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Research and Innovation performance in Country Profile 2013 Research and Innovation Portugal

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Page 1: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

Research and Innovation performance in

Country Profile

2013

Research and Innovation

Portugal

Page 2: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate– General for Research and InnovationDirectorate C — Research and InnovationUnit C.6 — Economic analysis and indicators

European CommissionB-1049 Brussels

E– mail : [email protected]

Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union.

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00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11(*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators,

phone boxes or hotels may charge you).

LEGAL NOTICE

Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which

might be made of the following information.

The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views

of the European Commission.

More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013

ISBN 978-92-79-30864-2

doi:10.2777/26011

© European Union, 2013

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Cover Images: earth, © #2520287, 2011. Source: Shutterstock.com;

bottom globe, © PaulPaladin #11389806, 2012. Source: Fotolia.com

Page 3: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

1I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level

1I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level

Summary : Performance in research, innovation and competitiveness

The indicators in the table below present the synthesis of research, innovation and competitiveness in Portugal. They relate knowledge investment and input to performance or economic output throughout the innovation cycle. They show thematic strengths in key technologies and also the high– tech and medium– tech contribution to the trade balance. The table includes a new index on excellence in science and technology that takes into consideration the quality of scientifi c production as well as technological development. The indicator on knowledge– intensity of the economy is an index on structural change that focuses on the sectoral composition and specialisation of the economy and shows the evolution of the weight of knowledge– intensive sectors, products and services.

Investment and input Performance/economic output

Research R&D intensity

2011 : 1.50 % (EU : 2.03 % ; US : 2.75 %)

2000-2011 : -0.16 % (EU : +0.8 % ; US : +0.2 %)

Excellence in S&T

2010 : 26.45 (EU : 47.86 ; US : 56.68)

2005-2010 : +4.23 % (EU : +3.09 % ; US : +0.53 %)

Innovation and

structural change

Index of economic impact of innovation

2010-2011 : 0.38 (EU : 0.61)

Knowledge– intensity of the economy

2010 : 41.04 (EU : 48.75 ; US : 56.25)

2000-2010 : +3.18 % (EU : +0.93 % ; US : +0.5 %)

Competitiveness Hot– spots in key technologies

Food, agriculture, fi sheries, Biotechnology, Materials, Environment, ICT

HT + MT contribution to the trade balance

2011 : -1.2 % (EU : 4.2 % ; US : 1.93 %)

2000-2011 : n.a. (EU : +4.99 % ; US : -10.75 %)

Portugal has expanded its research and innovation system over the last decade, increasing its investment in research at a remarkable average annual real growth rate of 7 % between 2000 and 2007. However, R&D intensity in Portugal decreased by an average of 0.16 % from 2008 to 2011. Public expenditure on R&D was maintained at a level of 0.69 % of GDP in 2011, despite the economic crisis. Portugal has also shown notable progress in the number of new doctoral graduates per thousand popu-lation aged 25-34, and in the share of researchers in the labour force. Business enterprise investment in R&D has grown dramatically, with Portugal nearly quadrupling the intensity of business R&D in its economy between 2000 and 2011. Business enterprise also increased its share as a source of funding GERD, from 27 % in 2000 to 44 % in 2009. These evolutions have had a positive impact on scientifi c production and excellence, as well as on innovation, including in SMEs. The knowledge– intensity of the economy increased by well over the EU average in the period 2000–2010.

However, despite the progress observed on R&D expend-iture in the business sector, and the large increase in the

total number of researchers in recent years, Portugal remains below the EU average in terms of S&T excel-lence, business enterprise research intensity and busi-ness enterprise researchers. Other challenges include the level of education attainment (both secondary and tertiary education), as well as the lower amount of public– private scientifi c co– publications, PCT patent applications, licence and patent revenues from abroad, and knowledge– intensive activities. Some ‘tradi-tional’ manufacturing sectors like ‘leather and footwear’ and ‘textiles and textile products’ lost competitiveness over the last decade and reduced their share in the total national added value.

Portuguese policies for research and innovation adequately support the structural change needed by the country to improve productivity and compet-itiveness, and to resume growth. The new Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation artic-ulates policies like education, training and employment with the aim of stimulating R&D and Innovation in the scientifi c system and the business enterprises. New initi-atives for research excellence were launched to promote

PORTUGAL� e challenge of a recovery

Page 4: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

2Research and Innovat ion per formance in EU Member States and Assoc iated countr ies

the scientific employment of talents and excellent research centres. The Competitiveness Clusters are being rationalised and redirected towards strategic objectives of more competitiveness and an increase in exports

and employment. At the same time, the programme for applied research and technology transfer to enterprises is being reinforced.

Investing in knowledge

R&D

inte

nsity

(%)

Portugal — trend

Portugal (3) — target

EU — trend

EU (2) — target

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Portugal — R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020 (1)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member StateNotes: (1) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011 in the case of the EU and for 2008-2011 in the case of the Portugal. (2) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0 % for 2020. (3) PT: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 2.5 % for 2020. (4) PT: There is a break in series between 2008 and the previous years.

Portugal has set a national R&D intensity target for 2020 of 3 %, where public sector R&D intensity would reach 1 % and business R&D intensity 2 %. From 2005 and up to the crisis, Portugal made very significant progress towards its R&D intensity target. However, from 2009 onwards, the trend became negative, and in 2011, Portuguese R&D intensity had fallen back to 1.50 %, with a public sector R&D intensity of 0.69 % and a business R&D intensity of 0.69 %.

The main challenge for Portuguese R&D, therefore, is to increase the share of business R&D investment in total national R&D investment, and to attract foreign business R&D investment. R&D investment has slightly decreased, affected by the economic crisis. Business R&D invest-ment reached its highest level in 2009 in absolute terms and in relative terms, after some years of notable growth. The difficult national business environment and the contraction of domestic demand places enterprises in a position of having to find external markets while

facing challenges in terms of efficiency (productivity and competitiveness) and financing. The efforts of investing in innovation and research, increasing productivity and competitiveness, are pointing in a good direction. Public funding of R&D has been sustained, despite the pres-sures created by a reduction in public expenditure.

Private and public R&D investment also receives support by co– funding from the European budget, in particular through the Structural Funds, as well as from successful applications to the 7th Framework Programme for research. For the ERDF programming period 2007–2013, Portugal benefits from funding of € 5729 million (26.8 % of the total allocated to Portugal) for research, innovation and entrepreneurship in the Portuguese regions. In 2010, Portugal had already absorbed 62.5 % of these EU funds (the average in the EU was a 46.6 % commitment rate). Portugal also has the scope to increase its funding of R&D from the 7th Framework Programme. The success rate of Portuguese applicants is 19.1 %, lower than the

Page 5: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

3I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level : Por tugal

EU average success rate of 21.6 %. By early 2012, slightly over 1300 Portuguese participants had been partners in an FP7 project, with a total EC financial contribution

nearing € 283 million. Two Portuguese SMEs are among the top twenty SMEs having the highest numbers of FP7 signed grant agreements for the period 2007–2010.

An effective research and innovation system building on the European Research Area

The graph below illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of Portugal’s R&I system. Reading clockwise, it provides information on human resources, scientific production, technology valorisation and innovation. The average annual growth rates from 2000 to the latest available year are given in brackets under each indicator.

