Ivory Coast 1

Ivory CoastFor other uses, see Ivory Coast (disambiguation).

Republic of Ivory CoastRépublique de Côte d'Ivoire

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "Union – Discipline – Travail" (French)"Unity – Discipline – Work"

Anthem: L'AbidjanaiseSong of Abidjan

Location of  Ivory Coast(dark blue)– in Africa(light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union(light blue)

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Capital Yamoussoukro6°51′N 5°18′W [1]

Largest city Abidjan

Official languages French

Vernacularlanguages

•• Dioula•• Baoulé•• Dan•• Anyin•• Cebaara Senufo•• others

Ethnic groups (1998) • 42.1% Akan• 17.6% Voltaiques / Gur• 16.5% Northern Mandé•• 11.0% Krous• 10.0% Southern Mandé• 2.8% othersa

Demonym •• Ivorian•• Ivoirian

Government Presidential republic

 -  President Alassane Ouattara

 -  Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan

Legislature National Assembly

Independence

 -  from France 7 August 1960 

Area

 -  Total 322,463 km2 (69th)124,502 sq mi

 -  Water (%) 1.4

Population

 -  2013 estimate 22,400,835 (53rd)

 -  1998 census 15,366,672

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 -  Density 63.9/km2 (139th)165.6/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate

 -  Total $40.348 billion

 -  Per capita $1,726

GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate

 -  Total $24.627 billion

 -  Per capita $1,053

Gini (2008) 41.5medium

HDI (2013)  0.432low · 168th

Currency West African CFA franc (XOF)

Time zone GMT (UTC+0)

 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+0)

Drives on the right

Calling code +225

ISO 3166 code CI

Internet TLD .ci

a. Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.

Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in a lower total population thanmight otherwise be expected.

Ivory Coast ( i/ˌaɪvəriHelp:IPA for English#Keyˈkoʊst/) (French: Côte d'Ivoire) (/ˌkoʊtHelp:IPA forEnglish#Keydɨˈvwɑr/; French: [kot divwaʁ] ( )), officially the Republic of Ivory Coast (French: République deCôte d'Ivoire), is a country in West Africa. It borders Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana; its southernboundary is along the Gulf of Guinea.Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the KongEmpire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separateidentity through the French colonial period and after independence. An 1843–44 treaty made Ivory Coast aprotectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa. IvoryCoast became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny.It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same timemaintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Ivory Coast hasexperienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between thegovernment and the rebels brought a return to peace.Ivory Coast is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President of Ivory Coast. Its de jure capital isYamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, LatinUnion, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. Throughproduction of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse during the 1960s and 1970s in WestAfrica. However, Ivory Coast went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's period ofpolitical and social turmoil. The 21st-century Ivoirian economy is largely market-based and relies heavily onagriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production being dominant.

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The official language is French, although many indigenous local languages are widely used, including Baoulé,Dioula, Dan, Anyin and Cebaara Senufo. The main religions are Islam, Christianity (primarily Roman Catholic) andvarious indigenous religions.

NamesPortuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, veryroughly, into five coasts reflecting local economies. The coast that the French named the Côte d'Ivoire and thePortuguese named the Costa do Marfim—both, literally, being "Ivory Coast"—lay between what was known as theGuiné de Cabo Verde, so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cabo Verde, and Lower Guinea.[2][3] There were also a "GrainCoast", a "Gold Coast", and a "Slave Coast", and, like those three, the name "Ivory Coast" reflected the major tradethat occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.[4][2][5][6][7]

Other names for the coast of ivory included the Côte de Dents,[8]</ref> literally "Teeth Coast", again reflecting thetrade in ivory;[9][10][4][3][7][11] the Côte de Quaqua, after the people that the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternativelyKwa Kwa);[10][2][12] the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;[10] and theCôte du Vent[13][2]</ref>, the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.[4][2] One can findthe name Cote de(s) Dents regularly used in older works.[10] It was used in Duckett's Dictionnaire (Duckett 1853)and by Nicolas Villault de Bellefond, for examples, although Antoine François Prévost used Côte d'Ivoire.[11] But inthe 19th century it died out in favour of Côte d'Ivoire.[10]

The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew asthe "Teeth" or "Ivory" coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which isthus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia).[9][5][11][12]

But it retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. The name had long since been translatedliterally into other languages,[14]</ref> which the post-independence government considered to be increasinglytroublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986,the government declared Côte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d'Ivoire[15]) to be its formal name for thepurposes of diplomatic protocol, and officially refuses to recognize or accept any translation from French to anotherlanguage in its international dealings.[16][17][18]

Despite the Ivorian government's request, the English translation "Ivory Coast" (sometimes "the Ivory Coast") is stillfrequently used in English, by various media outlets and publications.[19] The Guardian newspaper's style guidesays: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte d'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians." ABC News, FOX News, TheTimes, The New York Times, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian BroadcastingCorporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly..[citation needed]</ref>[20] EncyclopædiaBritannica, and National Geographic Society. both use Cote d'Ivoire.</ref>

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HistoryMain article: History of Ivory Coast

Land migration

Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali innorthern Ivory Coast. Photo taken at the IFAN

Museum of African Arts in Dakar, Senegal.

The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determinebecause human remains have not been well preserved in the country'shumid climate. However, the presence of newly found weapon and toolfragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnantsof cooking and fishing) has been interpreted as a possible indication ofa large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.

The earliest known inhabitants of Ivory Coast have left traces scatteredthroughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all eitherdisplaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenousinhabitants, who migrated south into the area before the 16th century.Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).

Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods

The first recorded history is found in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times,conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods. The southern terminals of thetrans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as farsouth as the edge of the rain forest. The more important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into majorcommercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.

