reproduction and development in flowering plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) chapter 34
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 )
Chapter 34
![Page 2: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
관상용 양귀비 (Papaver rhoeas) 의 꽃 생식구조 .
![Page 3: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why It Matters
Flowers and fruits of the cacao tree
그림 34.1. 중앙아메일카의 카카오나무 (Theobroma cacao) 줄기로부터 자라는 꽃과 열매 . 열매는 성숙된 씨방임 .
![Page 4: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
34.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
Diploid and haploid generations arise in the angiosperm life cycle
![Page 5: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Flowering Plant Life Cycle
Sporophyte( 포자체 ) (“spore-producing plant”)• Multicellular diploid stage
• Develops roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
Gametophyte( 배우체 ) (“gamete-producing plant”)• Multicellular haploid stage
• Produces gametes
Alternation of Generations( 세대교번 )
![Page 6: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
그림 34.2. 현화식물 생활주기의 개요 , 체리 (Prunus) 의 예 .
![Page 7: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
34.2 The Formation of Flowers and Gametes
In angiosperms, flowers contain the organs for sexual reproduction
Pollen grains( 꽃가루 알갱이 ; 화분립 ) arise from microspores in anthers
Eggs and other cells of female gametophytes arise from megaspores
![Page 8: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (1) Up to four whorls( 윤생 ) supported by receptacle
( 화탁 )
1. Calyx( 꽃받침 ): All sepals( 꽃받침 조각 ) combined
2. Corolla( 꽃부리 ; 화관 ): All petals( 꽃잎 ) combined
3. Stamens( 수술 ; 웅예 ): Location of male gametophytes• Filament( 화사 ; 수술대 ) (stalk)( 꽃자루 )• Anther( 꽃밥 ; 약 ) containing four pollen sacs(
꽃가루 주머니 ; 화분낭 )
![Page 9: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (2)
4. Carpels( 심피 ; 암술 ): Location of female gametophytes• Stigma( 암술머리 ) (landing platform for pollen)• Style( 암술대 ) (stalk)• Ovary( 씨방 ) containing ovules( 밑씨 )
![Page 10: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
그림 34.3. 4 가지 윤생체를 지닌 체리 (Prunus) 꽃의 구조 .
![Page 11: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Flower Structure
Complete flowers( 완전화 ): All four whorls Incomplete flowers( 불완전화 ): Lacking one or
more whorls
그림 34.4. 완전꽃과 불완전꽃의 예 .
![Page 12: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Flower Structure
Perfect flowers( 정제화 ; 갖춘꽃 )• Both stamens and carpels
Imperfect flowers( 불완전화 ; 안갖춘꽃 )• Stamens or carpels, not both
Imperfect flower 들은 모두 incomplete flower임 .
![Page 13: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flower Structure
Monoecious( 암수동주 ; 자웅동주 ) • Male flowers and female flowers on same plant
• Example: Oaks
Dioecious( 암수이주 ; 자웅이주 ) • Some plants with only male flowers, some with
only female flowers
• Example: Willows
![Page 14: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pollen Grains( 꽃가루 알갱이 ; 화분립 ) Meiosis produces haploid microspores( 소포자 )
Mitosis in microspore produces a pollen grain• Immature male gametophyte
• One cell develops into two sperm cells( 정자세포 )
• Other cell produces pollen tube( 꽃가루관 ; 화분관 )
그림 34.6. 화분립의 다양한 예 , (a) 잔디 , (b) 벌꽃 , (c) 돼지풀 .
![Page 15: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ovules( 밑씨 )
Form inside carpel( 심피 ; 암술 ), on wall of ovary( 씨방 ; 자방 )
Micropyle( 주공 ) opening at one end
Meiosis produces four haploid megaspores(대포자 )
One megaspore develops into female gametophyte: Embryo sac( 배낭 ) with egg cell( 난자세포 ; 난세포 )
![Page 16: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Inside the Ovule
Megaspore undergoes mitosis three times without cytokinesis, producing eight nuclei in a single large cell • Two polar nuclei( 극핵 ) migrate to center of cell,
help give rise to endosperm( 배유 ; 배젖 )
• Three antipodal cells( 반족세포 ) disintegrate(분해됨 ).
• Egg cell[ 난 ( 자 ) 세포 ] plus two synergids(조세포 ) help with pollination
![Page 17: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
그림 34.5. 체리 (Prunus)의 생활주기 .
![Page 18: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
34.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination Pollination( 꽃가루 받이 ; 수분 ) requires
compatible pollen and female tissues
Double fertilization( 중복수정 ) occurs in flowering plants
Embryonic sporophyte( 배아기 포자체 ) develops inside a seed
Fruits protect seeds and aid seed dispersal
Seed germination continues the life cycle
![Page 19: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pollination( 수분 )
Pollen grain makes contact with stigma(암술머리 ; 주두 )• Grows if compatible with female tissues
그림 34.7. 자가불화합성 .
2n -
![Page 20: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Double Fertilization( 중복수정 )
One sperm nucleus( 정핵 ) fuses with one egg nucleus( 난핵 ) to form a diploid (2n) zygote(접합자 )
Other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei( 극핵 ) in the embryo sac( 배낭 ) to form triploid (3n) endosperm( 배유 ; 배젖 ) tissue
![Page 21: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ovule Maturation (1)
Embryo-nourishing endosperm forms and ovule expands
냉이식물 접합자의 내부구조 공 모양의 배
그림 34.8. 진정쌍떡잎식물인 냉이의 배 발달 단계 .