New graduates (ISCED 5) in science and engineering per thousand population

aged 25-34 (7.0 %)

New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population aged 25-34

(1.3 %)

Business enterprise researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force

(14.1 %)

EC Framework Programme funding per thousand GERD (EUR)

(-4.9 %)

Public-private scientific co-publications per million population

(13.9 %)

Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD plus HERD) financed by business

enterprise as % of GDP (-8.5 %)

SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of total SMEs

(2.8 %)

Portugal, 2011 (1) In brackets: average annual growth for Portugal, 2000-2011 (2)

Portugal Reference Group (BE+FR+AT+UK) EU

Source: DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union ScoreboardNotes: (1) The values refer to 2011 or to the latest available year. (2) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which comparable data are available over the period 2000-2011. (3) Fractional counting method. (4) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.

Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business

services) as % of total employment aged 15-64

(-1.5 %)

Scientific publications within the 10 % most cited scientific publications worldwide as % of total scientific

publications of the country (3) (6.1 %)

Foreign doctoral students (ISCED 6) as % of all doctoral students (4)

(11.9 %)PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current €PPS

(13.3 %)

BERD financed from abroad as % of total BERD

(-10.4 %)

SMEs introducing marketing or organisational innovations as %

of total SMEs (0.8 %)

Business R&D intensity (BERD as % of GDP)

(11.8 %)

The graph shows in broad terms that the large increase in R&D investment over the period 2000–2011 triggered a stronger human resources component, higher scientific quality and some innovation, but with less progress on technology valorisation. All in all, while good progress is being made on human resources, science and busi-ness innovation, Portugal remains below the EU average on technology development, business R&D and the knowledge– intensity of the economy.

In the field of human resources for research and innovation, Portugal is achieving notable progress on numbers of new doctoral graduates and on researchers employed by business. This is a result of strong public incentives. However, the share of employment

in knowledge– intensive activities has not followed the same trend, reflecting a weakness as regards its capacity to move towards more knowledge– intensive domains. The quality of scientific production improved significantly, as reflected by an average annual growth rate of 6.1 % in the share of national scientific publi-cations in the 10 % most cited scientific publications worldwide. As can be seen in the graph above, overall technology development is well below the EU average, although the level of PCT patent applications per billion GDP shows remarkable progress for the period 2000–2009. Product or process innovations in SMEs are at a good level, having increased substantially over the last decade.

Page 6: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

4Research and Innovat ion per formance in EU Member States and Assoc iated countr ies

In terms of scientifi c production, Portugal has stronger capacity in the fi elds of health, food, agriculture and fi sheries, ICT, materials, biotech, production and trans-port. The scientifi c specialisation index, covering the period 2000–2009, shows higher values in the fi elds of food, agriculture and fi sheries, ICT, materials, production, construction, transport, biotech and security.

Regional diversity in scientifi c production and excellence is a reality, particularly for health, biotech, ICT and mate-rials, with the region of Lisboa taking the lead, followed by Norte and Centro. However, in areas such as food, agriculture and fi sheries and environment, participation

Source : DG Research and Innovation – Economic Analysis UnitData : Science– Metrix using Scopus (Elsevier), 2010 ; European Patent Offi ce, patent applications, 2001–2010

Portugal’s scientifi c and technological strengths

The maps below illustrate several key science and technology areas where Portuguese regions have real strengths in a European perspective. The maps are based on the number of scientifi c publications and patents produced by authors and inventors based in the regions.

Strengths in science and technology at European level

Food, agriculture and fi sheriesScientifi c production

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countriesFood, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2000-2011

Publications(Fractional Counting)

0.0 - 225.3

225.3 - 646.6

646.6 - 1263.4

1263.4 - 2039.0

2039.0 - 3265.3

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Azores

Madeira

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Kilometers

Martinique & Guadeloupe

Réunion

Technological production

BiotechnologyScientifi c production

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countriesBiotechnology, 2000-2011

Publications(Fractional Counting)

0.0 - 98.6

98.6 - 245.2

245.2 - 463.7

463.7 - 961.3

961.3 - 1659.2

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Azores

Madeira

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Kilometers

Martinique & Guadeloupe

Réunion

Technological production

EnvironmentScientifi c production

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countriesEnvironment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences), 2000-2011

Publications(Fractional Counting)

0.0 - 489.0

489.0 - 1285.7

1285.7 - 2296.5

2296.5 - 4841.3

4841.3 - 7842.7

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Azores

Madeira

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Kilometers

Martinique & Guadeloupe

Réunion

Technological production

Page 7: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

5I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level : Por tugal

MaterialsScientifi c production

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countriesMaterials (exluding Nanotechnologies), 2000-2011

Publications(Fractional Counting)

0.0 - 218.8

218.8 - 639.4

639.4 - 1213.7

1213.7 - 2415.2

2415.2 - 4203.5

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Azores

Madeira

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Kilometers

Martinique & Guadeloupe

Réunion

Technological production

Information and Communication TechnologiesScientifi c production

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countriesInformation and Communication Technologies, 2000-2011

Publications(Fractional Counting)

0.0 - 375.6

375.6 - 1059.2

1059.2 - 2304.5

2304.5 - 4745.1

4745.1 - 13375.5

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Azores

Madeira

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Kilometers

Martinique & Guadeloupe

Réunion

Technological production

In terms of scientifi c production, Portugal has stronger capacity in the fi elds of health, food, agriculture and fi sheries, ICT, materials, biotech, production and trans-port. The scientifi c specialisation index, covering the period 2000–2009, shows higher values in the fi elds of food, agriculture and fi sheries, ICT, materials, production, construction, transport, biotech and security.

Regional diversity in scientifi c production and excellence is a reality, particularly for health, biotech, ICT and mate-rials, with the region of Lisboa taking the lead, followed by Norte and Centro. However, in areas such as food, agriculture and fi sheries and environment, participation

from other regions is more evident. Scientifi c excel-lence, as shown by the impact of scientifi c publications in terms of citations, is shown to be particularly high for food, agriculture and fi sheries, materials, energy, envi-ronment and transport.

Notwithstanding the diversifi cation of S&T, as shown by the indicators above, the innovation base could be further strengthened by focusing more on certain scientifi c areas that would improve the quality of technological output, such as biotech, food, agriculture and fi sheries, materials, environment and ICT.

Source : DG Research and Innovation – Economic Analysis UnitData : Science– Metrix using Scopus (Elsevier), 2010 ; European Patent Offi ce, patent applications, 2001–2010

Page 8: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

6Research and Innovat ion per formance in EU Member States and Assoc iated countr ies

Policies and reforms for research and innovation

The R&I policy is characterised by a large political consensus and continuity over time, which allowed for significant progress from a relatively low base. Long– term consistency has proved to be a positive deter-minant in ensuring the consolidation of the research system. However, the need to pursue a very tight budg-etary policy has caused some changes. In 2012, for the first time since the economic crisis, the government budget for R&D decreased. The budget for the Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) decreased by € 42 million between 2011 and 2012, but from a rather high level. In 2012, the FCT launched a call for proposals for 80 scientists, both Portuguese and foreign nationals, to carry out research in Portugal. New calls will be announced to the coming years. This initiative is aimed at consolidating the pool of high– level scientists working in Portugal. A call for research projects in all scientific domains was also launched following a very similar line to those launched by previous governments. Initiatives have also been launched on doctoral and post– doctoral grants. R&D institutions have been financed and evaluated in various scientific areas on a competitive basis and using new excellence– based demand criteria.