By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouringstates. The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education. Islam had been introduced in the westernSudan (today's Mali) by Muslim Berber traders from North Africa; it spread rapidly after the conversion of manyimportant rulers. From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, itspread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.The Ghana empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourthto the 13th century. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean toTimbuctu. After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogeein the early part of the 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the north-westcorner around Odienné.Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one ofwhich, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Songhai was also weakenedby internal discord, which led to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations of peoples southwardtoward the forest belt. The dense rain forest, covering the southern half of the country, created barriers to thelarge-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north. Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages;their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agricultureand hunting.

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Pre-European era

Pre-Colonial kingdoms.

Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast in the pre-European era.The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Juula in the early18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, whohad fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although Kong became aprosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity andreligious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. The city of Kongwas destroyed in 1895 by Samori Ture.

The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th centuryby an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanticonfederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. From theirsettlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended theirhegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recentémigrés from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into amajor centre of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of WestAfrica. In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups' fleeing the Asante established aBaoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.

The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under threesuccessive rulers. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé stronglyresisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identitylong after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast andform an independent kingdom. The current king of Sanwi is Nana Amon Ndoufou V (since 2002).

Establishment of French ruleCompared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast suffered little from the slave trade, as European slaving and merchantships preferred other areas along the coast with better harbours. The earliest recorded European voyage to WestAfrica was made by the Portuguese and took place in 1482. The first West African French settlement, Saint Louis,was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal while, at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French asettlement at Goree Island, off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 Assinie near the border with theGold Coast (now Ghana).Assinie's survival was precarious, however it was not until the mid-19th century that the French were firmlyestablished in Ivory Coast. In 1843–4, French admiral Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the GrandBassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, tradingcompanies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. Pacificationwas not accomplished until 1915.Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, theSenegal and the Niger. Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but movedslowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series oftreaties with local West African rulers that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea toserve as permanent trading centres.

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Louis-Gustave Binger of French West Africa in1892 treaty signing with Famienkro leaders, inpresent-day N'zi-Comoé Region, Ivory Coast.

The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another atGrand Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treatiesprovided for French sovereignty within the posts, and for tradingprivileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the localrulers for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirelysatisfactory to the French, because trade was limited andmisunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless,the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.

France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem theincreasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. TheFrench built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began asystematic conquest of the interior. (They accomplished this only aftera long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia. Guerrilla warfare by the Baoulé and othereastern groups continued until 1917).Wikipedia:Citation needed

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the Frenchprovince of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw itsmilitary garrisons from its French West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. Thetrading post at Grand Bassam in Ivory Coast was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.

In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West Africancoastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. In 1887 LieutenantLouis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of thejourney, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier'sagent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from theheadwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.

French colonial era

Arrival in Kong of new French West Africagovernor Louis-Gustave Binger in 1892.

By the end of the 1880s, France had established what passed forcontrol over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast, and in 1889 Britainrecognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, Francenamed Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893 IvoryCoast was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger wasappointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britainin 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony,but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of effortsby the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-dayBurkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast foreconomic and administrative reasons.

France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil crops were soon plantedalong the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of settlers;elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats.Wikipedia:Citation needed Asa result, French citizens owned one third of the cocoa, coffee and banana plantations and adopted a forced-laboursystem.

Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. Some of the native population resisted French penetration and settlement. Among those offering greatest resistance was

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Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large partsof present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which couldmanufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The French responded toSamori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure. French campaigns against Samori Ture, whichwere met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony in a public works program, provoked a number ofrevolts. Ivoirians viewed the tax as a violation of the terms of the protectorate treaties, because they thought thatFrance was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse. Much of thepopulation, especially in the interior, considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission. In 1905, the Frenchofficially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.[21]

Samori Touré

From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was a constituent unit of theFederation of French West Africa. It was a colony and an overseasterritory under the Third Republic. Until the period following WorldWar II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administeredfrom Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in itsphilosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coastwere officially French "subjects", but without rights to representationin Africa or France.

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation andassociation. Based on an assumption of the superiority of Frenchculture over all others, in practice the assimilation policy meantextension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs in thecolonies. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of theFrench in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systemsof laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, theAfricans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customsinsofar as they were compatible with French interests.

An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between the French andthe Africans. Assimilation was practiced in Ivory Coast to the extent that after 1930, a small number of WesternizedIvoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as Frenchsubjects and were governed under the principle of association. As subjects of France, they had no political rights.They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their taxresponsibility. They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system oflaw.

In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle'sprovisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the firstConstituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World WarII led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," theright to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished.Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct,centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy making. Whereas British colonialadministration adopted divide-and-rule policies elsewhere, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite,the French were interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quoto refrain from any anti-French sentiment. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educatedIvoirians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through

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complete independence from France. But, after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely through thepostwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over theIvoirians, and that discrimination and political inequality would end only with independence.

Independence

Félix Houphouët-Boigny in the White HouseEntrance Hall with President John F. Kennedy in

1962

The son of a Baoulé chief, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, was to becomeIvory Coast's father of independence. In 1944 he formed the country'sfirst agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself.Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, theyunited to recruit migrant workers for their own farms.Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and within a year waselected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later the Frenchabolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strongrelationship with the French government, expressing a belief that thecountry would benefit from it, which it did for many years. Franceappointed him as the first African to become a minister in a Europeangovernment.

A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred a number ofpowers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French WestAfrica and also removed remaining voting inequalities. In 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of theFrench Community (which replaced the French Union).

