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State of the EnvironmentReport on the

2 0 0 3of Macao

REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF MACAO 2003Jointly prepared by the Environment Council of Macao and the Institute for the Environment of Portugalunder the provision of the co-operation agreement between the two entities.

ENVIRONMENT COUNCIL OF MACAO (Conselho do Ambiente de Macau)Vong Man Hung Acting President of the Executive Committee of the Environment CouncilIeong Kin Si Senior OfficerFong Weng Chin Senior OfficerMaria da Conceição Coelho Senior Officer

INSTITUTE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT OF PORTUGAL (Instituto do Ambiente de Portugal)Margarida Marcelino Head of the Environmental & Sustainable Development Strategies UnitNélida Miguens Principal OfficerCatarina Freitas Alves ConsultantVitor Góis Consultant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAdministration of Airports Ltd. (Administração de Aeroportos, Lda. - ADA)Cartography & Cadastre Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Cartografia e Cadastro)Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau (Instituto para os Assuntos Cívicos e Municipais)Civil Aviation Authority (Autoridade de Aviação Civil de Macau)Economic Services Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Economia)Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Educação e Juventude)Finance Services Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Finanças)Government Tourist Office (Direcção dos Serviços de Turismo)Government Information Bureau (Gabinete de Comunicação Social)Health Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Saúde de Macau)Hovione Macao Ltd. (Hovione Macau Sociedade Química Lda.)International Legal Affairs Office (Gabinete para os Assuntos do Direito Internacional)Lands, Public Works & Transport Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Solos, Obras Públicas e Transportes)Macao Customs Service (Serviços de Alfãndega)Macao Electric Company Ltd. (Companhia de Electricidade de Macau, S.A.R.L.)Macao Productivity and Technology Transfer Centre (Centro de Produtividade e Transferência de Tecnologia de Macau)Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (Serviços Meterológicos e Geofisicos)Office for Infrastructures Development (Gabinete para Desenvolvimento de Infraestrutureas)Port Authority (Capitania dos Portos de Macau)Public Administration and Civil Services Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Administração e Função Pública)Statistics and Census Services (Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos)The Macao Water Supply Company Ltd. (Sociedade de Abastecimento de Água de Macau, S.A.R.L.)University of Macao (Universidade de Macau)

2 Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2003

3

I N D E X

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2003

Opening Note 5Foreword 6Editorial 7

Introduction 9Atmospheric Environment 12

2.1 Air Quality 132.2 Atmospheric Emissions 162.3 Global Issues 192.4 Energy 212.5 Transport 22

Water Supply 263.1 Drinking Water 273.2 Bathing Beaches and Coastal Water 303.3 Wastewater Management 35

Waste 404.1 Waste Generation and Treatment 414.2 Waste Composition 434.3 Incineration By-products 444.4 Sanitary Landfill 444.5 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement 45

of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal4.6 Waste Management Strategy 45

Natural Conservation 485.1 Green Areas 495.2 Forest Fire 505.3 Implementation of Convention on International Trade in Endangered 50

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)5.4 Ecological Zone 515.5 Mangroves in Macao 51

Acoustic Environment 526.1 Noise Monitoring and Ambient Noise 536.2 Noise Assessment of Helicopter Operation in Macao 596.3 Noise Complaints 606.4 Noise Abatement Measures 61

Environmental Management 627.1 Investment and Expenses on Environmental Management 637.2 Environmental Awareness and Education 647.3 Public Participation 677.4 Regional Co-operation and International Exchange 677.5 Environment Management Systems and Green Enterprises Platform 687.6 International Conventions and Protocols 69

Analysis and Recommendations 70Annex - Acronyms and Symbols 75

References 76

Opening Note

Do economic growth and social development bring negative effects to theenvironment? Do urbanization, modernization and a comfortable living environmentlead to an over consumption of natural resources and result in an unbalancedecological environment? Do people's lifestyle, living habits and consumptionbehavior affect their very own living environment?

People could easily find answers to those questions. However, a thorough andcomprehensive analysis and research on environmental protection should becarried out to serve as the basis for the establishment of measures and solutions- whether it is carried out in a scientific and synthetic approach, under continuousmonitoring and with a practical attitude.

The environment of Macao is still at an acceptable level at this moment but weshould envisage the issue so that we will be ready for the possible upcomingchallenges resulting from economic construction and urban development of thePearl River Delta region. We should facilitate better investigation and researchand be prepared.

