Republic of South Sudan Republic of South Sudan

The Road to Independence The Road to Independence

A chronology of key A chronology of key eventsevents•1899-1955 -

South Sudan is part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under joint British-Egyptian rule.

•1956 - Sudan gains independence from joint British-Egyptian rule

SudanSudan

•As Sudan As Sudan prepared to prepared to gain gain independence independence from joint from joint British and British and Egyptian rule in Egyptian rule in 19561956

ImmediatelyImmediately • southern leaders southern leaders

accused the new accused the new authorities in authorities in Khartoum of Khartoum of backing out of backing out of promises to create promises to create a federal system, a federal system, and of trying to and of trying to impose an impose an IslamicIslamic and and Arabic identityArabic identity

First civil warFirst civil war• In 1955, In 1955, southern southern

army officersarmy officers mutinied, sparking mutinied, sparking off a civil war off a civil war between the south, between the south, led by Joseph Logo led by Joseph Logo the Anya Nya the Anya Nya guerrilla guerrilla movement, and the movement, and the Sudanese Sudanese government government

• 19691969 - Group of socialist and  - Group of socialist and communist Sudanese military officers communist Sudanese military officers led by led by Col Jaafar Muhammad Numeiri Col Jaafar Muhammad Numeiri seizes powerseizes power; Col Numeiri outlines ; Col Numeiri outlines policy of autonomy for south.policy of autonomy for south.

• 19721972 - Government of Sudanese  - Government of Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri concedes a President Jaafar Numeiri concedes a measure of autonomy for southern measure of autonomy for southern Sudan in a peace agreement signed in Sudan in a peace agreement signed in Addis Ababa.Addis Ababa.

• 19781978 -  - Oil discovered in Unity State in Oil discovered in Unity State in southern Sudan southern Sudan

The conflict only ended when the Addis Ababa peace agreement of 1972 accorded the south a measure of

autonomy.But, in 1983, the south, led by the

Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and its armed wing, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), again

rose in rebellion when the Sudanese government cancelled the autonomy

arrangements

The ConflictThe Conflict in Sudanin Sudan • At least 1.5 million people are thought to have At least 1.5 million people are thought to have

lost their lives and more than four million were lost their lives and more than four million were displaced in the ensuing 22 years of guerrilla displaced in the ensuing 22 years of guerrilla warfare. warfare. Large numbers of South Sudanese Large numbers of South Sudanese fled the fighting, either to the north or to fled the fighting, either to the north or to neighbouring countries, where many remainneighbouring countries, where many remain..

• The conflict finally ended with the 2005 The conflict finally ended with the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, under Comprehensive Peace Agreement, under which the south was granted regional which the south was granted regional autonomy along with guaranteed autonomy along with guaranteed representation in a national power-sharing representation in a national power-sharing government.government.

Second civil warSecond civil war• 19831983 - Fighting breaks out again  - Fighting breaks out again

between north and south Sudan, under between north and south Sudan, under leadership of John Garang's Sudanese leadership of John Garang's Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), after Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri after Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri abolishes South Sudan's autonomy.abolishes South Sudan's autonomy.

• 19881988 - Democratic Unionist Party - part  - Democratic Unionist Party - part of Sudan's ruling coalition government - of Sudan's ruling coalition government - drafts cease-fire agreement with the drafts cease-fire agreement with the SPLM, but it is not implemented.SPLM, but it is not implemented.

• 19891989 - Military seizes power in Sudan  - Military seizes power in Sudan

And in 1997 Dr Riek machar And in 1997 Dr Riek machar

Those Who Participate In Those Who Participate In SPLA/MSPLA/M

• 20012001 -  - Sudanese Sudanese Islamist leader Islamist leader Hassan Al-Turabi'sHassan Al-Turabi's party, the Popular party, the Popular National Congress, National Congress, signs signs memorandum of memorandum of understanding with understanding with the southern rebel the southern rebel SPLM's armed SPLM's armed wing, the Sudan wing, the Sudan People's Liberation People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Army (SPLA). Mr Al-Mr Al-Turabi is arrested Turabi is arrested the next day.the next day.

•20022002 - SPLA and Sudanese  - SPLA and Sudanese sign sign agreement on six-month renewableagreement on six-month renewable cease-fire in central Nuba Mountains cease-fire in central Nuba Mountains - a key rebel stronghold.- a key rebel stronghold.