At the time of Ivory Coast's independence (1960), the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous,contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, hisgovernment gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production. This was further boosted bya significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly,catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output (behind Brazil and Colombia). By 1979, the country was theworld's leading producer of cocoa.It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the 'Ivoirianmiracle'. In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence; but in Ivory Coast,they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most ofthem teachers, managers and advisors.[22] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly10%—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.

Houphouët-Boigny administrationHouphouët-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would be thepresident of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee as he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny when Gbagbo founded theFront Populair Ivoirien.[23] Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population who continually electedhim. He was also criticized for his emphasis on developing large scale projects. Many felt the millions of dollarsspent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new capital that it became, were wasted; others supporthis vision to develop a centre for peace, education and religion in the heart of the country. But in the early 1980s, theworld recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivoirian economy. Due to the overcutting oftimber and collapsing sugar prices, the country's external debt increased threefold. Crime rose dramatically inAbidjan.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrestforced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.

Bédié administrationIn October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. Hetightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlookimproved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt.

Election results of 2002 in Ivory Coast

Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful in avoiding anyethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open toimmigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized theconcept of "Ivority" (Ivoirité) to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara,who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for futurepresidential election. As people originating from foreign countries area large part of the Ivoirian population, this policy excluded manypeople from Ivoirian nationality, and the relationship between variousethnic groups became strained which resulted in two civil wars in thefollowing decades.

1999 coup

Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. Inlate 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup,putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime andcorruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and openly campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.

Gbagbo administrationA presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was peaceful. Thelead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's SupremeCourt, due to his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did notallow non-citizens to run for presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from thecountry's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.

Ivorian Civil WarMain article: First Ivorian Civil WarIn the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the President was in Italy, there was an armed uprising. Troops whowere to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks inAbidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime the government forces had secured the main city, Abidjan. Theyhad lost control of the north of the country, and the rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouake.The rebels threatened to move on Abidjan again and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop anyrebel advance. The French said they were protecting their own citizens from danger, but their deployment also aidedthe government forces. It was not established as a fact that the French were helping either side but each side accusedthem of being on the opposite side. It is disputed as to whether the French actions improved or worsened thesituation in the long term.

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What exactly happened that night is disputed. The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï had led acoup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and fifteenothers had been murdered at his home and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. AlassaneOuattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had burned down.President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebelswere hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed andburned homes by the thousands, attacking the residents.

"Child soldier in the Ivory Coast." (drawing byGilbert G. Groud)

An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much ofthe northern populace, proved short-lived, and fighting over the primecocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain thecease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fightersfrom Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seizeparts of the west.

2002 unity government

In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a"government of national unity". Curfews were lifted and French troopspatrolled the western border of the country. The unity government wasunstable and the central problems remained with neither side achievingits goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed in an opposition rally,and subsequent mob violence led to foreign nationals being evacuated.A later report concluded the killings were planned.Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a Zone ofConfidence, relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.

Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed following the rebels' refusal to disarm,Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, Frenchsoldiers were hit and nine were killed; the Ivorian government has said it was a mistake, but the French have claimedit was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivoirian military aircraft (2 Su-25 planes and 5 helicopters),and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.[24]

Gbagbo's original mandate as president expired on 30 October 2005, but due to the lack of disarmament it wasdeemed impossible to hold an election, and therefore his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year,according to a plan worked out by the African Union; this plan was endorsed by the United Nations SecurityCouncil.[25] With the late October deadline approaching in 2006, it was regarded as very unlikely that the electionwould be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension forGbagbo.[26] The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006;however, the resolution provided for the strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbosaid the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[27]

A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, andsubsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events have been seen bysome observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[28]

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2010 electionMain article: Ivorian presidential election, 2010The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. Thepreliminary results announced by the Electoral Commission showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of his rival, formerprime minister Alassane Ouattara. The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, chargingmassive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire (FNCI).These charges were contradicted by international observers. The report of the results led to severe tension andviolent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consists of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of sevennorthern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote (instead of Ouattarawinning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission). After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara,recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations, organized an alternative inauguration. Theseevents raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees have fled the country. The African Unionsent Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Counciladopted a common resolution recognising Alassane Ouattara as winner of the elections, based on the position of theEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS suspended Ivory Coast from all itsdecision-making bodies[29] while the African Union also suspended the country's membership.[30]

In 2010, a Colonel of the Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S.Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charging for procuring and illegal export weapons and munitionsof 4,000 9-mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of UN embargo.Several other Ivory Coast officers were released for their diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor,an international trader, was located in Virginia.[31]

2011 Civil War

A shelter for internally displaced persons duringthe 2011 civil war.

Main article: Second Ivorian Civil WarThe 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis andto the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reportednumerous human rights violations by both sides. In the city ofDuékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozenswere killed. UN and French forces took military action againstGbagbo.

Ivory Coast 13

Regions and departmentsMain articles: Regions of Ivory Coast and Departments of Ivory CoastIvory Coast is divided into nineteenregions (régions):

1.1. Agnéby2.2. Bafing3.3. Bas-Sassandra4.4. Denguélé5.5. Dix-Huit Montagnes6.6. Fromager7.7. Haut-Sassandra8.8. Lacs9.9. Lagunes10.10. Marahoué11.11. Moyen-Cavally12.12. Moyen-Comoé13.13. N'zi-Comoé14.14. Savanes15.15. Sud-Bandama16.16. Sud-Comoé17.17. Vallée du Bandama18.18. Worodougou19.19. ZanzanThe regions are further divided into 81departments.