Comprehensive statistics, conditions and trends of various areas regarding theenvironment of Macao are collected and evaluated in the "Report on the Stateof the Environment of Macao". The report serves as a reference for the SARgovernment as it establishes measures and implementation policies for economicand social sustainable development of the city. It also serves as a driving forcefor the development of the environmental protection of Macao.

As a matter of fact, through the publication of this report, the society's understandingabout the environment is gradually strengthened. Besides, it helps enhancing thegeneral public's awareness of environmental protection, which is one of the majorelements that leads to the success of environmental protection in Macao. May Itake this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude on the publication of "Reporton the State of the Environment of Macao 2003".

Secretary for Transport and Public Works

Ao Man Long

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2003 5

With the liberalization of gaming industry and the establishment of CloserEconomic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) with the mainland, Macao will befacing a crucial moment of economic and social development. In order to achievesustainable development, one of the key issues is to have a firm grasp of the stateof environment of Macao so as to coordinate and balance the economic, socialand environmental development.

"Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2003", which is the fifthenvironmental report published by the Environment Council, evaluates a seriesof sustainable development indicators objectively and analyzes certain possibleenvironmental problems that Macao will be facing.

It is hoped that the report could be served as an important reference for thegovernment of Macao Special Administrative Region when it plans for short,medium and long term development strategies. Meanwhile, as the public andthe society pay more attention to the quality and problems of the environment,it is also hoped that this report could be served to the public's interests in theenvironment so that their understanding and awareness of the environment ofMacao will be enhanced.

"Report on the State of the Environment of Macao" is an important tool thatevaluates the environment of Macao. As the publication improves, the report isserved as a basis of reference for the sustainable development strategies of Macao.

President of the General Council of the Environment Council

Vai Tac Leong

Foreword



The publication of "Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2003" isan important duty of the Environment Council, in accordance with Law No.2/98/M of 1st June 1998. Our goal is to publish a report with comprehensive dataand contents, which is only made possible with continuous exploration, collectionof suggestions and improvements in the past five years.

The report does not only review the trend of environmental changes that tookplace in Macao in previous years, but also explore the problems and challengesthat Macao is facing now and in the future.

It is our pleasure to see that the report is becoming widely accepted by the publicand the society. It also serves as an important environmental information channel.

Taking this opportunity, I would like to express our sincere thanks to all organizations,enterprises, government departments for providing us valuable information anddata for this report. Special thanks to the staff of Institute for the Environment ofPortugal and the Environment Council of Macao as they have been working sohard for editing the report.

Thank for your support and we welcome all opinions and suggestions for furtherimprovements.

Acting President of the Executive Committee of the Environment Council

Vong Man Hung

Editorial

7

IntroductionIntroduction


18


Introduct ion

The publication of the Report on the State of Environmentof Macao in these 5 years is only possible with the generoussupport from various organizations, their precious suggestionsand comments. The publication of the report has beenimproving in terms of data analysis and integration. Theholistic situation of the environment of Macao is reflectedwith more accurate and precise contents and materials.Besides serving as an important reference for the governmentof the Macao Special Administrative Region in understandingthe environment and sustainable development of Macao, italso serves as a channel to provide the Macao citizensinformation regarding the environment.

This report mainly focuses on discussing the state of theenvironment of Macao through different sustainable indicators,evaluating the changes and trends of the atmosphericenvironment, water supply, waste, natural conservation, noiseenvironment and environmental management with anincreasing population and economy. Meanwhile, variousenvironmental pressures are also discussed in order to providemore systematic and comprehensive information for thegovernment to establish environmental protection policiesso as to adopt appropriate and effective responses.

At present, the sustainable development concept is beinginternationally recognized. Moreover, the development ofthe three disciplines - economy, society and environmentalprotection, the three independent yet interdependent pillarsshould be well coordinated. The social development and theeconomic growth should not cause harm to natural resourcesand the environment.

In fact, one of the major reasons of environment deteriorationis the unsustainable style of production and consumptionbehavior. As world population grows, consumption anddemands as a result of human activities for natural resourceshave been increasing. On top of that, pollution caused byindustrial activities also produces tremendous pressure to theliving environment; for instance, soil damages, seriousconsequences of greenhouse effects, declination of biologicaldiversity and forest areas, freshwater shortages, chemicalpollutants accumulation, marine resources abuse, coastalarea pollution and ozone layer depletion etc. Meanwhile,rapid urbanization also causes various problems to manycities. For example, traffic congestion, lack of clean drinkingwater and sanitary facilities, air, water and noise pollution;solid wastes and hazardous wastes accumulation, epidemicdiseases threatening humans' health and so on. It is no doubtthat just like any other city, Macao's sustainable developmentis also under the constraints of the above elements.

