sexual reproduction in flowering plants-1
TRANSCRIPT
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Sexual Reproduction InSexual Reproduction In
Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants
ByBy
Matthew SinMatthew Sin
Nicholas JackNicholas JackKhooKhoo
LimLim BoxianBoxian
EdwardEdward KhantKhant
Matthew TanMatthew Tan
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Objectives of this Lesson
The objectives of this lesson are to be able to:The objectives of this lesson are to be able to:
Understand the various methods of asexualUnderstand the various methods of asexualreproduction in flowering plants.reproduction in flowering plants.
Understand the advantages and disadvantages ofUnderstand the advantages and disadvantages ofasexual & sexual reproduction.asexual & sexual reproduction.
State the functions of sepals, petals, anthers andState the functions of sepals, petals, anthers andcarpelscarpels..
Outline the process of pollination:Outline the process of pollination: selfself--pollinationpollination
crosscross--pollinationpollination
Understand the various ways in which fruits & seedsUnderstand the various ways in which fruits & seedsare dispersed.are dispersed.
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Asexual Reproduction In FloweringAsexual Reproduction In Flowering
PlantsPlants
Only one parent is involved in asexualreproduction.
Reproduction without the fusion of gametes.
Creating a plant using techniques such asmarcotting, grafting, budding, using cuttings,layering or division without using seeds can alsobe called asexual reproduction. (artificialvegetative propagation)
Plant offspring will be substantially identical to
the parent.
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Methods of Asexual Reproduction inMethods of Asexual Reproduction inFlowering PlantsFlowering Plants
Method Description Plant Examples
Rhizomes Hor izontal stem of a plant that is usually foundunderground
Cattails
Tubers Modif ied p lant structures that are enlarged to storenutrients and are used by plants over winter andregrow the next year
Irish Potatoes
Runners (Stolons) Horizontal stems which grow at the soil surface orbelow ground forming new plants at the end or thenodes
Strawberry Plant
Plantlets Young or small plan ts used as propagulesand are
usually grown from clippings of mature plants
Duckweed
Bulbs Underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (orthickened leaf bases) that are used as food storageorgans by a dormant plant.
Onions
Corms A short, vertical, swollen underground plant stemserves as a storage organ used by some plants tosurvive adverse conditions such as summer drought. Itconsists of one or more internodes with at least onegrowing point.
Gladiolus
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Pros & Cons of AsexualPros & Cons of Asexual
Reproduction in PlantsReproduction in Plants
Pros:Pros:1.1. Numerous offspring can beNumerous offspring can be
produced without "costing"produced without "costing"
the parent a great amount ofthe parent a great amount of
energy or timeenergy or time
2.2. There will not be a change inThere will not be a change in
environment so the newenvironment so the new
plant does not have to adaptplant does not have to adapt
to its new climateto its new climate
3.3. Cloned offspring are moreCloned offspring are more
likely to succeed in the samelikely to succeed in the same
stable areas as their parents.stable areas as their parents.
Cons:Cons:1.1. The new plant will growThe new plant will grow
closely to the parent plantclosely to the parent plant
and the other new plantsand the other new plants
causing them to fight forcausing them to fight for
water, nutrients and sunlightwater, nutrients and sunlight
2.2. Less genetic diversity givesLess genetic diversity gives
the offspring lesser chance ofthe offspring lesser chance of
survival if the environmentsurvival if the environment
changeschanges
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Sexual Reproduction in FloweringSexual Reproduction in FloweringPlantsPlants
The formation of a new organism from 2 parentsThe formation of a new organism from 2 parents
Involves the fusion of the joining of gametes to form aInvolves the fusion of the joining of gametes to form a
single cell called the zygote or fertilized eggsingle cell called the zygote or fertilized egg
The offspring are similar, but not identical to the parentThe offspring are similar, but not identical to the parent
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Methods of Sexual Reproduction inMethods of Sexual Reproduction in
Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants
Night-blooming CereusTransfer of the pollens to thestigma of another flower onanother plant of the same kind
Cross-Pollination
PeanutTransfer of pollens to thestigma of the same flower or adifferent flower in the sameplant
Self-Pollination
ExamplesDescriptionMethod
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Pros & Cons of SexualPros & Cons of SexualReproduction in Flowering PlantsReproduction in Flowering Plants
Pros:Pros:
1.1. Greater geneticGreater genetic
variation in offspringvariation in offspring
2.2. Greater chance ofGreater chance of
survival in changingsurvival in changing
environmentsenvironments
Cons:Cons:
1.1. Energy is expanded inEnergy is expanded in
finding a matefinding a mate
2.2. Reproduction is lessReproduction is less
likely because of thelikely because of the
need to have 2 matesneed to have 2 mates
from 2 different gendersfrom 2 different genders
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Reproductive Parts in a Plant
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Pollen Grain Under the Microscope
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Pollen Grain In Detail
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Functions of Plant ReproductiveFunctions of Plant ReproductivePartsParts
Reproductive Parts Functions
Sepals Provides protection for the delicate internalstructures and a small amount of food throughphotosynthesis for the remainder of the floralparts
Petals Designed for protection and their arrangement isoften an attractant to the various animals such asinsects that are necessary for the transfer ofgametes or pollination
Anthers It is the site of the production of pollen grainswhich is the male gamate
Carpels It is the most central structure within the flowerand actually is a leaf which has been modified toproduce ovules
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SelfSelf--PollinationPollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower toThe transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to
the stigma of the same flower or sometimes to thatthe stigma of the same flower or sometimes to that
of a genetically identical flower.of a genetically identical flower.