Population of major citiesThe official capital of Ivory Coast is Yamoussoukro (295,500), the fourth most populous city. Abidjan, with apopulation of 3,310,500, is the largest city and serves as the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well asthe de facto capital. It is also the most populous city in French-speaking Western Africa.

City Population

Abidjan 3,310,500

Bouaké 775,300

Daloa 489,100

Yamoussoukro 295,500

Korhogo 163,400

San Pédro 151,600

Divo 134,200

Ivory Coast 14

PoliticsMain article: Politics of Ivory CoastSince 1983, Ivory Coast's official capital has been Yamoussoukro; Abidjan, however, remains the administrativecenter. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan, although some have closed. The Ivoirian populationcontinues to suffer because of an ongoing civil war (See the History section above). International human rightsorganizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergenceof child slavery among workers in cocoa production.Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by theNew Forces (FN). A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and an agreement wasreached among the rival parties in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November2010 due to delays in its preparation.Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections were held peacefully, and widely hailed as free andfair. Runoffs were held 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November.Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%.In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced thatcountry's borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land and sea border of the countryare closed to all movement of people and goods."

GeographyMain article: Geography of Ivory Coast

A street market in Abidjan

Ivory Coast is a country of western sub-Saharan Africa. It bordersLiberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north,Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in thesouth. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes2° and 9°W.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Ivory Coast

Graphical depiction of Ivory Coast's productexports in 28 color-coded categories.

Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita(USD 960 in 2007) and plays a key role in transit trade forneighboring, landlocked countries. The country is the largest economyin the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40percent of the monetary union’s total GDP. The country is the world'slargest exporter of Cocoa beans, and the fourth largest exporter ofgoods, in general, in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa,Nigeria and Angola). In 2009, the cocoa bean farmers earned $2.53billion for cocoa exports and is expected to produce 630,000 metrictons in 2013. According to The Hershey Company, the price of cocoabeans are expected to rise dramatically in upcoming years.[32] TheIvory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers which earned a total of

$105 million in 2012.

Ivory Coast 15

The maintenance of close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agriculture for export, andencouragement of foreign investment, have been factors in the economic growth of Ivory Coast. In recent yearsIvory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primaryagricultural crops: coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for thegrower and those exporting into foreign markets.

EnvironmentMain article: Environment of Ivory Coast

DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Ivory CoastSee also: Languages of Ivory Coast

Ivoirian woman in a head tie.

The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be20,617,068 in 2009 and 22,400,835 in July 2013. Ivory Coast's first nationalcensus in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.[33]

According to 2012 government survey, fertility rate was 5.0 with 3.7 in urbanareas and 6.3 in rural areas.[34]

French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca inthe country. Ethnic groups include Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%,Northern Mandes 16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8%(includes 30,000 Lebanese and 45,000 French; 2004). 77% of the population areconsidered Ivoirians. They represent several different peoples and languagegroups. An estimated 65 languages are spoken in the country. One of the mostcommon is Dyula, which acts as a trade language as well as a languagecommonly spoken by the Muslim population.

The native born population is roughly split into three groups of Muslim,Christian (primarily Roman Catholic) and animist. Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the mostsuccessful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4 million) consists of workers fromneighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso and Guinea.

4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French, Lebanese, Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, aswell as Protestant missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French andother foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.[35] Aside fromFrench nationals, there are native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country's colonialperiod.

Largest cities

Religion

Ivory Coast 16

Religion in Ivory Coast

Religion Percent

Islam 38.6%

Christianity 32.8%

African indigenous 28%

Further information: Religion in Ivory CoastReligion in Ivory Coast remains very heterogeneous, with Islam (almost all Sunni Muslims) and Christianity (mostlyRoman Catholic) being the major religions. Muslims dominate the north, while Christians dominate the south. In2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of thepopulation, while an estimated 25% of the population practiced traditional religions.[36] Ivory Coast's capital,Yamoussoukro, is home to the largest church building[37] in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace ofYamoussoukro.

HealthMain article: Health in Ivory CoastLife expectancy at birth was 41 for males in 2004; for females it was 47. Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 livebirths. There are 12 physicians per 100,000 people. About a quarter of the population lives below the internationalpoverty line of US$1.25 a day.[38]

Education

Children in a classroom in Abidjan

Main article: Education in Ivory CoastA large part of the adult population, in particular women, are illiterate.Many children between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school. Themajority of students in secondary education are male. At the end ofsecondary education, students can sit the Baccalauréat examination.The country has universities in Abidjan (Université de Cocody) andBouaké, (Université de Bouaké).

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ivory Coast

MusicMain article: Music of Ivory CoastEach of the ethnic groups in Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talkingdrums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are foundthroughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest.Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou and Coupé-Décalé. A few Ivorian artists who haveknown international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahore, Tiken Dja Fakoly,Christina Goh from Ivorian descent

Ivory Coast 17

SportSee also: Ivory Coast at the Olympics

Didier Drogba, captain of Côted'Ivoire national football team.

The country has been host for several major African sporting events, with themost recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, thecountry further hosted the 1984 Africa Cup of Nations, in which its football teamfinished 5th, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where itsbasketball team won the gold medal.

Ivory Coast won an Olympic silver medal for men's 400-metre in the 1984games, where it competed as "Côte d'Ivoire".

The most popular sport in Ivory Coast is association football. The nationalfootball team has played in the World Cup twice, in Germany 2006 and in South Africa 2010. Ivory Coast alsoqualified to play in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Rugby union is also popular, and the national rugby union teamqualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995.

Cuisine

Yassa is a popular dish throughout West Africaprepared with chicken or fish. Chicken yassa is

pictured.