11

Inde

x (1

993=

100)

When analyzing the relevant statistics, it is observed that thevolume of waste generated (volume that is being treated bythe Macao Incineration Plant) has increased by 53% in thepast decade, which exceeds the population and the GDPgrowth rates. In fact, the amount of wastes generated percitizen also exceeds than that of 2001, reaching 1.51 kg perday. This reveals that waste management is still a veryimportant issue in terms of environmental management ofMacao.

There is also an approximate increase of 14% in waterconsumption and this increase complies with the trends ofpopulation growth. Electricity consumption also increasesby 50% and greenhouse gas emissions by human activitiesalso increase by 24%; all these figures exceed the populationand the GDP growth rate. After 1999, the electricity generationand the GDP have been increasing in line basically, yet thevolume of greenhouse gas emissions tends to remain steady.

In t roduct ion


The Situation of Macao

In 2002, the area of Macao is 26.8 km2 with a populationof 441,637. As the area increases due to land reclamation,the population density decreases by 2.6% when comparedto that of 2001. The actual GDP growth of 2002 is 10.1%,which is more significant than the 2.2% growth of 2001.

Figure 1.2Evolution of socio-economic and environmental parameters(Source: SCS, OID and EC, 2003)

Population GDPWaste generation Electricity generationEmission of GHGs Water consumptionVisitors

210

190

170

150

130

110

90

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

11

With the 1993 statistics as a reference, the population, theGDP and the number of visitors to Macao increase by 13%,16% and 93% respectively. Among all, the number of visitorsvisiting Macao has been increasing sharply since 1999. Thesestatistics reveal that the economy of Macao is making apositive progress.

Figure 1.1Evolution of the average annual population growth rate(Source: SCS)

8.0%

7.0%

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

2.0%

1.0%

0.0%1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Aver

age

popu

latio

n gr

owth

rate

Preliminary analysis result shows that the environmentalpressure of Macao is expected to increase with rapid populationand economic growth. Therefore, middle to long termsustainable development strategies have to be establishedand the issue of environmental protection has to be takeninto consideration when designing and establishing thesemeasures and policies. This will surely play an important rolewhen trying to minimize the effects on the environment dueto social and economic development.

Macao is gradually approaching global with the liberalizationof the gaming industry, the establishment of the CloserEconomic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) and the integrationof regional economies. As this densely populated city ismarching towards the goal of sustainable development,besides developing long-term sustainable developmentstrategies, the people also have to participate and concernmore about the environment. Therefore, it is essential toencourage people from all walks of life to participate actively,enhance their awareness and responsibilities of environmentalprotection and especially to start making good use of resources,reduce wastes, save water, recycle materials and consumeenergy effectively such as eco-driving and purchasingenvironmental friendly products. With the public's participationand action, different problems of the environment could besolved or eliminated effectively. In 2003, the Macao SARgovernment has submitted its applicaion to the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) for the "Champions of theEarth" award of 2004. The major objective of the applicationfor the award is to enhance people's awareness ofenvironmental protection, as well as to improve the overallenvironmental protection level in Macao.

In t roduct ion

According to the agreement signed by the EnvironmentCouncil of Macao Special Administrative Region and theInstitute for the Environment of Portugal, this report is writtenand published jointly by both organizations. We hope tocontinuously improve the content of the report so that thiscan be served as an important reference for the establishmentof sustainable development strategies of Macao and thepublic's understanding of the environment.


11

2Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 200312

AtmosphericEnvironmentAtmosphericEnvironment

Atmospheric Environment

The Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau of Macao (MGB)is responsible for monitoring the air quality of Macao.Urbanization, recovering of construction works, high-energyconsumption, dense population, congested road traffic andcompact regional conditions of Macao can all be reflectedby the air quality monitoring results.

There are four automatic monitoring stations in Macao, locatedat Taipa Grande (Ambient Station), Laboratory (DenselyPopulated Station), Calçada do Poço (Roadside Station) andDowntown of Taipa (Densely Populated Station). In addition,

2.1 Air Quality there are three semi-automatic stations, namely, Taipa Grande(Ambient Station), Horta e Costa (Roadside and ResidentialStation) and Ká Hó (Rural Station).