Over recent decades, the Portuguese research policy has been horizontal in nature and has covered a broad spectrum. Despite the implementation of a number of recent initiatives addressing more targeted objectives and industry– academia interaction, the fact remains that part of the research carried out in the higher education, government and Private Non– Profit sectors is still essentially organised according to academic criteria and responds to academic incentives. There are, however, signs that ‘targeted and thematic funding’ has been increasing in recent years. Examples are the ‘International partnerships’, addressing well– defined

areas, such as energy, advanced computation, security and health, the creation of the Iberian Nanotechnologies Laboratory, and the ‘Commitment to Science’ initiative, which identified some specific areas that research should address. Some initiatives are indicative of the future R&I policies of Portugal, e.g. the greater emphasis on competition for funding beyond Portuguese strategic funds, or the renewal of the Carnegie Mellon Portugal programme to a second phase, with a change of the main focus from education and training to entrepreneur-ship and innovation.

The new Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (E+I+) includes several measures aimed at improving the connections between the two areas of ‘innovation’ and ‘research’. These include : (1) promoting experimentation in basic and secondary educa-tion ; (2) education for entrepreneurship ; (3) promoting the transition of PhD holders to non– academic careers, (4) improving the ‘articulation’ of technology transfer units ; (5) encouraging the economic exploitation of scientific knowledge ; (6) launching scientific thematic/priority programmes ; (7) support for patent registration and licensing ; and (8) a host of initiatives to encourage entrepreneurship. The programme of the new govern-ment specifies the ‘encouragement of the integration of Portugal’s scientific system in the European Research Area’. This will be achieved through an increased partic-ipation of Portuguese companies and research organi-sations in EU Framework Programmes and by supporting industrial research through public– private collabora-tions. The Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (E+ I+) also includes a measure aimed at supporting the participation of Portuguese companies in international R&D programmes.

Page 9: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

7I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level : Por tugal

Economic impact of innovation

The index below is a summary index of the economic impact of innovation composed of five of the Innovation Union Scoreboard’s indicators.1

0.387

0.612

0.508

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

Portugal EU Reference Group (EE+ES+PT)

Portugal — Index of economic impact of innovation (1)

Source: DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis Unit (2013) Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, EurostatNote: (1) Based on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011.

The index of the economic impact of innovation shows that Portugal is lagging slightly behind in terms of orienting its economy towards innovative and knowledge– intensive sectors. This is, of course, partly attributable to the severe economic crisis. However, the scale of the gap also points at more structural problems.

Portugal’s overall performance in innovation is moderate also according to the IUS report. Although there is a high share of SMEs introducing innovations, it is clear that exports and employment in high– tech sectors and knowledge– intensive services are particularly weak, showing the difficulty for inno-vative firms to positioning themselves in markets with high potential for growth. This weakness is recognised, and a strategic programme to promote entrepreneurship and inno-vation, ‘E+I+’, was introduced at the end of 2011, leading to the creation of a National Council for Entrepreneurship and Innovation and the launch of competitions for innovation and R&D projects to be implemented by micro and SMEs in cooperation with universities and research institutes. Standards on innovation management and guidelines for the valorisation and protection of IPR are being developed. Various measures were adopted to reduce the constraints on credit conditions and to promote the internationalisation and exports of SMEs. The ongoing ‘Digital Agenda 2015’

is progressing well, leaving Portugal with one of the most advanced broadband networks in the EU.

If the analysis is not limited to innovative enter-prises, but refers to all fast– growing firms, it reveals that Portugal’s share of high growth2 enterprises (in terms of employment) in the total of active enterprises was 2.70 % for micro enterprises and 3.26 % for somewhat larger enter-prises (10 employees or more) in 2009. These values are lower than the 2008 values, at a similar level to Spain but lower than Estonia and the Czech Republic. If fast– growing firms are measured in terms of turnover, the values for Portugal for 2009 are higher (4.45 % and 6.38 %, respec-tively), which seems to indicate that a critical size (in terms of employment and/or turnover), let alone other important factors, is an important factor in the growth of enter-prises. The share of fast– growing enterprises by sector is much higher when measured in terms of turnover than in terms of employment. In 2009, the shares of high growth enterprises in the construction sector, in terms of turnover, were 8.27 % (5 to 9 employees) and 11.95 % (10 employees or more), whereas in terms of employment the corre-sponding shares were much more modest at 2.90 % and 3.35 %, respectively.

1 See methodological notes for the composition of this index.2 Enterprises with average annualised growth greater than 20 % per

annum over a three– year period.

Page 10: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

8Research and Innovat ion per formance in EU Member States and Assoc iated countr ies

Upgrading the manufacturing sector through research and technologies

The graph below illustrates the upgrading of knowledge in diff erent manufacturing industries. The position on the horizontal axis illustrates the changing weight of each industry sector in value added over the period. The general trend of moving to the lest – hand side refl ects the decrease in manufacturing in the overall economy. The sectors above the x– axis are sectors whose research intensity has increased over time. The size of the bubble represents the share of the sector (in value added) in manufacturing (for all sectors presented in the graph). The red– coloured sectors are high– tech or medium– high– tech sectors.

Source: DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis Unit Data: OECDNotes: (1) High-tech and medium-high-tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes high-tech, medium-high-tech

and medium-low-tech.(2) 'Food products, beverages and tobacco': 1995-2005; 'Wearing apparel and fur': 1996-2006.

Basic metals

Chemicals & chemical products

Construction

Electrical machinery & apparatus

Electricity, gas & water

Fabricated metal products

Food products, beverages & tobacco

Leather products

Machinery & equipment

Medical, precision & optical instruments

Motor vehicles

Office, accounting & computing machinery

Other manufacturing

Other non-metallic mineral products

Other transport equipment

Publishing & printing

Pulp, paper & paper products

Radio, TV & communication equipment

Recycling

Textiles

Wearing apparel & fur

Wood & cork (except furniture)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

BERD

inte

nsity

– a

vera

ge a

nnua

l gro

wth

(%),

1995

-200

6 (2

)

Share of value added in total value added – average annual growth (%), 1995-2006 (2)

Portugal — Share of value added versus BERD intensity — average annual growth, 1995-2006

For a small country like Portugal, the road to growth leads to an extended market beyond the national boundaries, where competition must be confronted with high quality actors in sectors providing more value added. This requires the capacity of enterprises to move into more high–tech and medium–high–tech sectors to be reinforced. Portugal has the scope to upgrade its knowl-edge intensity in new areas of industry and in ‘traditional’ sectors by integrating more R&D with creativity, design, etc. The graph above shows a general picture of manu-facturing sectors over the pre– crisis period 1995–2006, showing reduced shares of value added, but increased BERD intensities for most of the sectors. In particular, textiles, leather products and other non– metallic mineral products, lost important positions. Wearing apparel and fur, despite a growth in R&D intensity over the period,

lost an important share of value added, which can be explained by factors such as aggravated price compet-itiveness loss. Construction (a non– exposed sector) continues to play an important role in manufacturing value added, with a very high growth rate of R&D inten-sity. The growth in the shares of value added for motor vehicles, and medical, precision and optical instruments is encouraging.

The 2011 EU industrial R&D scoreboard, ranking the top 1000 companies investing in R&D, shows that the top Portuguese companies are in the telecommunica-tions, banking and electricity sectors. Just a year earlier, pharmaceuticals and construction were also among the top sectors.

Page 11: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

9I nnovat ion Un ion progress at countr y level : Por tugal

Competitiveness in reaping income of global demand and markets

Investment in knowledge, technology– intensive clusters, innovation and the upgrading of the manufacturing sector are determinants of a country’s competitiveness in global export markets. A positive contribution of high– tech and medium– tech products to the trade balance is an indication of specialisation and competitiveness in these products.