Main article: Ivorian cuisineThe traditional cuisine of Ivory Coast is very similar to that ofneighboring countries in west Africa in its reliance on grains andtubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. Atype of corn paste called "Aitiu" is used to prepare corn balls, andpeanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attiéké is a popular side dishin Ivory Coast made with grated cassava and is a vegetable-basedcouscous. A common street-vended food is aloko, which is ripe bananafried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili and eaten aloneor with grilled fish. Chicken is commonly consumed, and has a uniqueflavor due to its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includestuna, sardines, shrimp and bonito, which are similar to tuna. Mafé is a

common dish consisting of meat in a peanut sauce.[39] Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are anothercommon food staple in Ivory Coast. "Kedjenou" is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables that are slow-cookedin a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables andtenderizes the chicken. It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slight fire, or cooked in an oven."Bangui" is a local palm wine.

Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. Maquisnormally feature braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with attiéké, or kedjenou, achicken dish made with vegetables and a mild sauce.

Ivory Coast 18

Notes[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Ivory_Coast& params=6_51_N_5_18_W_type:country[2] Thornton 1996, p. 53–56.[3][3] Lipski 2005, p. 39.[4][4] Duckett 1853, p. 594.[5][5] Homans 1858, p. 14.[6][6] Lipsky 2005, p. 39.[7][7] Plée 1868, p. 146.[8] Joseph Vaissète, in his 1755 Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile, lists the name as La Côte des Dents ("The Coast of the Teeth")

but notes that Côte de Dents is the more correct form.<ref name="FOOTNOTEVaissète1755185–186">Vaissète 1755, p. 185–186.[9][9] Blanchard 1818, p. 57.[10][10] Chisholm 1911, p. 100.[11][11] Walckenaer 1827, p. 35.[12] Vaissète 1755, p. 185–186.[13] Côte du Vent sometimes denoted the combined "Ivory" and "Grain" coasts, or sometimes just the "Grain" coast.<ref

name="FOOTNOTEDuckett1853594">Duckett 1853, p. 594.[14] Literal translations include Elfenbeinküste (German), Costa d'Avoria (Italian), Norsunluuraniko (Finnish), Бе́рег Слоно́вой Ко́сти

(Russian), and of course Ivory Coast.<ref name="FOOTNOTEDavid20007">David 2000, p. 7.[15] Auzias & Labourdette 2008, p. 9.[16][16] David 2000, p. 7.[17] Lea & Rowe 2001, p. 127.[18][18] Jessup 1998, p. 351.[19] The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country.<ref>[20] Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. Other organizations that

use "Côte d'Ivoire" include FIFA and the IOC (referring to their national football and Olympic teams in international games and in officialbroadcasts),[citation needed] and The Economist newsmagazine.<ref>

[21] " Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914 (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ agrarianstudies/ colloqpapers/ 16peterson. pdf)". p.11.

[22] Ivory Coast – The Economy (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ ivory-coast/ 41. htm), U.S. Library of Congress[23] McGovern, Mike, Making War in Côte d'Ivoire, The University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 16.[24] Holguin, Jaime (15 November 2004) " France's 'Little Iraq' (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20131008165150/ http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/

stories/ 2004/ 11/ 15/ opinion/ fenton/ main655762. shtml)". CBS News.[25] "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate" (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. aspx?reportid=56730), IRIN, 14

October 2005.[26] Bavier, Joe (18 August 2006) "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/

20070312061303rn_1/ www. voanews. com/ english/ archive/ 2006-08/ 2006-08-18-voa13. cfm?CFID=121056525& CFTOKEN=68059362),VOA News.

[27] "Partial rejection of UN peace plan" (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. aspx?reportid=61473), IRIN, 2 November 2006.[28] "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071026105514/ http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index.

php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20070412095335190C984275), AFP via int.iol.co.za, 12 April 2007.[29] "FINAL COMMUNIQUE ON THE EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE AUTHORITY OF HEADS OF STATE AND

GOVERNMENT ON COTE D’IVOIRE" (http:/ / news. ecowas. int/ presseshow. php?nb=188& lang=en& annee=2010), ECOWAS, 7December 2010.

[30] "COMMUNIQUE OF THE 252ND MEETING OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL" (http:/ / www. africa-union. org/ root/ au/Conferences/ 2010/ december/ Communiqué of the 252nd. pdf), African Union, 9 December 2010.

[31] FBI nabbed colonel on official business (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Top_News/ US/ 2010/ 09/ 21/ FBI-nabbed-colonel-on-official-business/UPI-16431285082800/ ). UPI, 21 September 2010.

[32] Tuttle, Brad (23 September 2013), "Time to Get Ready for a Smaller Hershey Bar?" (http:/ / business. time. com/ 2013/ 09/ 23/time-to-get-ready-for-a-smaller-hershey-bar) Business.time.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2014.

[33] Ivory Coast – Population (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ ivory-coast/ 19. htm), U.S. Library of Congress.[34] Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples (http:/ / www. measuredhs. com/ pubs/ pdf/ PR21/ pr21. pdf). Côte d’Ivoire

2011–2012. Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte contre le Sida, Institut National de la Statistique. July 2012[35] " Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. worldpress. org/ Africa/ 1986. cfm)"[36] Cote d'Ivoire (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2009/ 127228. htm). State.gov. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.[37] It is actually a basilica, but is listed in the Guinness World Records as the largest "church" in the world.[38] Human Development Indices (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDI_2008_EN_Tables. pdf), Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35.

Retrieved on 1 June 2009.

Ivory Coast 19

[39] "Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire: Cuisine and Recipes." (http:/ / www. whats4eats. com/ africa/ ivory-coast-cuisine) Whats4eats.com (http:/ /www. whats4eats. com). Retrieved June 2011.