The monitoring results show that special attention should bedrawn to the occurrence of acid rain, which has been occurringcontinuously for years; and the relatively high value ofrespirable suspended particulates. These two majoratmospheric pollutions are definitely related to the pollutionsources and the atmospheric environment of the Pearl RiverDelta Region; however, local pollution sources, such as, thepower plant, air and road transport and so on, should alsobe noted. (See “Atmospheric Emissions” for details.)


22

Semi-automatic Stations

Automatic Stations

Taipa

Macao

Coloane

Map of the Locationsof the Air Quality

Monitoring Stations

Laboratory

Calçada do Poço

Horta e Costa

Downtown of TaipaTaipaGrande

Ká-Hó

Downtown of Taipa(Densely Populated)

Calçada do Poço(Roadside)

Laboratory(Densely Populated)

Taipa Grande(Ambient)

Moderate31%

Unhealthy1%

Good68%

Moderate24%

Unhealthy2%

Good74%

Moderate18%

Unhealthy1%

Good81%

Moderate20%

Unhealthy1%

Good79%



22

Figure 2.1Annual mean values of atmospheric pollutants of automatic and semi-automatic stations(Source: MGB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

2.3

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.5

0.3

0.0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

STATE INDICATOR

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

STATE INDICATOR

250

200

150

100

50

01991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

STATE INDICATOR

100

80

60

40

20

01999 2000 2001 2002

STATE INDICATOR

100

80

60

40

20

01999 2000 2001 2002

* Automatic stationsCalçada do Poço*Taipa Grande*

Downtown of Taipa*Laboratory*

WHO guideline valueHK guideline value

Resp

irabl

e su

spen

ded

parti

cula

tes

(PM

10) (

µg /

m3 )

Sulfu

r dio

xide

(SO

2) (µ

g / m

3 )

Nitr

ogen

dio

xide

(NO

2) (µ

g / m

3 )

Acid

ity o

f pre

cipi

tatio

n (p

H)

Lead

(Pb)

(µg

/ m3 )

Acid rain guideline valueKá-Hó Taipa Grande

Horta e CostaTaipa Grande EU guideline value

Ká-HóHK guideline valueLaboratory*

* Automatic stationsWHO guideline valueTaipa Grande*

HK guideline valueLaboratory*

* Automatic stations (PM10)

Downtown of Taipa*Taipa Grande*

Calçada do Poço*H. Costa

Calçada do Poço(Roadside)

Moderate31%

Unhealthy1%

Good68%

Moderate20%

Unhealthy1%

Good79%

Taipa Grande (Ambient)

Moderate18%

Unhealthy1%

Good81%

Downtown of Taipa(Densely populated area)

Moderate24%

Unhealthy2%

Good74%

Laboratory(Densely populated area)

Annu

al m

ean

valu

es (µ

g / m

3 )

A tmospheric Environment


22

Figure 2.4AQI classifications percentage in 2002(Source: MGB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

Figure 2.2Evolution of sedimentary particulates concentrations of semi-automatic stations(Source: MGB, 2003)

Figure 2.3Annual mean pollutants concentration of automatic stations(Source: MGB, 2003)

MGB monitors concentration of air pollutants such as respirablesuspended particulates (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogendioxide(NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone(O3) andanalyzes the effects of these pollutants toward human health.Since 1999, the Air Quality Index (AQI) has been releasedto the public. When AQI is below 100, it means that the airquality measured at that particular monitoring station isnormal. However, if the index is above 100, it means thathuman health may be affected.

To analyze the monthly AQI records of 2001 and 2002 inbrief, it is found that for rainy and wet season (from April toSeptember), the index value is relatively lower. This showsthat pollutants concentration is greatly affected by themeteorological conditions of the city, especially in winterwhen the atmosphere is stable and in summer when thevertical convections are stronger.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1999

PM10

2000

2001

2002

1999

2000

2001

2002

1999

2000

2001

2002

1999

2000

2001

2002

1999

2000

2001

2002

SO2 NO2 O3 CO

Guideline value

Guideline value

Guideline value

STATE INDICATOR

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

01991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

STATE INDICATOR

WHO guideline value - Residential areaWHO guideline value - Heavy industrial area

SismoKá-Hó

FortalezaTaipa Grande

Sedi

men

tary

par

ticul

ates

con

cent

ratio

n in

sem

i-aut

omat

ic st

atio

ns (

mg

/ m2 .