1.58 1.00

0.43 0.40

0.36 0.27

0.20 0.19 0.18

0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05

0.03 0.00

-0.02 -0.02 -0.02

-0.05 -0.08 -0.09

-0.20 -0.62

-1.56

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Road vehiclesMachinery specialised for particular industries

Office machines & automatic data-processing machinesPlastics in non-primary forms

General industrial machinery & equipment; machine partsOther transport equipment

Power-generating machinery & equipmentPhotographic equipment & supplies; optical goods, watches and clocks

Professional, scientific & controlling instruments & apparatusArticles of rubber

Metalworking machineryPigments, paints, varnishes & related materials

Textile fibres & their wastesIron & steel

Telecommunication, sound-recording & reproducing equipmentFertilisers

Radioactive & associated materialsSanitary, plumbing, heating fixtures & fittings

Organic chemicalsFabrics (not narrow or special fabrics)

Arms & ammunitionEssential oils & resinoids; perfume materials

Plastics in primary formsChemical materials & products

Medicinal & pharmaceutical productsElectrical machinery, apparatus & appliances

Source: DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis UnitData: COMTRADENotes: ‘Textile fibres & their wastes’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 266 and 267.‘Organic chemicals’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 512 and 513.‘Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 553 and 554. ‘Chemical materials & products’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598. ‘Iron & steel’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 671, 672 and 679.‘Metalworking machinery’ refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 731, 733 and 737.

Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech productsto the trade balance for Portugal between 2000 and 2011

Change in the contribution to trade balance (in % points)

Over the last decade, Portugal has had large current account and trade balance defi cits, refl ecting the overall weak competitiveness of the majority of enter-prises. The graph above shows the changes, from 2000 to 2011, of the contributions of various industries to the national trade balance. The highest positive variation occurred in machinery specialised for particular indus-tries. The second highest positive variation is in road vehi-cles (including air– cushion vehicles), which passed from a negative contribution in 2000 to a positive contribution in 2011. The next positive variation is in plastics in non– primary forms (this industry had a positive trade balance since 2007). On the negative variations, the highest occurred for electrical machinery, apparatus and appli-ances, and electrical parts. Medicinal and pharmaceu-tical products and other transport equipment also had negative variations. Industries that contributed positively to the trade balance throughout the decade are : sanitary,

plumbing and heating fi xtures and fi ttings and fabrics, woven or man-made textile materials.

Total factor productivity is lower than a decade ago (see the table below) and the share of employment in knowledge– intensive activities is also relatively low. Labour productivity increased over the same period, but only slightly. Enterprises need to further integrate new technologies and strive to develop new products, processes and services that may provide higher added value for their activities.

Concerning the other EU 2020 objectives, Portugal is progressing well, in particular in relation to increasing the share of renewable energy in total energy consump-tion and the share of population having completed tertiary education.

Page 12: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

10Research and Innovat ion per formance in EU Member States and Assoc iated countr ies

Key indicators

Source : DG Research and Innovation — Economic Analysis UnitData : Eurostat, DG JRC — ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union ScoreboardNotes : (1) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period 2000-2012.(2) EU average for the latest available year.(3) Break in series between 2008 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2011.(4) Venture Capital includes early stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, start– up, later stage, growth, replacement and buyout for the period

2007-2011.(5) Venture Capital : EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK. These Member States were not included in the EU ranking.(6) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States.(7) The value is the diff erence between 2012 and 2000.(8) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2010.(9) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2000-2010.(10) The value is the diff erence between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions.(11) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest.(12) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.

PORTUGAL 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Averageannualgrowth (1) (%)

EUaverage

(2)

Rankwithin

EU

ENABLERS

Investment in knowledgeNew doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population aged 25-34 1.62 1.79 1.88 2.30 2.43 2.53 3.25 3.68 2.99 2.72 1.85 : : 1.3 1.69 9

Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.46 0.60 0.75 0.78 0.73 0.69 : 11.8 1.26 17

Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as % of GDP 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.63 (3) 0.72 0.70 0.69 : 3.0 0.74 10

Venture capital (4) as % of GDP 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.21 : 6.3 0.35 (5) 6 (5)

S&T excellence and cooperationComposite indicator of research excellence : : : : : 21.5 : : : : 26.5 : : 4.2 47.9 18

Scientifi c publications within the 10 % most cited scientifi c publications worldwide as % of total scientifi c publications of the country

6.2 7.3 7.3 7.2 8.0 9.2 8.9 9.3 10.0 : : : : 6.1 10.9 14

International scientifi c co– publications per million population 150 148 176 250 299 331 402 423 498 532 600 678 : 14.7 300 15

Public– private scientifi c co– publications per million population : : : : : : : 10 11 12 14 17 : 13.9 53 19

FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT

Innovation contributing to international competitivenessPCT patent applications per billion GDP in current €PPS 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 : : : 13.3 3.9 19

Licence and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP : : : : 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.03 : 8.2 0.58 23

Sales of new– to– market and new– to– fi rm innovations as % of turnover : : : : 10.0 : 13.3 : 15.6 : 14.3 : : 6.1 14.4 11

Knowledge– intensive service exports as % total service exports : : : : 21.1 22.8 26.5 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.0 : : 5.4 45.1 14

Contribution of high– tech and medium– tech products to the trade balance as % of total exports plus imports of products -3.61 -3.12 -2.74 -2.28 -2.28 -2.36 -1.47 -1.66 -1.30 -2.98 -3.50 -1.20 : - 4.20 (6) 20

Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) – 2000 = 100 100 99 98 97 98 98 98 100 99 97 99 99 99 -1 (7) 103 24

Factors for structural change and addressing societal challengesComposite indicator of structural change 30.0 : : : : 35.4 : : : : 41.0 : : 3.2 48.7 17

Employment in knowledge– intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64 : : : : : : : : 8.8 8.8 8.6 9.1 (8) : -1.5 13.6 23

SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of SMEs : : : : 38.6 : 38.7 : 47.7 : 45.6 : : 2.8 38.4 6

Environment– related technologies – patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current €PPS 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 : : : : 10.0 0.39 20

Health– related technologies – patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current €PPS 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.10 : : : : 8.2 0.52 19

Europe 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES

Employment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) 73.5 73.9 73.6 72.9 72.6 72.3 72.7 72.6 73.1 71.2 70.5 69.1 (9) : -0.4 68.6 13

R&D intensity (GERD as % of GDP) 0.73 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.99 1.17 1.50 (3) 1.64 1.59 1.50 : -0.2 2.03 14

Greenhouse gas emissions – 1990 = 100 137 139 146 137 141 144 136 132 130 124 118 : : -19 (10) 85 24 (11)

Share of renewable energy in gross fi nal energy consumption (%) : : : : 19.2 19.6 20.8 22.0 23.0 24.6 24.6 : : 4.2 12.5 5

Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully completed tertiary education (%) 11.3 11.7 13.0 14.9 16.5 17.7 18.4 19.8 21.6 21.1 23.5 26.1 : 7.9 34.6 21

Share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) : : : : 27.5 26.1 25.0 25.0 26.0 24.9 25.3 25.3 : -1.4 23.4 17 (11)

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Portugal O Desafio da Recuperação

Resumo: Desempenho no domínio da investigação, inovação e competitividade Os indicadores no quadro infra apresentam uma síntese da situação de Portugal no domínio da investigação, inovação e competitividade. Estabelecem a relação entre o investimento nos conhecimentos e os contributos para o desempenho ou a produção económica ao longo de todo o ciclo de inovação. Apontam pontos fortes temáticos em tecnologias-chave e também o contributo das altas e médias tecnologias para a balança comercial. O quadro inclui um novo índice sobre a excelência científica e tecnológica que tem em consideração tanto a qualidade da produção científica como o desenvolvimento tecnológico. O indicador relativo à intensidade de conhecimentos da economia é um índice de alterações estruturais que incide na composição setorial e na especialização da economia e mostra a evolução do peso dos setores, produtos e serviços com utilização intensiva de conhecimentos.