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• Thornton, John K. (1996). "The African background to American colonization". In Engerman, Stanley L.;Gallman, Robert E. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States 1. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521394420.

• (French) Garrier, Claude (2005), Le millefeuille ivoirien: un héritage de contraintes, Paris: Harmattan,ISBN 2-7475-9866-7, OCLC  62895346 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 62895346)

• (French) Touré, Saliou (1996), L'ivoirité ou l'esprit du nouveau contrat social du Président Henri Konan Bédié,Abidjan: Presses Universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire, ISBN 2-7166-0392-8, OCLC  40641392 (http:/ / www. worldcat.org/ oclc/ 40641392)

• Vaissète, Jean Joseph (1755). Géographie historique, ecclesiastique et civile (in French) 11. Paris: chez Desaint& Saillant, J.-T. Herissant, J. Barois.

• Walckenaer, Charles-Athanase (1827). Histoire générale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection des relations devoyages par mer et par terre (in French) 8. Paris: Lefèvre.

• (French) Wodié, Francis (1996), Institutions politiques et droit constitutionnel en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan: PressesUniversitaires de Côte d'Ivoire, ISBN 2-7166-0389-8, OCLC  37979208 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/37979208)

External links• Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. gouv. ci) (French)

• Cote d'Ivoire (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ iv. html) entry at TheWorld Factbook

• Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Africa/ Côte_d'Ivoire) at DMOZ• Wikimedia Atlas of Côte d'IvoireTrade• Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary (http:/ / wits. worldbank. org/ CountryProfile/ Country/ CIV/ Year/ 2012/

Summary)