30da

ys)

Downtown TaipaTaipa Grande Calçada do PoçoLaboratory

Figure 2.5Monthly mean AQI values of 2001 and 2002(Source: MGB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2001 Calçada do Poço 2002 Calçada do Poço(Roadside) (Roadside)2001 Laboratory 2002 Laboratory(Densely populated area) (Densely populated area)2001 Taipa Grande (Ambient) 2002 Taipa Grande (Ambient)

2002 Downtown of Taipa(Densely populated area)

Mon

thly

mea

n va

lues

of A

QI

DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan


Atmospheric Environment22The atmospheric emissions inventory of Macao is annuallyupdated. The relevant data is available from 1990 to 2002.First, evaluation is made to the emissions of the followinggreenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) andnitrous oxide (N2O). Evaluation is then made to the emissionsof the following acidic gases and ozone precursor gasesduring their formation: sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides(NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC)and ammonia gas (NH3). Finally, evaluation is made to theemission of particulates (such as total suspended particulates,respirable suspended particulates with diameter less than 10µm and lead).

From 1990 to 2002, the main sources of atmospheric pollutantscaused by human activities in Macao are the variouscombustion processes, especially electricity generation usingpetroleum products, which produce pollutants such as SOxand NOx. The incineration of urban solid wastes for electricitygeneration also leads to the emission of pollutants.

Atmospheric emissions from the traffic and transportationindustry should also be noted, especially greenhouse gasemissions from sea and air transport, as well as CO, NMVOCand Pb emissions from road transport. CH4 and NH3 emissionsare mainly generated during wastewater treatment processas well as landfills.

2.2 Atmospheric Emissions As the technology of transport facilities advances, the emissionof NMVOC is getting steady and the emission of particulates(total suspended particulates and respirable suspendedparticulates with a diameter less than 10 µm) is improvingas well. However, the emissions of SOx, NOx, N2O, NH3,CO2 and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O, expressedin CO2-equivalent) are increasing continuously and this isresulted from the increase in fossil fuel consumption, electricitygeneration and wastewater treatment volume in Macao.

According to Executive Order no. 49/2000, commercial sulfurcontent of light diesel for motor vehicles in Macao shouldnot exceed 0.05% by its weight. However, the decrease inSOx emission is not as significant as that of Pb since electricitygeneration contributes a lot to the emission of such pollutants.

During the above-mentioned period, positive trends arerecorded for the emissions of Pb, CH4 and CO among all thepollutants. Pb emission has been decreasing significantlysince 1996 and this is the result of the implementation ofregulations regarding the quality of fuels. Meanwhile, CH4emission has also been decreasing and this could be due tothe establishment of the Macao Incineration Plant (MIP) in1992. CO emission has been decreasing evidently since 1999and this is due to the increasing number of gasoline lightvehicles installed with catalytic converters.

Technical information regarding atmospheric emissions ofMacao are analyzed based on the evaluation methodologiesthat are adapted to the features of Macao according to severaltechnical sources: EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric EmissionInventory Guidebook, IPCC Guidelines for NationalGreenhouse Gas Inventories, USEPA "Compilation of AirPollutant Emission Factors, AP-42" and PARCOM/ATMOSEmission Factor Handbook. The following points describehow these methods are applied for the evaluation of pollutantemissions in Macao:

When evaluating emissions during the process ofelectricity generation (MEC and MIP) as well as emissionsfrom industries, service industries, domestic consumption,construction industries and sea transport, either massbalances for SOx and Pb contents or the appropriateemission factors for energy consumption are applied incalculation.

When evaluating road transport emissions, elementssuch as specifications, models, annual mileage, velocity,the emission factors and the applied technology for gasemission control (especially whether catalytic convertersare installed and the years of usage) of motor vehiclesare considered. EMEP / CORINAIR and COPERT areadapted as the methodology for evaluation. Emissionsfrom awaiting vehicles and NMVOC emission at gasstations from vehicles are also considered.



22PRESSURE INDICATOR

Figure 2.8CH4 emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

Land transportCommerce, domestic and services

LandfillsMECOthers

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991


Figure 2.7N2O emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

WWTPOthers

MECMIP

Figure 2.6CO2 emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250

1,000

750

500

250

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991


MIPOthers

Sea transportMEC

When evaluating air transport emissions, based onEPA/FAEED, emissions from each taking off and landingplane at 1,000 meter altitude as well as the rolling ofthe aeroplane on the runway before taking off and afterlanding are the major factors to be considered.