Investimento e contributos Desempenho/produção económica Investigação Intensidade de I&D

2011: 1,50% (UE: 2,03%; EUA: 2,75%) 2000-2011: -0,16% (UE: +0,8%; EUA: +0,2%)

Excelência em C&T 2010: 26,45 (UE: 47,86; EUA: 56,68) 2005-2010: +4,23% (UE: +3,09%; EUA: +0,53)

Inovação e alterações estruturais

Índice do impacto económico da inovação 2010-2011: 0,387 (UE: 0,612)

Intensidade de conhecimentos da economia 2010: 41,04 (UE: 48,75; EUA: 56,25) 2000-2010: +3,18% (UE: +0,93%; EUA: +0,5%)

Competitividade Pontos quentes em tecnologias-chave Produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, biotecnologias, materiais, ambiente, TIC

Contribuição das altas e médias tecnologias para a balança comercial 2011: -1,2% (UE: 4,2%; EUA: 1,93%) 2000-2011: n.d. (UE: +4,99%; EUA: -10,75%)

Portugal expandiu o seu sistema de investigação e inovação ao longo da última década, aumentando o seu investimento em investigação entre 2000 e 2007 a uma taxa média de crescimento real anual de 7%, um progresso notável. No entanto, a intensidade de I&D em Portugal diminuiu a uma média de 0,16% no período de 2008 a 2011. O nível das despesas públicas em I&D foi mantido ao nível de 0,69% do PIB em 2011, apesar da crise económica. Portugal realizou também progressos notáveis no número de novos doutorados por 1000 habitantes com idades entre 25-34 anos e na percentagem de investigadores na população ativa. O investimento das empresas em I&D aumentou drasticamente, com Portugal quase a quadruplicar a intensidade de I&D empresarial na sua economia entre 2000 e 2011. As empresas aumentaram também a sua quota de financiamento da despesa interna bruta em investigação e desenvolvimento (BERD) de 27% em 2000 para 44% em 2009. Esta evolução teve um impacto positivo na produção e excelência científicas, bem como na inovação, nomeadamente nas PME. O nível da intensidade de conhecimentos da economia aumentou a um ritmo bastante superior à média da UE no período de 2000 a 2010. No entanto, apesar dos progressos observados nas despesas de I&D no setor empresarial e do grande aumento do número total de investigadores nos últimos anos, Portugal continua a estar abaixo da média da UE em termos de excelência científica e tecnológica, de intensidade de investigação nas empresas e do número de investigadores nas empresas. Outros desafios são o nível de sucesso escolar (tanto no ensino secundário como superior), bem como a menor quantidade de copublicações científicas entre os setores público e privado, de pedidos de registo de patentes TCP, de receitas de licenças e patentes do estrangeiro e de atividades com utilização intensiva de conhecimentos. Alguns setores «tradicionais» da indústria transformadora, como os setores do «couro e calçado» e dos «têxteis e produtos têxteis», perderam competitividade ao longo da última década e reduziram a sua quota-parte no valor acrescentado nacional total.

As políticas portuguesas no domínio da investigação e inovação apoiam adequadamente as alterações estruturais necessárias para o país melhorar a sua produtividade e competitividade e retomar a via do crescimento. O novo Programa Estratégico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovação articula políticas

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como a educação, formação e emprego com o objetivo de estimular a I&D e a inovação no sistema científico e no setor empresarial. Foram lançadas novas iniciativas no domínio da excelência em investigação com vista a promover o emprego científico de talentos e centros de investigação de excelência. Os Clusters de Competitividade são objeto de racionalização e estão a ser reorientados para os objetivos estratégicos de maior competitividade e de aumento das exportações e do emprego. Está simultaneamente a ser reforçado o Programa de Investigação Aplicada e Transferência de Tecnologia para o Tecido Empresarial. Investir no conhecimento

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member StateNotes: (1) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011 in the the case of the EU and for 2008-2011 in the case of Portugal. (2) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0% for 2020. (3) PT: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 3.0% for 2020. (4) PT: There is a break in series between 2008 and the previous years.

Portugal - trend

Portugal (3) - target

EU - trend

EU (2) - target

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

R&D

inte

nsity

(%)

Portugal - R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020 (1)

Portugal fixou o objetivo nacional de 3% de intensidade de I&D para 2020, com a intensidade de I&D do setor público a atingir 1% e a intensidade de I&D das empresas a atingir 2%. A partir de 2005 e até à crise, Portugal realizou progressos significativos no sentido do cumprimento do objetivo de intensidade de I&D. No entanto, a partir de 2009, a tendência tem sido negativa e, em 2011, a intensidade de I&D em Portugal regrediu para 1,50%, com uma intensidade de I&D no setor público de 0,69% e no setor empresarial de 0,69%. Por conseguinte, o principal desafio para a I&D em Portugal consiste em aumentar a percentagem de investimento das empresas em I&D no investimento total nacional em I&D e em atrair o investimento de empresas estrangeiras. O investimento em I&D diminuiu ligeiramente, afetado pela crise económica. O investimento das empresas em I&D atingiu o seu nível mais elevado em 2009, em termos absolutos, e em termos relativos após alguns anos de crescimento notável. O difícil ambiente empresarial nacional e a contração da procura interna colocam as empresas numa posição em que têm de encontrar mercados externos, ao mesmo tempo que enfrentam desafios em termos de eficiência (produtividade e competitividade) e de financiamento. Os esforços de investimento em inovação e investigação, permitindo aumentar a produtividade e a competitividade, apontam na direção certa. O financiamento público da I&D tem sido contínuo apesar da pressão gerada pela redução das despesas públicas.

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O investimento privado e público em I&D também beneficia de apoio através de cofinanciamento do orçamento europeu, em especial no âmbito dos Fundos Estruturais e de candidaturas selecionadas no âmbito do Sétimo Programa-Quadro de Investigação. No período de programação do FEDER de 2007 a 2013, Portugal beneficia de um financiamento de 5 729 milhões de euros (26,8% do total atribuído a Portugal) para a investigação, a inovação e o empreendedorismo nas regiões portuguesas. Em 2010, Portugal já tinha absorvido 62,5% destes fundos da UE (a média na UE era uma taxa de autorizações de 46,6%). Portugal tem ainda margem para aumentar o seu financiamento em I&D no âmbito do Sétimo Programa-Quadro. A taxa de sucesso dos candidatos portugueses é de 19,1%, sendo inferior à média da UE da taxa de sucesso de 21,6%. Até ao início de 2012, um pouco mais de 1300 participantes portugueses tinham sido parceiros num projeto no âmbito do 7.º PQ, com uma contribuição financeira total da CE de quase 283 milhões de euros. Duas PME portuguesas encontram-se entre as vinte principais PME em termos de número de convenções de subvenção assinadas no âmbito do 7.º PQ para o período de 2007 a 2010. Um sistema de investigação e inovação eficaz baseado no Espaço Europeu da Investigação O gráfico infra ilustra os pontos fortes e fracos do sistema português de investigação e inovação. No sentido dos ponteiros do relógio, apresenta informações sobre os recursos humanos, a produção científica, a valorização tecnológica e a inovação. As taxas de crescimento anual médio entre o ano 2000 e o último ano disponível são apresentadas entre parênteses sob cada indicador.

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union ScoreboardNotes: (1) The values refer to 2011 or to the latest available year. (2) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which comparable data are available over the period 2000-2011. (3) Fractional counting method. (4) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.