Article Sources and Contributors 22

Article Sources and ContributorsIvory Coast  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610163755  Contributors: (, *drew, -- April, 1297, 1966batfan, 1KRock1, 1exec1, 334a, A Werewolf, A-giau, A12n, ABCD,AP2B1R, Aaker, Abdullah Geelah, Abhijitsathe, Abidjannaise, Abigail alderate, Abrech, Acather96, Acerperi, Acntx, Acs4b, Adam Rusling, Addps4cat, AdjustShift, Adrianbrodal,Aetheling1125, Agihard, Ahoerstemeier, Akanemoto, Alan J Shea, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aldux, Aloginiwillremember, Alphax, Alucard (Dr.), Amakuru, Amcaja, Amorymeltzer, Ana-babiie,Ando228, Andrew Gray, Andrewphelps, Andy Marchbanks, Andy120290, Andycjp, AnonMoos, Anradt, Antandrus, Aordictator, Aquanaut 2000, Aquintero82, Arctic Fox, Ardenn, ArdeshireBabakan, Arkuat, Armbrust, Arron114, Arthur Holland, Ashishbhatnagar72, Ashmoo, Asidemes, Astanhope, Astrotrain, Aude, Auntof6, AutoGeek, Avala, Avalon, Avoided, Axeman89,Azmi1995, BD2412, Bahador, Bahar101, Balloonguy, Bardofcornish, Baristarim, Baronnet, Barryob, Baseball Bugs, Bazonka, Bcorr, Beeblebrox, Ben Ben, Ben MacDui, Benchik, Bender235,Bensaccount, Berton, Beshmour, Betternotsay, Bezuidenhout, Bhny, BigHaz, Bigtree99, Billinghurst, Biolife, BionicWilliam, BirdValiant, Biruitorul, Black Falcon, Black-Velvet, BlankVerse,Blessthishouse, Blimeycallthecops, Bloodshedder, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Bongwarrior, Bookermorgan, Borisblue, Born2cycle, Boscaswell, Bradwilkins, Bramlet Abercrombie, Brattydevil101,BreakALeg, Brholden, Brianski, Brightgalrs, Brilliant Pebble, Brion VIBBER, BritishWatcher, Bronxbebe, Bryan Derksen, Buaidh, Buttons, C.lettingaAV, C628, CJLL Wright, CSWarren,Calliopejen1, Calverto2k2, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantus, Capmo, Caponer, Carabinieri, CaradocTheKing, Card, Carey Evans, Carlineke, Casewicz, Castncoot,Ccgrimm, Cernunnos, Chameleon, Chandler, Charvex, Cheickoerick, Chelsea-fan1, Chickyfuzz123, Chile, Chill doubt, Chipmunkdavis, Chris the speller, Chrism, Christopherjfoster, ChuunenBaka, Cielbleu, Citicat, Ckatz, Coahogoireah, Codex Sinaiticus, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Coop12, Corvus13, Courcelles, Cptnono, Credema,Creidieki, CsDix, Cst17, Cubbyblueman, Cwolfsheep, Cybercobra, Czarkoff, CôteD'Ivoire2, D Monack, D6, DAtkRaK, DD Ting, DO'Neil, DVdm, DW, Dac04, Damirgraffiti, Danger,DangerousPanda, Daniel, Danlaycock, Danny, Darwinek, Davehi1, David Edgar, David Kernow, David.Monniaux, DavidLeighEllis, Dawnseeker2000, Debresser, Deflective, Delirium,Delrithslayd`, Demicx, Demmy, Denisarona, DennyColt, Descendall, Devahn58, Devojames, Dewan357, Dhnlin, Dialectric, Diannaa, Dienstag, Discospinster, DivineIntervention, DocWatson42,Docu, Doczilla, Dohn joe, Domaleixo, Domino theory, Donner60, Dosai, Dpmuk, Dragone26, Drbug, Dsmccohen, Dubhe.sk, Dumarest, Dvyost, DylanW, E Pluribus Anthony, ENeville, Eastlaw,Eclecticology, Ed, Ed Poor, Editor2423, EdwinHJ, Eggstasy, Ego White Tray, El C, Elche99, Electionworld, Elf, Elipongo, Eliyak, Elockid, EmadIV, EncycloPetey, EngineerScotty, Enzino,Epbr123, Equazcion, Eranb, Erianna, Ericd, Erik Baas, Eroach, Eroux, Etams, Euchiasmus, Eurocopter, Everyking, Excirial, Ezeu, Ezraj, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238,FLCJPA, Fatmanonatreeblob, Favonian, FayssalF, Felixboy, Ferkelparade, Fieldday-sunday, Fixer88, Fk fredrik, Flatterworld, Flauto Dolce, Flibirigit, Four Score And Seven Years Ago,Fridgeman52, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Furrykef, Fyunck(click), Fête, GAllegre, GK, GRUM75, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Gadfium, Gary, Gary Morgan, Gavin9898, GeneNygaard, GeneralCheese, Geremia, Gggh, GidKid, Gidonb, Gigemag76, Globalsolidarity, Glynhughes, Gobonobo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Goldom, Good Olfactory, Gozar, Gracenotes, Grafen,Graham87, GreatLeapForward, Green Cardamom, Green Giant, Greenshed, Greg Godwin, Grendelkhan, Ground Zero, Gryffindor, Guffydrawers, Gwernol, Gyopi, Gzornenplatz, Hajhouse,Hanacy, Hardouin, Hardyplants, Harold Segers, Hayden5650, Hazhk, 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KalevTait, Kanags,KariLaneB, Katalaveno, Kauffner, Kemet, Ken6en, Kenderducky, Kevin B12, Kharoon, Khazar2, Khoikhoi, Kieshe, Kikos, Kilom691, Kingpin13, Kingturtle, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiosacoup,Kjkolb, Kman543210, Kmiki87, Knutux, Koavf, Korg, Kotniski, Kowtoo, Koyaanis Qatsi, Krun, KuduIO, Kusma, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Kwertii, KyraVixen, LA2, Lahiru k, Lajsikonik,Laligabbva, Largeissue, LedgendGamer, Leif, Lekriner, Lexicon, Liftarn, Lilac Soul, Limongi, Lithistman, LittleWink, Livajo, Local hero, Lokifer, London Boy, Longjohn3, Lottamiata, Lt.Salt,LuK3, Lupo, Luvzoeya, Lycurgus, M.O.X, M.boli, MCB, MECU, MINGESELLE299, MJCdetroit, Maarten van Vliet, Macbookdemon, Magmagirl, Magnus Manske, Mahanga, Mahmudmasri,Major Danby, Malo, Man vyi, Mangostar, Manop, Mardochaios, Marek69, Margana, Mariostorti, Mark, Mark Arsten, Mark Dingemanse, Mark Schierbecker, Markdarb, Markham, Martarius,Masterjamie, Matadorbullfighter, Materialscientist, Matt111111, Mattbr, Maxim, Maxtremus, Mayumashu, Mayur, McDogm, McTrixie, Medicineman84, Meeples, Mervyn, Mesgul82, Meters,Mewulwe, Mic, Middayexpress, Mightymights, Miho, Mike Rosoft, Mike22r, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miranda, Mirokado, Mitch1981, Mmovchin, Moilleadóir, Monocletophat123, Montrealais,Moon.feed, Morwen, Mr Adequate, MrMarmite, Mrzero, Munci, MusikAnimal, Muskydusky, Mustafaa, Mvpo666, Mxn, N5iln, N8chz, NICK REMY SWAGG POP, Nakon, Namiba, Nanib,Nate Silva, Natrix, Natural RX, NawlinWiki, Necronudist, Netknowle, Netoholic, Neutrality, Nevanderson, NewTestLeper79, Nh3, Nhajivandi, Niceguyedc, Niceley, Nick125, Night w,Nightstallion, Nikkimaria, Nips, Nishkid64, Nixeagle, Nk, Node ue, Noldoaran, Nord-Sud, Northamerica1000, Notheruser, Nownownow, Nsaa, Nubiatech, Numbo3, Nyttend, Obiwankenobi,Obradovic Goran, Octane, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Oiftanker, Okaingest, Olivier, OneGuy, Orange Tuesday, OrbitOne, Orderinchaos, Ordinary Person, Orijok, Orioane, Osanne, OttawaAC,OttomanJackson, Ourima, OwenBlacker, Owenb1, Oxey89, PDH, PFPillon, Paleorthid, Parkwells, Pascal, PatGallacher, Patstuart, Paxsimius, Pdicampo, Pdytwong, Pepper, Pernod1982,PeterisP, Peyre, Pfranson, Pgan002, Pgenie1, Pharos, Philg88, PhnomPencil, Picapica, Pierre de Villefranche de Conflent, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Pippu d'Angelo, Pjrm, PlasticMan, Poepkop,Polaron, Prayspot, Profoss, Prolog, Proteus, Proxy User, Prozaker, Pteron, Purple987, Qero, Qrfqr, Quantumor, Quebec99, Qwfp, R'n'B, R9tgokunks, RFBailey, RJN, RKernan, RaakaArska87,Raghu.kuttan, Raindrop jiggy, Rakela, Rakhtael, RandomAct, Ranveig, RarefiedDeer, Rarelibra, Rasputinsloved1, Rdenis, Remembermn, RenamedUser01302013, Renesis, Renvarian, Retireduser 0001, Rettetast, RexNL, Rexparry sydney, Rhaley33, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rickard Vogelberg, Rif Winfield, Rmhermen, RoadTrain, Roastytoast, Robin.r, Robscure, Roke,RomaC, Romanm, Rothorpe, Roux, Rreagan007, Ruang rak noi nid mahasan, Russavia, Ryan Vesey, ST47, Saforrest, Salamurai, Samantha555, Sampi, Samueloiuy0, Sandstein, Sango123,SarahStierch, Sarajcic, Sarcelles, Sardur, Savidan, Schaengel89, Scientizzle, Scimitar, Sciurinæ, Scythian1, Sdrawkcab, Seaphoto, Seb az86556, Secfan, Sergffs, Sesel, Sfan00 IMG,ShelfSkewed, Shorts5555, Shredder2012, Siddheshk, Silnois1337, SimonP, Sinhala freedom, Sirkad, SisuUnlimited, Sjorford, Skanza, Skarebo, Sladen, Sluzzelin, Smalljim, Smartse, Smmurphy,Smooth O, SnowFire, Snowmanradio, Soman, Some jerk on the Internet, SpLoT, Spacepotato, Spaceriqui, Speedboy Salesman, SpeedyGonsales, Sroc, Status, Steel1943, Stephreef, Stereotek,Steven J. Anderson, Steven Zhang, Stevenmitchell, Stubzy, Svick, Sweetrevelation, Swooningdisaster, T L Miles, TBrandley, THF, TOttenville8, Tabletop, TaerkastUA, Taospark, Targeman,Tarret, Taylor1111, Tbhotch, Tellyaddict, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, ThaGrind, Thane, The Gonz, The Lizard Wizard, The Madras, The Man in Question, The Nut,The Random Editor, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, TheBlueFox, TheFreeloader, TheOtherJesse, Thecheesykid, Theog2005, Therequiembellishere, Thewayforward,Thomas Ducheyne, Thricecube, Thuresson, Ticonibl, Tiller54, Tim Starling, Tim1357, TimJimBoBob, Timc, Timeconsumer033, Timrollpickering, Tired time, Tirinti, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi,Tommyboy122000, Tony1, Tonyfaull, Tonym88, Tot-futbol, Touch Of Light, Towel401, Tpbradbury, Transcendence, Travelbird, Treemapper, Trevor MacInnis, Troglo, TrollVandal, Trovatore,Trusilver, Tunold, Twillisjr, USchick, Ugen64, Ugncreative Usergname, Uncle G, Und3rlord, Underlying lk, Unschool, Urhixidur, User27091, Vanished user, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj,Vardion, Varlaam, Vilcxjo, Vina, Viridae, Vittu kimi, Vlma111, VoodooIsland, WHEN I WAS A YOUNG BOY, Waldir, Welsh, Wessel Gordon, WhisperToMe, Wik, Wiki alf, WikiDao,WikiLaurent, Wikiacc, Wikien2009, Wikipedian2, Wikipelli, Willem Tijssen, Wizzy, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Woolters, Xareu bs, Xed, Xezbeth, Yuka Chan, Zdenek bs, Zenman,Zimbabweed, Zoeytheangel123, Zonafan39, Zzet, Švitrigaila, Δ, Мл.научный сотрудник, יהודה שמחה ולדמן, అహ్మద్ నిసార్, 1504 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Jon Harald SøbyFile:Coat of Arms of Côte d'Ivoire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Location Côte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Côte_d'Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alvaro198418File:Ivory Coast - Location Map (2013) - CIV - UNOCHA.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivory_Coast_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_CIV_-_UNOCHA.svg License: unknown  Contributors: Odder, PharosFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sarangfile:speakerlink-new.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:KelvinsongFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Jianhui67, Mobius, Tehdog, 3anonymous editsFile:Cistones.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cistones.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: gbakuFile:Royaumes ci.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royaumes_ci.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: ZenmanFile:Aouabou-Traité-1892.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aouabou-Traité-1892.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ji-Elle, Look2See1File:Arrivée à Kong-1892.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arrivée_à_Kong-1892.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Foroa, Ji-Elle, Look2See1File:Almamy Samory Touré.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Almamy_Samory_Touré.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Andro96, Atamari, Ji-Elle, ZenmanFile:Houphouet-Boigny Kennedy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Houphouet-Boigny_Kennedy.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Robert Knudsen, WhiteHouse photographer