When evaluating CH4, NH3 and NMVOC emissionsat sanitary landfills, the USEPA and IPCC methods areadopted. Actual annual emissions are estimated fromthe time-series decay model of wastes in accordancewith previous years waste disposal. CO2, releasedfrom decomposing organic substances at the sanitarylandfills and originated from biological sources, is notincluded in the emission inventory.

Finally, when evaluating N2O and NH3 emissionsduring the process of wastewater treatment, theamount of nitrogen emission from the wastewatertreatment plant is calculated based on IPCC methods.

The following figures demonstrate the changes in atmosphericemissions from various pollution sources of Macao throughoutthe years.

Figure 2.10SOx emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991


Figure 2.9CO emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

20,000

17,500

15,000

12,500

10,000

7,500

5,000

2,500

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991

Land transport Sea transport Construction industryCommerce, domestic and services MEC Others

CO2

(kt)

N2O

(t)

CH4

(t)

CH4

from

land

fills

(t)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

CO (t

)SO

x (t)

MIPIndustriesOthers

Sea transportMEC

WWTP



NO

x (t)

22

Figure 2.11NOx emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991

Figure 2.16Pb emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991

Figure 2.15PM10 emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0


Sea transportMEC

IndustriesOthers

MIP

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991

Figure 2.14TSP emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991


Sea transportMEC

IndustriesOthers

MIP

Figure 2.13NMVOC emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991

Land transportLandfills

MECOthers

Sea transportFuel supply

Figure 2.12NH3 emissions(Source: IE, 2003)

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1991

Land transportLandfills

MIPIndustriesOthers

Sea transportMEC


NH

3 (t)

NM

VOC

(t)

TSP

(t)PM

10 (t

)Pb

(kg)

MECOthers

Land transportMIP


GH

G e

miss

ions

(kt o

f CO

2 eq

uiva

lent

)


22Climate Change

Extreme climate changes around the world lead to theoccurrence of heat waves, floods, forest fires and humanhealth problems, which have drawn increasing attention tothe necessity of seeking solutions to combat climate changes.

Since climate change has become a worldwide challenge atthe moment, a response should be made. The Kyoto Protocolof the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange is, therefore, the first step taken by the entire humanrace. Many countries have been engaged in constructiveeffort, dialogue and policies, trying to involve more relevantelements to protect the environment toward sustainabledevelopment. The participating countries at the "UN WorldSummit on World Development" held in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica, in September 2002, has reaffirmed this common path.

2.3 Global Issues

Figure 2.17Evolution of GHG emissions in Macao(Source: IE, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991

The "Framework Convention of Climate Change of the UnitedNations" is applicable to the Macao Special AdministrativeRegion and therefore the government is committed to endeavortowards the control of greenhouse gas emissions. MGB isnominated as the focal point in Macao for the convention.

CO2, CH4, N2O and halogenated compounds such as HFCs,PFCs and SF6 are gases that contribute significantly togreenhouse effects.

For quantifying the impacts of greenhouse gases to globalwarming, these gases are usually expressed in CO2-equivalentand based on Global Warming Potential (GWP) calculatedover a 100-year period. The GWP values of CO2, CH4 andN2O are usually calculated.

There is an increase of 71% of GHG emissions between 1990and 2002.

UV index (Ultraviolet index) is a measurement of the degreeof harms of the solar UV radiation intensity to human skin.It is calculated according to the UV radiation intensity of theincident sunlight on one horizontal ground level under clearand cloudless sky. UV index calculation also considers"Erythemal Action Spectrum" which is adopted by theInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE) to assess theaverage skin response to UV radiation. UV index is closelyrelated to the incident angles of sunlight, the ozone thickness,the presence of clouds and suspended particulates, as wellas altitude.

The incident UV-B is usually absorbed by the stratosphericozone layer at an altitude from 10 to 50 km. The radiationintensity of UV-B depends on the changes in the thicknessof the ozone layer in stratosphere and such changes arerelated to the mechanism of transportation, formation anddestruction of the ozone. The depletion of the ozone layerresults in the increase of the intensity of UV-B. This hasbecome one of the major concerns of the world, leading toincreasing interest in the measurement and prediction of UV-B radiation intensity according to the spatial and temporalchanges of ozone layer.