배자루
![Page 22: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ovule Maturation (2)
Embryonic sporophyte develops 하트 모양의 배 잘 분화된 배
성숙한 밑씨 ( 종자 ) 내의 배 포자체
![Page 23: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Seed
Mature ovule encased by protective seed coat( 종피 )
Embryo has lengthwise axis( 세포 방향의 축 )• Root apical meristem at one end
• Shoot apical meristem at other end
![Page 24: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Eudicot Embryos
Two cotyledons (seed leaves)
Embryonic shoot( 배아기 줄기 )• Upper epicotyl( 상배축 ) and lower hypocotyl
( 하배축 )
Embryonic root( 배아기 뿌리 )• Radicle( 어린 뿌리 ; 유근 )
![Page 25: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Eudicot Embryos
하배축
어린뿌리 ( 유근 )
상배축어린눈
떡잎 ( 자엽 )
강낭콩
피마자
![Page 26: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Monocot Embryos
Single cotyledon• Scutellum( 소순판 ; 떡잎 ) absorbs nutrients
from endosperm
Coleoptile( 자엽초 ) • Protects root and shoot apical meristems
Coleorhiza[( 유 ) 근초 ]• Protects radicle
![Page 27: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Monocot Embryo옥수수
과피와 융합된 종피
소순판 ( 떡잎 )
자엽초
어린 싹 ( 눈 )
유근 ( 뿌리정단분열조직 )
( 유 ) 근초
![Page 28: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fruits
Matured or ripened ovary
Protects seeds
Helps disperse seeds by animals, wind, or water
Fruit wall (pericarp( 과피 )) develops from ovary wall• Thick, fleshy( 다육질 ) (peach)
• Hard, dry (hazelnut)
![Page 29: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Simple Fruits( 단순과 ; 홑열매 )
Develop from single ovary• Pericarp fleshy and
juicy or thin and dry
복숭아 , 단순과 ( 홑열매 )
다육질 과피
![Page 30: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Aggregate Fruits( 집합과 )
Develop from several ovaries in a single flower• Pericarp fleshy and
juicy or thin and dry
라즈베리 ( 산딸기 ), 집합과
![Page 31: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Accessory Fruits( 덧과실 ; 헛열매 )
Fruit develops from floral parts as well as ovaries
열매 벽
![Page 32: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Multiple Fruits( 복합과 )
Develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers• Individual fruits
merge to produce larger structure
![Page 33: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Specialized Fruits( 특수한 열매 )
Helps disperse seeds• Splitting pods( 쪼개진 꼬투리 )
• Aerodynamic(항공역학적 ) properties
• Hooks, spines( 가시 ), hairs, sticky surfaces
• Fleshy, nutritious tissues
심피 안의 종자
단풍나무의 열매
![Page 34: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Seed Germination
Mature seeds are essentially dehydrated
Seed dormancy( 휴면 ) prevents germination
Particular factors may trigger germination• Moisture, oxygen, temperature, number of
daylight hours, and more
![Page 35: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
그림 34.11. 외떡잎식물인 보리 종자가 발아되면서 저장된 영양소를 사용하는 방법 .
![Page 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
그림 34.12. 대표적인 진정쌍떡잎식물인 강낭콩의 발달 단계 .
![Page 37: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
그림 34.13. 대표적인 외떡잎식물인 옥수수 (Zea mays) 식물의 발달 단계 .
![Page 38: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
34.4 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Vegetative reproduction( 영양생식 ) is common in nature
Many commercial growers and gardeners use artificial vegetative reproduction
![Page 39: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Vegetative (Asexual) Reproduction
Fragmentation( 분절 )•Cells dedifferentiate and regenerate missing parts
Meristematic tissue( 분열조직 )•Mitotic divisions at nodes or buds along modified
stems of parent plant
Apomixis( 무수정생식 ; 단성생식 ; 동정생식 )•Diploid embryo develops from unfertilized egg or
other cells in ovule
![Page 40: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vegetative Reproduction
그림 34.14. ‘mother of thousands( 수천의 어 aj 니 )’ 식물 , 칼란코에 (Kalanchoe daigremontiana).
![Page 41: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
그림 34.15. 식물세포배양 .
![Page 42: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
34.5 Early Development of Plant Form and Function
Within hours, an early plant embryo’s basic body plan is established
Key developmental cues are based on a cell’s position
Morphogenesis shapes the plant body
![Page 43: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
34.5 (cont.)
Regulatory genes guide the development of floral organs
Leaves arise from leaf primordia in a closely regulated sequence
![Page 44: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
그림 34.16. 식물 배의 기본적인 체계의 발달 단계들 .
![Page 45: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Positional Information( 위치 정보 )
Pattern formation based on progressive ordering of plant parts
Positional information helps establish a cell’s developmental fate
![Page 46: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
그림 34.17. 위치정보가 뿌리털 발달에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 보여주는 모델 .
![Page 47: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Morphogenesis( 형태발생 ; 형태형성 ) (1)
Oriented cell division establishes overall shape
그림 34.18. 다른 평면에서 일어나는 식물세포분열 .
![Page 48: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Dividing Plant Cells
New cell plate( 세포판 ) forms in a different plane from old cell plate
Establishes direction of lateral roots, branches, and leaf and flower buds
![Page 49: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
그림 34.19. 식물세포에서 어떻게 세포분열의 평면 ( 세포판 ) 이 결정되는가 .
![Page 50: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Cell Expansion Cells enlarge in specific directions
그림 34.20. 세포확장과 섬유소 미세섬유의 방향성 .
![Page 51: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Regulatory Genes (1)
Homeotic genes regulate development of floral organs
![Page 52: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Regulatory Genes (2)
Mutations in homeotic genes disrupt organ identities
![Page 53: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Regulatory Genes (3)
Four gene classes interact to determine proper organ identity and relative position
![Page 54: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cad5503460f9496ef14/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
그림 34.22. 잎 발달의 초기 단계들 .