•Talks in Kenya lead to a Talks in Kenya lead to a breakthrough agreement between breakthrough agreement between southern rebels and Sudanese southern rebels and Sudanese government on ending the civil war. government on ending the civil war. The Machakos Protocol provides for The Machakos Protocol provides for the south to seek self-determination the south to seek self-determination after six years after six years

North-south peace dealNorth-south peace deal

• 2005 2005 January - North/South Comprehensive January - North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) ends civil war; deal Peace Agreement (CPA) ends civil war; deal provides for a permanent ceasefire, provides for a permanent ceasefire, autonomy for the south, a power-sharing autonomy for the south, a power-sharing government involving rebels in Khartoum government involving rebels in Khartoum and a south Sudanese referendum on and a south Sudanese referendum on independence in six years' time.independence in six years' time.

• 2005 2005 July - Former southern rebel leader July - Former southern rebel leader John Garang is sworn in as first vice-John Garang is sworn in as first vice-president. A new Sudanese constitution president. A new Sudanese constitution which gives the south a large degree of which gives the south a large degree of autonomy is signed autonomy is signed

Tension over AbyeiTension over Abyei

• 2008 2008 May - Intense fighting breaks out May - Intense fighting breaks out between northern and southern forces in between northern and southern forces in disputed oil-rich town of Abyei.disputed oil-rich town of Abyei.

• 2008 2008 June - Southern Sudanese leader June - Southern Sudanese leader Salva Kiir and Sudanese President Omar Salva Kiir and Sudanese President Omar Bashir agree to seek international Bashir agree to seek international arbitration to resolve dispute over Abyei.arbitration to resolve dispute over Abyei.

• 2009 2009 July - North and south Sudan say July - North and south Sudan say they accept ruling by arbitration court in they accept ruling by arbitration court in The Hague shrinking disputed Abyei region The Hague shrinking disputed Abyei region

•2009 2009 December - Leaders of North December - Leaders of North and South reach deal on terms of and South reach deal on terms of referendum on independence due referendum on independence due in South by 2011.in South by 2011.

•2010 2010 January - President Omar January - President Omar Bashir says he will accept Bashir says he will accept referendum result, even if South referendum result, even if South opted for independence.opted for independence.

•2011 2011 January - The people of January - The people of South Sudan vote in favour of full South Sudan vote in favour of full independence from Sudan..independence from Sudan..

Southern Sudanese celebrate the formal Southern Sudanese celebrate the formal announcement of independence referendum announcement of independence referendum results in the southern capital of Juba  results in the southern capital of Juba 

Again SudanAgain Sudan •2011 2011 May - North occupies May - North occupies

disputed border region of Abyei.disputed border region of Abyei.

•2011 2011 June - Governments of June - Governments of north and south Sudan sign north and south Sudan sign accord to demilitarize the accord to demilitarize the disputed Abyei region and let in disputed Abyei region and let in an Ethiopian peacekeeping forcean Ethiopian peacekeeping force

South Sudanese boys hold candles as the clock ticks over South Sudanese boys hold candles as the clock ticks over to midnight on July 9, 2011 to mark the day that South to midnight on July 9, 2011 to mark the day that South Sudan will officially declare independence from the north Sudan will officially declare independence from the north in Juba, in Juba,

Ambassador Susan E. Rice &UN Ambassador Susan E. Rice &UN chief  Banki Moon Arrived In Juba chief  Banki Moon Arrived In Juba

the IRC's Sophia Jones-Mwangi and the IRC's Sophia Jones-Mwangi and Pasquale Ongwen joined a vast crowd Pasquale Ongwen joined a vast crowd   

man waves South Sudan's man waves South Sudan's national flag national flag

Thousands celebrate the country's independence Thousands celebrate the country's independence during a ceremony in the capital Juba on July 9, during a ceremony in the capital Juba on July 9, 2011. 2011.

Yambio Yambio

South Sudan President Salva Kiir lifts South Sudan President Salva Kiir lifts South Sudan's new constitution above South Sudan's new constitution above the crowds   the crowds  

A man dances with fireworks A man dances with fireworks during independence day during independence day celebrations   celebrations  

  celebrating South Sudan's celebrating South Sudan's independence day independence day

After Independent After Independent • 14 July 2011 – The 14 July 2011 – The

General Assembly General Assembly admitted the admitted the Republic of South Republic of South Sudan as the 193rd Sudan as the 193rd member of the member of the United Nations, United Nations, welcoming the welcoming the newly independent newly independent country to the country to the community of community of nations.nations.

And joined the African Union on And joined the African Union on 28 July 201128 July 2011

We are free and last We are free and last

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