STATE INDICATOR


Atmospheric Environment1.

1.1-

trich

loro

etha

ne (k

g)22

Figure 2.19Annual import and import quota of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(Source: EC, 2003)

Energy and transport, especially in terms of the emissionsof air pollutants and greenhouse gases, play an importantrole to the air quality. Therefore, further discussions referringto these two economic activities are presented in the followingsections.

Protect the Ozone Layer

The stratospheric ozone layer is also known as the "goodozone" and its depletion is another issue that causes worriesand concern. The ozone layer is the fundamental protectionfor life on earth because it absorbs most of the UV-B radiation,which may cause adverse, or even fatal effects on livingorganisms.

MGB has been responsible for analyzing the UV radiationchanges of Macao since 2001. The strongest 15-minute meanUV radiation and the daily mean UV index (from 7:00 amto 5:00 pm) are reported to the public daily.

Among the controlled substances stated in Decree No.62/95/M, the import of 1,1,1 - trichloroethane is regulatedaccording to Order No. 78/GM/95 and it is expected thatimports of such substances would be ceased by 2005.

PRESSURE / STATE INDICATOR

180,000

150,000

120,000

90,000

60,000

30,000

0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

1.1.1-trichloroethane annual import quota

Photochemical Smog

Photochemical smog contains a combination of primarypollutants (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and volatile organiccompounds (VOCs), etc.), emitted into the atmosphere. Undersunlight, these pollutants react through a series of complexchemical reactions and oxidation, forming the troposphericozone, commonly known as the "bad ozone". Thesecompounds react with other atmospheric pollutants and formvarious harmful substances (such as nitric acid, peroxyacetylnitrates (PAN), formaldehydes and ozone etc.), which causeadverse effects on vegetation, eye irritation and respiratoryproblems.

Low Very highHighModerate

Jul DecNovOctSepAugJunMayAprMarFebJan

UV

Inde

x (p

erce

ntag

e of

day

s)

Figure 2.18UV index of 2002(Source: MGB, 2003)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

1.1.1-trichloroethane

Inde

x (1

990=

100)

Elec

trici

ty su

pplie

d by

MIP

(GW

h)

Perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al e

lect

ricity

gen

erat

ion



Inde

x (1

990=

100)

22Since fuel has been adopted as an essential energy sourcein Macao, it has also become the major source of pollutantemissions. The electricity production has been doubled inthe past decade in order to cope with the consumption needs.

The combined cycle technology is adopted in the new"Coloane-B" plant. With this technology, 20 times less ofnitrogen oxides are emitted, compared with the technologyof using diesel as combustion fuel. "Coloane-B" was alsoequipped with facilities for continuously monitoring ofatmospheric emissions and combustion efficiency.

Moreover, MEC and MGB signed an agreement for theexpansion of the present Macao air quality monitoringnetwork. According to the agreement, two additional airquality monitoring stations and one meteorological stationwill be established and integrated into the network, in orderto carry out continuous monitoring of SOx, NOx, CO, PM10and TSP.

2.4 Energy

Since 1992, heat generated from waste incineration in MacaoIncineration Plant (MIP) has been used for the generation ofelectricity. In 2002, MIP sold 59 GWh of electricity to MEC,which is equivalent to 4% of the total amount of electricitygenerated by MEC.

Figure 2.22Evolution of TEC and GDP(Source: MEC and SCS, 2003)

250

200

150

100

50

0

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Note: 1) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) at 1996 consumer price;2) TEC (Total Energy Consumption) includes the consumption in industry, construction, transport, commerce, households and others in addition to electricity and traditional fuels

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991

Figure 2.21Electricity supplied to MEC by MIP(Source: MEC, 2003)

RESPONSE INDICATOR

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Figure 2.20Evolution of electricity generation and GHG emissions(Source: MEC and IE, 2003)

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1990

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

1991

Electricity generation GHG emissions by MEC Total GHG emissions

The installation of continuous monitoring equipment on allgenerators in the "Coloane-A" plant began in 2003. Theinstallation work will be completed in 2004. A contractregarding the installation of Selective Catalytic ReductionSystem on all low-speed diesel generators at "Coloane-A"was signed by the end of 2002 in order to reduce nitrogenoxides emissions.