New graduates (ISCED 5) in scienceand engineering per thousand

population aged 25-34(7,0%)

New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6)per thousand population aged 25-34

(1,3%)

Business enterprise researchers(FTE) per thousand labour force

(14,1%)

Employment in knowledge-intensiveactivities (manufacturing and

business services) as % of totalemployment aged 15-64

(-1,5%)

Scientific publications within the10% most cited scientific

publications worldwide as % of totalscientific publications of the

country (3) (6,1%)

EC Framework Programme fundingper thousand GERD (euro)

(-4,9%)

Foreign doctoral students(ISCED 6) as % of all doctoral

students (4)(11,9%)PCT patent applications per billion

GDP in current PPS€(13,3%)

BERD financed from abroad as % oftotal BERD

(-10,4%)

Pulic-private scientific co-publications per million population

(13,9%)

Public expenditure on R&D(GOVERD plus HERD) financed bybusiness enterprise as % of GDP

(-8,5%)

SMEs introducing product orprocess innovations as % of total

SMEs(2,8%)

SMEs introducing marketing ororganisational innovations as % of

total SMEs(0,8%)

Business R&D Intensity (BERD as% of GDP)

(11,8%)

Portugal, 2011 (1)

In brackets: average annual growth for Portugal, 2000-2011 (2)

Portugal Reference Group (EE+ES+PT) EU

O gráfico mostra, em termos gerais, que o forte aumento do investimento em I&D no período de 2000 a 2011 desencadeou um maior desenvolvimento da componente de recursos humanos, uma maior qualidade científica e alguma inovação, mas com menos progressos no que diz respeito à valorização tecnológica. Em termos gerais, embora se tenham observado bons progressos relativamente aos

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recursos humanos, ciência e inovação empresarial, Portugal continua abaixo da média da UE em termos de desenvolvimento tecnológico, I&D empresarial e intensidade de conhecimentos da economia. No que diz respeito aos recursos humanos no domínio da investigação e inovação, Portugal está a realizar progressos notáveis em termos do número de novos doutorados e de investigadores ao serviço das empresas. Este facto é uma consequência dos fortes incentivos públicos. No entanto, a quota-parte do emprego em atividades com utilização intensiva de conhecimentos não seguiu a mesma tendência, o que reflete uma deficiência quanto à sua capacidade para evoluir para domínios com uma utilização mais intensiva de conhecimentos. A qualidade da produção científica melhorou significativamente, conforme refletido numa taxa média de crescimento anual de 6,1% da quota de publicações científicas nacionais nos 10% de publicações científicas mais citadas a nível mundial. Conforme apresentado no gráfico supra, o desenvolvimento tecnológico geral é bastante inferior à média da UE, embora o nível de pedidos de registo de patentes TCP por milhar de milhão do PIB revele progressos notáveis no período de 2000 a 2009. O nível de inovações em produtos ou processos nas PME é bom, tendo aumentado substancialmente ao longo da última década. Pontos fortes de Portugal nos domínios científico e tecnológico Os mapas infra ilustram várias áreas científicas e tecnológicas fundamentais em que as regiões portuguesas dispõem de reais vantagens numa perspetiva europeia. Os mapas baseiam-se no número de publicações científicas e patentes produzidas por autores e inventores europeus com base nas regiões. Pontos fortes no domínio da ciência e da tecnologia a nível europeu Produção científica Produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas Produção tecnológica

Produção científica Biotecnologia Produção tecnológica

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Produção científica Ambiente Produção tecnológica

Fonte: DG Investigação e Inovação — Unidade Análise Económica Dados: Science Metrix utilizando o Scopus (Elsevier), 2010; Instituto Europeu de Patentes, pedidos de registo de patentes, 2001-2010 Produção científica Materiais Produção tecnológica

Produção científica Tecnologias da Informação e das Comunicações Produção tecnológica

Em termos de produção científica, Portugal tem maior capacidade nos domínios da saúde, produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, TIC, materiais, biotecnologias, produção e transportes. O índice de especialização científica, que abrange o período de 2000 a 2009, revela valores mais elevados nos

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domínios dos produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, TIC, materiais, produção, construção, transportes, biotecnologia e segurança. A diversidade regional em termos de produção e excelência científicas é uma realidade, especialmente nos domínios da saúde, biotecnologias, TIC e materiais, com a região de Lisboa a liderar, seguida do Norte e do Centro. No entanto, em domínios como os produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas e ambiente, a participação de outras regiões é mais evidente. A excelência científica, conforme demonstrada pelo impacto de publicações científicas em termos de citações, continua a ser particularmente elevada nos domínios dos produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, materiais, energia, ambiente e transportes. Não obstante a diversificação a nível C&T, conforme demonstrado pelos indicadores supramencionados, a base de inovação poderia ser reforçada mediante uma maior incidência em algumas áreas científicas que permitiriam melhorar a qualidade dos resultados tecnológicos, como as biotecnologias, os produtores alimentares, a agricultura e pescas, os materiais, o ambiente e as TIC. Políticas e reformas no domínio da investigação e inovação A política de investigação e inovação caracteriza-se por um vasto consenso político e por uma continuidade ao longo do tempo que permitiram realizar progressos significativos a partir de uma base relativamente baixa. A coerência a longo prazo revelou-se um fator positivo determinante para assegurar a consolidação do sistema de investigação. No entanto, a necessidade de prosseguir uma política orçamental muito restritiva levou a algumas alterações. Em 2012, pela primeira vez desde a crise económica, houve uma redução do orçamento da administração pública para a I&D. Observou-se também uma redução no orçamento da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) de 42 milhões de euros entre 2011 e 2012, mas a partir de um nível bastante elevado. Em 2012, a FCT publicou um convite à apresentação de propostas para 80 cientistas, tanto portugueses como estrangeiros, realizarem investigação em Portugal. Serão anunciados novos convites para os próximos anos. Esta iniciativa destina-se a consolidar a base de cientistas de alto nível que trabalha em Portugal. Foi também publicado um convite à apresentação de projetos de investigação em todos os domínios científicos, com uma orientação muito semelhante à dos convites publicados por governos anteriores. Foram também lançadas iniciativas de bolsas para doutoramento e pós-doutoramento. Tem havido financiamento e avaliação das instituições de I&D em diferentes áreas científicas numa base concorrencial e utilizando novos critérios baseados na excelência.

Nas últimas décadas, a política de investigação portuguesa tem sido de natureza horizontal e abrangido um amplo espetro. Apesar da implementação de uma série de iniciativas recentes com objetivos mais orientados e uma maior interação entre as empresas e as universidades, mantém-se a situação em que parte da investigação realizada no ensino superior e nos setores público e privado sem fins lucrativos continua a ser essencialmente organizada em função de critérios académicos e responde a incentivos académicos. Há, todavia, sinais de que o «financiamento orientado e temático» tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos anos. São exemplos as «parcerias internacionais» que incidem em áreas bem definidas como a energia, computação avançada, segurança e saúde, a criação do Laboratório Ibérico de Nanotecnologias e a Iniciativa «Compromisso com a Ciência», que identificou algumas áreas específicas que a investigação deveria abordar. Algumas iniciativas são indicativas das futuras políticas de I&I de Portugal, como, por exemplo, a maior ênfase na concorrência no financiamento para além dos fundos estratégicos portugueses, ou a renovação do Programa Carnegie Mellon-Portugal numa segunda fase, cuja principal incidência passará do ensino e formação para o empreendedorismo e a inovação.