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

File:Coted'Ivoire Elections2002.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coted'Ivoire_Elections2002.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Etienne RuedinFile:Child-soldier-afrika.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Child-soldier-afrika.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Gilbert G.GroudFile:Internally Displaced Persons Duekoue 2011 Cote dIvoire.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Internally_Displaced_Persons_Duekoue_2011_Cote_dIvoire.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: FlickreviewR, OttawaACFile:Cote d'Ivoire.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cote_d'Ivoire.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: created with the GIMP. Made byen:User:Acntx.File:Adjamemarche1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adjamemarche1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: ZenmanFile:Tree map export 2009 Cote d'Ivoire.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tree_map_export_2009_Cote_d'Ivoire.jpeg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Clusternote, Donarreiskoffer, TeleComNasSprVen, TreemapperFile:Ivorian woman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivorian_woman.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Steve Evans from India and USAFile:Collégiens en classe5.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Collégiens_en_classe5.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: ZenmanFile:Didier Drogba, ORANGE, Hotel Sofitel, Abidjan-Plateau, Ivory Coast, 11.06.'08 (9994).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Didier_Drogba,_ORANGE,_Hotel_Sofitel,_Abidjan-Plateau,_Ivory_Coast,_11.06.'08_(9994).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Stefan MeiselFile:Yassapoulet.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yassapoulet.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was KVDP at en.wikipediaFile:PD-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS,Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous editsFile:Gnome-globe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnome-globe.svg  License: GNU Lesser General Public License  Contributors: David Vignoni

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