REPRODUCTON IN PLANTSREPRODUCTON IN PLANTS

The reproduction of new individual The reproduction of new individual from their parents is known as from their parents is known as reproduction.reproduction.

There are two of reproduction:There are two of reproduction:

1.1. Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

2.2. Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

• FRAGMENTATION• BUDDING • SPORE FRMATION• VEGEVATIVE PROPAGATION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION

11. POLLINATION. POLLINATION

2.FERTILISATION2.FERTILISATION

3.SEED DISPERSAL3.SEED DISPERSAL

Reproduction in plantReproduction in plant

Reproduction :the production of the new Reproduction :the production of the new individual from their parents .individual from their parents .

Vegetative part : roots, stems, and leaves Vegetative part : roots, stems, and leaves are called the are called the Vegetative partsVegetative parts..

Reproductive parts; flowers are the Reproductive parts; flowers are the reproductive part of a plant.reproductive part of a plant.

Asexual reproduction :the reproduction Asexual reproduction :the reproduction which is done by the vegetative part.which is done by the vegetative part.

Sexual reproduction : the reproduction Sexual reproduction : the reproduction which is done by the reproductive partwhich is done by the reproductive part . .

Vegetative propagation: reproduction Vegetative propagation: reproduction is through the vegetative part of the is through the vegetative part of the plant.plant.

Eyes of potato: bud's on the Eyes of potato: bud's on the potato .These scars are called potato .These scars are called EyeEye..

Budding :the small bulb like projection Budding :the small bulb like projection coming out from the yeast cell is coming out from the yeast cell is called a called a BudBud. The bud gradually grow . The bud gradually grow and get form the parent and form a and get form the parent and form a new cell. new cell.

A flower may be unisexual with either A flower may be unisexual with either the male or the female reproductive the male or the female reproductive part .part .

..

Reproductive area of a flowerReproductive area of a flower This photograph shows the yellow-orange This photograph shows the yellow-orange

anthers that are the pollen-containing part anthers that are the pollen-containing part of the male stamen of this flower. The of the male stamen of this flower. The anthers are connected by stalks known as anthers are connected by stalks known as filaments. The female stigma and style filaments. The female stigma and style are also seen here, as green and yellow are also seen here, as green and yellow respectively.respectively.

Corbis/George B. DieboldCorbis/George B. Diebold

Pollination and fertilizationPollination means transferring pollen (a male cell) from the male stamen, which includes the filament and anther, to the female carpel, which includes the stigma, ovary and style (1). Pollen is produced in the anther of the stamen (2), and released when mature (3). If pollen grains attach to a stigma of a flower of the same species, a pollen tube in the style transports the pollen into the ovary, and then into an ovule, which is a female cell (4). The ovule is fertilized by the pollen and then turns into a seed.

The most important task for any animal, from the tiniest insects to elephants and whales, is to produce young. Animals need to

reproduce to make sure that their species survives.There are two main aims in reproduction—to have as many young as possible and for those young to live long enough to reproduce themselves. To achieve these aims, some animals, such as many fish and frogs, produce large numbers of offspring but leave their survival to chance. Although thousands of eggs may be laid, many

will be eaten by other creatures and only a few make it to adulthood. Other animals, such as monkeys, big cats and humans, have small numbers of young but look after them carefully to give

them the best possible chance of survival..

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONThe very simplest single-celled living things reproduce without sex. The cell divides in two to make two identical copies of the parent organism. Some many-celled creatures such as hydras and some sponges produce young as buds on the parent. The new individual detaches itself when it is large enough to survive alone. Again, it is identical to its parent.A few kinds of insect, such as aphids and ants, as well as some small water creatures, reproduce by an asexual process called parthenogenesis. The female’s egg develops without the need for fertilization by a male and all the eggs hatch into females

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONMost creatures reproduce sexually—a female’s egg must be fertilized by a male’s sperm in order for the egg to develop into a new being. The young is not an identical copy of either parent but a unique individual with characteristics from both mother and father.Fertilization may happen inside or outside the female’s body.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONThe very simplest single-celled living things reproduce without sex. The cell divides in two to make two identical copies of the parent organism. Some many-celled creatures such as hydras and some sponges produce young as buds on the parent. The new individual detaches itself when it is large enough to survive alone. Again, it is identical to its parent.A few kinds of insect, such as aphids and ants, as well as some small water creatures, reproduce by an asexual process called parthenogenesis. The female’s egg develops without the need for fertilization by a male and all the eggs hatch into females

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONThe very simplest single-celled living things reproduce without sex. The cell divides in two to make two identical copies of the parent organism. Some many-celled creatures such as hydras and some sponges produce young as buds on the parent. The new individual detaches itself when it is large enough to survive alone. Again, it is identical to its parent.A few kinds of insect, such as aphids and ants, as well as some small water creatures, reproduce by an asexual process called parthenogenesis. The female’s egg develops without the need for fertilization by a male and all the eggs hatch into females

fermentation: a chemical process where carbohydrates are broken down into other substances. One example of fermentation is the process that uses yeast and sugar to produce alcohol. Another

fermentation process also uses yeast and sugar to produce bread.

Bread yeast, or baker's yeast, is a type of sac fungus. It reproduces by a process called budding. Bread yeast causes bread to rise by releasing carbon dioxide, which gets trapped in the dough. The

Ancient Egyptians were the first to discover that allowing dough to ferment produced gases that made bread lighter.

Pollen grainsAll flowering plants produce All flowering plants produce pollen grains as part of pollen grains as part of fertilization. Pollen cells and ovule fertilization. Pollen cells and ovule cells are produced inside the cells are produced inside the flowers, and the two join together flowers, and the two join together to make seeds, which can then to make seeds, which can then grow into new plants. The pollen grow into new plants. The pollen grains shown here have been grains shown here have been photographed at more than 1,000 photographed at more than 1,000 times their actual size. Pollen times their actual size. Pollen grains are also a common source grains are also a common source of allergies in humans as they are of allergies in humans as they are light enough to easily be inhaled.light enough to easily be inhaled.

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