O novo Programa Estratégico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovação (E+I+) inclui diversas medidas que visam melhorar as ligações entre as duas áreas: «inovação» e «investigação». Entre estas contam-se: 1) a promoção da experimentação no ensino básico e secundário; 2) o ensino em

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empreendedorismo; 3) a promoção da passagem dos doutorados para carreiras não académicas; 4) a melhoria da «articulação» das unidades de transferência de tecnologias; 5) o incentivo à exploração económica dos conhecimentos científicos; 6) o lançamento de programas científicos temáticos/prioritários; 7) o apoio ao registo de patentes e à concessão de licenças e 8) uma série de iniciativas para incentivar o empreendedorismo. O programa do novo governo especifica como objetivo «o incentivo à integração do sistema científico de Portugal no Espaço Europeu da Investigação». Para tal será necessária uma maior participação das empresas e organismos de investigação portugueses nos Programas-Quadro da UE e o apoio à investigação industrial através da colaboração entre os setores público e privado. O Programa Estratégico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovação (E+I+) também inclui uma medida destinada a apoiar a participação das empresas portuguesas em programas internacionais de I&D.

Impacto económico da inovação O índice infra apresenta um resumo do impacto económico da inovação constituído por cinco dos indicadores do Painel de Avaliação da União da Inovação1.

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit (2013) Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, EurostatNote: (1) Based on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011.

0.387

0.612

0.508

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

Portugal EU Reference Group(EE+ES+PT)

Portugal - Index of economic impact of innovation (1)

O índice de impacto económico da inovação mostra que Portugal está a ficar ligeiramente atrasado em termos de orientação da sua economia para setores inovadores e com uma utilização intensiva de conhecimentos. Como é evidente, tal deve-se em parte à grave crise económica. No entanto, a escala do atraso aponta também para problemas mais estruturais.

O desempenho geral de Portugal em matéria de inovação é moderado, também segundo o relatório IUS. Embora exista uma percentagem elevada de PME que lançam inovações, as exportações e o emprego nos setores de alta tecnologia e dos serviços com utilização intensiva de conhecimentos são particularmente fracos, o que demonstra a dificuldade que as empresas inovadoras têm em posicionar-se em mercados com um elevado potencial de crescimento. Esta deficiência é reconhecida, pelo que foi criado no final de 2011 um programa estratégico para promover o empreendedorismo e a inovação, «E+I+», levando à criação do Conselho Nacional para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovação e à publicação de concursos para projetos no domínio da inovação e da I&D a executar por microempresas e PME em cooperação com universidades e institutos de investigação. Estão a ser desenvolvidas normas sobre a gestão da inovação e orientações para a valorização e proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Foram adotadas diversas medidas para reduzir as restrições nas condições de crédito e promover a internacionalização e as exportações das PME. A «Agenda Digital

1 Ver nota metodológica relativa à composição deste índice.

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2015» está a avançar bem, fazendo com que Portugal disponha de uma das redes de banda larga mais avançadas da UE.

Se a análise não se limitar a empresas inovadoras, mas abranger todas as empresas de crescimento rápido, revela que, em Portugal, a quota-parte de empresas de elevado crescimento2 (em termos de emprego) no total das empresas ativas foi de 2,70% para as microempresas e de 3,26% para as empresas um pouco maiores (10 ou mais trabalhadores) em 2009. Estes valores são inferiores aos valores de 2008, encontrando-se a um nível similar ao de Espanha, mas inferior ao da Estónia e da República Checa. Se as empresas de crescimento rápido forem aferidas em termos de volume de negócios, os valores para Portugal em 2009 são mais elevados (4,45% e 6,38%, respetivamente), o que parece indicar que uma dimensão crítica (em termos de emprego e/ou de volume de negócios), já para não falar de outros fatores importantes, é um fator importante para o crescimento das empresas. A percentagem de empresas de crescimento rápido por setor é muito superior quando aferida em termos de volume de negócios e não em termos de emprego. Em 2009, as quotas-partes de empresas de elevado crescimento no setor da construção, em termos de volume de negócios, foram de 8,27% (5 a 9 trabalhadores) e 11,95% (10 ou mais trabalhadores), ao passo que em termos de emprego, as quotas-partes correspondentes foram muito mais modestas, 2,90% e 3,35%, respetivamente. Modernização da indústria transformadora através da investigação e das tecnologias O gráfico infra ilustra a atualização de conhecimentos em diferentes indústrias transformadoras. A posição no eixo horizontal representa a evolução do peso de cada setor da indústria no valor acrescentado ao longo de todo o período. A tendência geral de passar para o lado esquerdo reflete a diminuição da quota da indústria transformadora na economia geral. Os setores acima do eixo X são setores cuja intensidade de investigação tem aumentado ao longo do tempo. A dimensão do círculo representa a quota-parte do setor (em valor acrescentado) na indústria transformadora (para todos os setores apresentados no gráfico). Os setores a vermelho são setores de alta tecnologia ou de média-alta tecnologia.

2 Empresas com uma média de crescimento anualizado superior a 20% por ano num período de três anos.

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Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unit Data: OECDNotes: (1) High-Tech and Medium-High-Tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes High-Tech, Medium-High-Tech and Medium-Low-Tech. (2) 'Food products, beverages and tobacco': 1995-2005; 'Wearing apparel and fur': 1996-2006.

Basic metals

Chemicals & chemical products

Construction

Electrical machinery & apparatus

Electricity, gas & water

Fabricated metal products

Food products, beverages & tobacco

Leather products

Machinery & equipment

Medical, precision & optical instruments

Motor vehicles

Office, accounting & computing machinery

Other manufacturing

Other non-metallic mineral products

Other transport equipment

Publishing & printing

Pulp, paper & paper products

Radio, TV & communication equipment

Recycling

Textiles

Wearing apparel & fur

Wood & cork (except furniture)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

BERD

int

ensi

ty -a

vera

ge an

nual

gro

wth

(%),

1995

-200

6 (2)

Share of value added in total value added - average annual growth (%), 1995-2006 (2)

Portugal - Share of value added versus BERD intensity - average annual growth, 1995-2006

Para um país pequeno como Portugal, a via do crescimento conduz a um mercado alargado que ultrapassa as fronteiras nacionais e em que há concorrência com intervenientes de alta qualidade em setores que geram maior valor acrescentado. Para tal, é necessário reforçar a capacidade das empresas para entrarem em mais setores de alta tecnologia e média-alta tecnologia. Portugal tem margem de manobra para melhorar a intensidade de conhecimentos em novas áreas da indústria e em setores «tradicionais» mediante a integração de mais I&D com a criatividade, o design, etc. O gráfico supra apresenta uma imagem geral dos setores da indústria transformadora durante o período pré-crise de 1995 a 2006, revelando quotas-partes reduzidas de valor acrescentado, mas maior intensidade de despesas das empresas com a I&D (BERD) na maior parte dos setores. Em especial, os têxteis, os produtos em couro e outros produtos minerais não metálicos perderam posições importantes. O setor dos artigos de vestuário e peles, não obstante um aumento da intensidade de I&D durante o período, perdeu uma quota-parte importante do valor acrescentado, que pode ser explicada por fatores como o agravamento da perda de competitividade dos preços. O setor da construção (um setor não exposto) continua a desempenhar um papel importante no valor acrescentado da indústria transformadora com uma taxa de crescimento da intensidade de I&D muito elevada. É animador o aumento da quota-parte de valor acrescentado nos setores dos veículos a motor e de instrumentos médicos, de precisão e óticos.

