Ambient temperature

Anemometer

Global pyranometer

Minipump











119876systh = 119898

119908 tank119888119889119879

119889119905

(2)


120578systh =

int

1199052

1199051

119876systh119889119905

119860119888int

1199052

1199051

119866119889119905

(3)



119894

= 1205720minus 119880119904

119879119894minus 119879119886

119866

(4)





120576syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898



120593sradmax = 1 +

1

3

(

119879119886

119879

)

4

minus

4

3

119879119886

119879

(6)



120576sys =

int

1199052

1199051

(

119864119883output

minus 119882pump) 119889119905

int

1199052

1199051

119864119883sun

119889119905

(7)


119864119883output

=


119879119886

119879

) (8)

119864119883sun


119864119883sun

= 119860119888119866120593sradmax (9)







0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100


Time

10

12141618202224262830

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

mminus2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


007008009010011012013014015016017018019020

Time

010015020025030035040045050055060

Inst

anta

neou

s the

rmal

effici

ency

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Inst

anta

neou

s PV

effici

ency



000001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016


Time

Exer

gy effi

cien

cy

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


0010 0015 0020 0025 0030 0035 0040 0045007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

PV effi

cien

cy

010

015

020

025

030

035

040

045

050

Ther

mal

effici

ency

120578th



120578pv









RE =

119889119910

119910

=

120597119891

1205971199091

1198891199091

119910

+

120597119891

1205971199092

1198891199092

119910

+ sdot sdot sdot +

120597119891

120597119909119899

119889119909119899

119910

119910 = 119891 (1199091 1199092sdot sdot sdot 119909119899)

(10)




RME =

sum119873

1|RE|119873

(11)


5 Conclusion










()





RME 0066 20 42 2279






Acknowledgments


References

























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


(a)

(b)

(C)


(1)(2)(3)(4)(3)(2)(3)

(5)(6)

(7)


Water tank

Flowmeter

Valve


MPPT

Storage battery


VoltmeterAmmeter

SPVT

T1

T2

T3

Load

Ambient temperature

Anemometer

Global pyranometer

Minipump











119876systh = 119898

119908 tank119888119889119879

119889119905

(2)


120578systh =

int

1199052

1199051

119876systh119889119905

119860119888int

1199052

1199051

119866119889119905

(3)



119894

= 1205720minus 119880119904

119879119894minus 119879119886

119866

(4)





120576syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898



120593sradmax = 1 +

1

3

(

119879119886

119879

)

4

minus

4

3

119879119886

119879

(6)



120576sys =

int

1199052

1199051

(

119864119883output

minus 119882pump) 119889119905

int

1199052

1199051

119864119883sun

119889119905

(7)


119864119883output

=


119879119886

119879

) (8)

119864119883sun


119864119883sun

= 119860119888119866120593sradmax (9)







0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100


Time

10

12141618202224262830

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

mminus2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


007008009010011012013014015016017018019020

Time

010015020025030035040045050055060

Inst

anta

neou

s the

rmal

effici

ency

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Inst

anta

neou

s PV

effici

ency



000001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016


Time

Exer

gy effi

cien

cy

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


0010 0015 0020 0025 0030 0035 0040 0045007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

PV effi

cien

cy

010

015

020

025

030

035

040

045

050

Ther

mal

effici

ency

120578th



120578pv









RE =

119889119910

119910

=

120597119891

1205971199091

1198891199091

119910

+

120597119891

1205971199092

1198891199092

119910

+ sdot sdot sdot +

120597119891

120597119909119899

119889119909119899

119910

119910 = 119891 (1199091 1199092sdot sdot sdot 119909119899)

(10)




RME =

sum119873

1|RE|119873

(11)


5 Conclusion










()





RME 0066 20 42 2279






Acknowledgments


References

























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










119876systh = 119898

119908 tank119888119889119879

119889119905

(2)


120578systh =

int

1199052

1199051

119876systh119889119905

119860119888int

1199052

1199051

119866119889119905

(3)



119894

= 1205720minus 119880119904

119879119894minus 119879119886

119866

(4)





120576syspv =

119868119898

sdot 119881119898



120593sradmax = 1 +

1

3

(

119879119886

119879

)

4

minus

4

3

119879119886

119879

(6)



120576sys =

int

1199052

1199051

(

119864119883output

minus 119882pump) 119889119905

int

1199052

1199051

119864119883sun

119889119905

(7)


119864119883output

=


119879119886

119879

) (8)

119864119883sun


119864119883sun

= 119860119888119866120593sradmax (9)







0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100


Time

10

12141618202224262830

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

mminus2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


007008009010011012013014015016017018019020

Time

010015020025030035040045050055060

Inst

anta

neou

s the

rmal

effici

ency

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Inst

anta

neou

s PV

effici

ency



000001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016


Time

Exer

gy effi

cien

cy

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


0010 0015 0020 0025 0030 0035 0040 0045007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

PV effi

cien

cy

010

015

020

025

030

035

040

045

050

Ther

mal

effici

ency

120578th



120578pv









RE =

119889119910

119910

=

120597119891

1205971199091

1198891199091

119910

+

120597119891

1205971199092

1198891199092

119910

+ sdot sdot sdot +

120597119891

120597119909119899

119889119909119899

119910

119910 = 119891 (1199091 1199092sdot sdot sdot 119909119899)

(10)




RME =

sum119873

1|RE|119873

(11)


5 Conclusion










()





RME 0066 20 42 2279






Acknowledgments


References

























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100


Time

10

12141618202224262830

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

mminus2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


007008009010011012013014015016017018019020

Time

010015020025030035040045050055060

Inst

anta

neou

s the

rmal

effici

ency

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Inst

anta

neou

s PV

effici

ency



000001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016


Time

Exer

gy effi

cien

cy

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

800

830

900

930

10

00

10

30

11

00

11

30

12

00

12

30

13

00

13

30

14

00

14

30

15

00

15

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (∘

C)


0010 0015 0020 0025 0030 0035 0040 0045007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

PV effi

cien

cy

010

015

020

025

030

035

040

045

050

Ther

mal

effici

ency

120578th



120578pv









RE =

119889119910

119910

=

120597119891

1205971199091

1198891199091

119910

+

120597119891

1205971199092

1198891199092

119910

+ sdot sdot sdot +

120597119891

120597119909119899

119889119909119899

119910

119910 = 119891 (1199091 1199092sdot sdot sdot 119909119899)

(10)




RME =

sum119873

1|RE|119873

(11)


5 Conclusion










()





RME 0066 20 42 2279






Acknowledgments


References

























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of









()





RME 0066 20 42 2279






Acknowledgments


References

























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of













Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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