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Process of SelfProcess of Self--PollinationPollination
11.Petals, also known as corolla, wilts.Petals, also known as corolla, wilts
22.The upper lip of the petal/corolla, known as the.The upper lip of the petal/corolla, known as the galaegalae, brings the pollen, brings the pollen--filledfilled
anthers towards the stigmaanthers towards the stigma
33.Once the two touch, pollination occurs.Once the two touch, pollination occurs
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CrossCross--PollinationPollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flowerThe transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower
to the stigma of another with a different geneticto the stigma of another with a different genetic
composition, as by insects, or deliberately by acomposition, as by insects, or deliberately by a
botanist.botanist.
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Process of CrossProcess of Cross--PollinationPollination
Cross Pollination involves two flowers and their respectiveCross Pollination involves two flowers and their respectivemale and female parts ( stamen and the stigma) of the twomale and female parts ( stamen and the stigma) of the twoflowersflowers
From the flower, the pollinator (e.g. A bee) uses a methodFrom the flower, the pollinator (e.g. A bee) uses a methodcalledcalledsonicationsonicationororbuzz pollinationbuzz pollination to release the pollen.to release the pollen.
They do this by grabbing a flower and vibrating rapidlyThey do this by grabbing a flower and vibrating rapidlythrough their movement of flight, which soon causes thethrough their movement of flight, which soon causes thepollen to dislodge and then stick to the pollinator , who thenpollen to dislodge and then stick to the pollinator , who thendrops them in another plant which has female partsdrops them in another plant which has female parts
It is at this instance that crossIt is at this instance that cross--pollination occurspollination occurs
(Besides bees, pollination can also occur through wind ((Besides bees, pollination can also occur through wind (anemophily) or water (anemophily) or water (hydrophilyhydrophily) but the plants which uses) but the plants which usesthese methods have specialthese methods have special adaptionsadaptions..
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Dispersion of Fruits and Seeds
It refers to the species movement away from an existingpopulation or away from the parent organism
Plants disperse their seeds to ensure that thecompetition of nutrients, sunlight and water is asminimal as possible
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Ways in Which Fruits and Seeds AreDispersed
Wind
Animals (eaten then passed out OR hook onto theanimals outer coat)
Splitting
Moving Water
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Did you know? Insects, such as the bee aid the plant in the procDid you know? Insects, such as the bee aid the plant in the processess
of crossof cross--pollination? Out of all the insects , the bee in particular,pollination? Out of all the insects , the bee in particular,
works the hardest ,spending hours on end of moving from flower tworks the hardest ,spending hours on end of moving from flower too
flower. So the next time you see a bee, reflower. So the next time you see a bee, re--consider before trying toconsider before trying to
end its small yet significant life.end its small yet significant life.
Without our little insect friends, we may not evenWithout our little insect friends, we may not even
be able to reap the benefits of fruits ! So rememberbe able to reap the benefits of fruits ! So remember
we owe them that much!we owe them that much!
Fun Facts
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ConclusionsConclusions
In the world, there are many pros and cons to things,In the world, there are many pros and cons to things,
such as asexual and sexual reproduction in plants.such as asexual and sexual reproduction in plants.
There is noThere is noperfectperfectway to reproduce, but there areway to reproduce, but there are
various ways to. With this, we can all look out and seevarious ways to. With this, we can all look out and see
the beauty of the life, and appreciate what we have inthe beauty of the life, and appreciate what we have in
the world today, from the trees that grace the earth tothe world today, from the trees that grace the earth to
thethe litthlelitthle insects that help pollinate the plants to give usinsects that help pollinate the plants to give usfruits.fruits.
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CREDITSCREDITS
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http://www.biology.iastate.edu/intop/1Australia/Australia%20papehttp://www.biology.iastate.edu/intop/1Australia/Australia%20pape rs/Discoveries%20aboutrs/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep%20Marsupial%20Rep
http://proxy.arts.uci.edu/~nideffer/Hawking/early_proto/orgel.hthttp://proxy.arts.uci.edu/~nideffer/Hawking/early_proto/orgel.ht mlml
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0513/5af85587393c5/5af8558fb74d8.jpghttps://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0513/5af85587393c5/5af8558fb74d8.jpg http://www.quizilla.com/user/MiniSorceressEvil26/friends/http://www.quizilla.com/user/MiniSorceressEvil26/friends/
http://http://wikipedia.orgwikipedia.org//