Em 2011, o Painel de Avaliação da I&D industrial da EU, que classifica as 1 000 empresas que mais investem em I&D, mostra que as empresas portuguesas mais bem classificadas se encontram nos setores das telecomunicações, da banca e da eletricidade. Apenas um ano antes, os setores dos produtos farmacêuticos e da construção encontravam-se também entre os setores melhor classificados.

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Competitividade na procura mundial e nos mercados O investimento nos conhecimentos, em agregados com utilização intensiva de tecnologias, em inovação e na modernização da indústria transformadora são fatores determinantes da competitividade de um país nos mercados de exportação mundiais. Uma contribuição positiva dos produtos de alta tecnologia e de média tecnologia para o saldo da balança comercial é uma indicação da especialização e da competitividade desses produtos.

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unitData: COMTRADENotes: "Textile fibres & their wastes" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 266 and 267."Organic chemicals" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 512 and 513."Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 553 and 554. "Chemical materials & products" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598. "Iron & steel" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 671, 672 and 679."Metalworking machinery" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 731, 733 and 737.

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Chan

ge in

the

cont

ribur

ion

to tr

ade

bala

nce

(in %

poi

nts)

Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance for Portugal between 2000 and 2011

Ao longo da última década, Portugal tem tido grandes défices na balança de transações correntes e na balança comercial, o que reflete a fraca competitividade geral da maioria das empresas. O gráfico supra ilustra a evolução, entre 2000 e 2011, dos contributos das várias indústrias para o saldo da balança comercial nacional. A maior variação positiva ocorreu no setor da maquinaria especializada para determinadas indústrias. A segunda maior variação positiva verificou-se no setor dos veículos rodoviários (incluindo veículos sobre almofada de ar), que passou de uma contribuição negativa em 2000 para uma contribuição positiva em 2011. A variação positiva seguinte verifica-se no setor das matérias plásticas sob forma não primária (esta indústria tem um saldo comercial positivo desde 2007). No que diz respeito às variações negativas, a maior verificou-se no setor da maquinaria, aparelhos e dispositivos elétricos e peças elétricas. Os setores dos medicamentos e produtos farmacêuticos e outros equipamentos de transporte também apresentaram variações negativas. As indústrias que contribuíram positivamente para a balança comercial ao longo de toda a década são as seguintes: aparelhos e artefactos fixos para usos sanitários, canalizações e aquecimento e matérias têxteis, tecidas, com têxteis sintéticos. A produtividade total dos fatores é inferior à de há uma década (ver quadro infra) e a percentagem de emprego em atividades com utilização intensiva de conhecimentos é também relativamente baixa. A produtividade do trabalho aumentou durante o mesmo período, mas apenas ligeiramente. As empresas têm de integrar melhor as novas tecnologias e esforçar-se por desenvolver novos produtos, processos e serviços que possam gerar maior valor acrescentado para as suas atividades.

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No que diz respeito aos outros objetivos da Estratégia 2020 da UE, Portugal está a progredir bem, em especial no que se refere ao aumento da quota de energias renováveis no consumo total de energia e à percentagem da população que completa o ensino superior.

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Indicadores-chave para Portugal

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average EU RankPORTUGAL annual average (2) within

growth (1) EU(%)

ENABLERSInvestment in knowledge

New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population aged 25-34 1.62 1.79 1.88 2.30 2.43 2.53 3.25 3.68 2.99 2.72 1.85 : : 1.3 1.69 9

Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.46 0.60 0.75 0.78 0.73 0.69 : 11.8 1.26 17

Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as % of GDP 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.46 0,63 (3) 0.72 0.70 0.69 : 3.0 0.74 10

Venture Capital (4) as % of GDP 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.21 : 6.3 0,35 (5) 6 (5)

S&T excellence and cooperationComposite indicator of research excellence : : : : : 21.5 : : : : 26.5 : : 4.2 47.9 18Scientific publications within the 10% most cited scientific publications worldwide as % of total scientific publications of the country

6.2 7.3 7.3 7.2 8.0 9.2 8.9 9.3 10.0 : : : : 6.1 10.9 14

International scientific co-publications per million population 150 148 176 250 299 331 402 423 498 532 600 678 : 14.7 300 15

Public-private scientific co-publications per million population : : : : : : : 10 11 12 14 17 : 13.9 53 19

FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACTInnovation contributing to international competitiveness

PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS€ 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 : : : 13.3 3.9 19License and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP : : : : 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.03 : 8.2 0.58 23Sales of new to market and new to firm innovations as % of turnover : : : : 10.0 : 13.3 : 15.6 : 14.3 : : 6.1 14.4 11

Knowledge-intensive services exports as % total service exports : : : : 21.1 22.8 26.5 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.0 : : 5.4 45.1 14

Contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance as % of total exports plus imports of products

-3.61 -3.12 -2.74 -2.28 -2.28 -2.36 -1.47 -1.66 -1.30 -2.98 -3.50 -1.20 : - 4,20 (6) 20

Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) - 2000 = 100 100 99 98 97 98 98 98 100 99 97 99 99 99 -1 (7) 103 24

Factors for structural change and addressing societal challengesComposite indicator of structural change 30.0 : : : : 35.4 : : : : 41.0 : : 3.2 48.7 17Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64

: : : : : : : : 8.8 8.8 8.6 9,1 (8) : -1.5 13.6 23

SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of SMEs : : : : 38.6 : 38.7 : 47.7 : 45.6 : : 2.8 38.4 6

Environment-related technologies - patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS€

0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 : : : : 10.0 0.39 20

Health-related technologies - patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS€ 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.10 : : : : 8.2 0.52 19

EUROPE 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGESEmployment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) 73.5 73.9 73.6 72.9 72.6 72.3 72.7 72.6 73.1 71.2 70.5 69,1 (9) : -0.4 68.6 13R&D Intensity (GERD as % of GDP) 0.73 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.99 1.17 1,50 (3) 1.64 1.59 1.50 : -0.2 2.03 14Greenhouse gas emissions - 1990 = 100 137 139 146 137 141 144 136 132 130 124 118 : : -19 (10) 85 24 (11)

Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption (%) : : : : 19.2 19.6 20.8 22.0 23.0 24.6 24.6 : : 4.2 12.5 5

Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully completed tertiary education (%) 11.3 11.7 13.0 14.9 16.5 17.7 18.4 19.8 21.6 21.1 23.5 26.1 : 7.9 34.6 21

Share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) : : : : 27.5 26.1 25.0 25.0 26.0 24.9 25.3 25.3 : -1.4 23.4 17 (11)

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit Data: Eurostat, DG JRC - ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union ScoreboardNotes: (1) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period 2000-2012. (2) EU average for the latest available year. (3) Break in series between 2008 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2011. (4) Venture Capital includes early-stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, start-up, later-stage, growth, replacement, rescue/turnaround and buyout for the period 2007-2011. (5) Venture Capital: EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK, These Member States were not included in the EU ranking. (6) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States. (7) The value is the difference between 2012 and 2000. (8) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2010. (9) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2000-2010. (10) The value is the difference between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions. (11) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest. (12) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.

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HOw TO ObTAIN EU PUbLICATIONSFree publications :

• via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu) ;• at the European Commission's representations or delegations. You can obtain

their contact details on the internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929–42758.

Priced publications :• via eu bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu).

Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union) :

• via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

European Commission

Research and Innovation performance in Portugal - Country profile

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

2013 — 24 pp. — 21 × 29.7 cm

ISBN 978-92-79-30864-2doi:10.2777/26011

Page 26: Research and Innovation performance in Portugal

KI-31-13-820-2V-N

doi:10.2777/26011

Research and Innovation policy