Analytical results show that the increase in the rate of electricitygeneration is higher than that of major greenhouse gasesemissions. This indicates that the trends of these two parametersare not correlated.

GDP1 TEC2

Percentage of total electricity generationElectricity supplied to MEC by MIP

280

240

200

160

120

80

40

01990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021991

PRESSURE INDICATOR

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Den

sity

of v

ehic

les o

n ro

ads

No.

of v

ehic

les

Leng

th o

f roa

ds (k

m)

No. of vehicles Length of roads

Inde

x (1

990=

100)



22

In fact, a series of measures such as the adoption of laws andregulations which state that catalytic converters have to beinstalled on vehicles and the reduction of sulfur and leadcontents in fuel, the negative impacts of heavy traffic andtransport caused to the environment have either beendecreasing or getting more stable. This could be proved bythe analytical results regarding the emissions from the transportsector. For instance, CO emission is reduced and NMVOCsemission is also stabilized. However, all these could notcompensate the negative impacts to the environment causedby the rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles.

The traffic and transport sector plays one of the crucial rolesin control of atmospheric emissions, especially GHGs.Replacing old vehicles with vehicles producing less emissionand encouraging the use of public transport are active measuresfor reducing emissions in this particular sector.

The number of motor vehicles on roads, especially light-dutyvehicles, has been increasing. It certainly produces pressureson the environment, especially in terms of GHG emissionsand noise pollution.

The increase of vehicles on roads leads to congestion andother traffic problems such as increase in fuel consumptionand pollutant emissions by vehicles at low speed.

2.5 Transport

Figure 2.26Evolution of vehicle density(Source: SCS, 2003)

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

02002200120001999

Figure 2.23Eco-efficiency of energy sector(Source: SCS, MEC, IE, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

GDP (at 1996 consumer price) CO2 emissions from MECSOx emissions from MEC TSP emissions from MECNOx emissions from MEC Electricity production

Figure 2.25Evolution of number of motor vehicles on roads and length of roads(Source: SCS, 2003)

2002200120001999

124,000

122,000

120,000

118,000

116,000

114,000

112,000

110,000

108,000

345

340

335

330

325

320

315

310

The length of roads in Macao is ever increasing. The followingfigure shows the evolution between 1999 and 2002.

Figure 2.24Evolution of number of vehicles on roads and corresponding fuel consumption(Source: SCS, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

01989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

2 0 0 2

No.

of v

ehic

les

Cons

umpt

ion

(TEP

)

Light-duty vehicles45.62%

Light-duty motorcycles27.80%

Heavy-duty vehicles3.57%

Heavy-duty motorcycles23.01%

No. of motor vehicles per kmNo. of heavy-duty vehicles per kmNo. of light-duty vehicles per kmNo. of light-duty and heavy-duty motorcycles per km

Light-duty vehicles Heavy-duty vehicles Fuel consumptionHeavy-duty motorcycles Light-duty motorcycles (TEP)

Figure 2.29Percentage of total mileage for different types of motor vehicles(Source: EC, 2002)

Gasolinevehicles52.4%

School buses0.2% Diesel vehicles

for other purposes(estimated value)

5.0%

Trucks0.4%Tourist buses

1.0%

Public buses5.5%

Taxis14.7%

>50 c.c. motocycles13.0%

<50 c.c. motorcycles7.8%

Figure 2.28Energy consumption of each sector (excluding MEC)(Source: SCS, 2003)

Note : • Electricity and traditional fuels such as charcoal, logs, billets, branchesor fagots are not included.

• "Traffic and transport" only includes the consumption of fuels on roadand sea transport since statistics on air transport are not available. "Others" includes fishing, services, electricity (excluding consumptionby MEC) and water.

Note: During the analysis period, the constant increase of the number of vehiclesdoes not correspond to fuel consumption. It could be concluded that a significantquantity of fuel may not be taken into account. Data from 2000 includes thequantity of fuel that the importers / wholesalers sold to the outlets (see "EnergyBalance", SCS, 2000 for details), which justifies for the sharp increase in 2000.

Figure 2.27Eco-efficiency in the transport sector(Source: SCS and IE, 2003)

Inde

x (1

990=

100)



22

Next to electricity generation, the traffic and transport sectoris the other sector that has great impact on the environment.Energy consumption of the traffic and transport sectorrepresents 54% of the total energy consumption of Macao(the consumption of MEC, which is the major fuel consumer,is not taken into account.)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

2002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990

PRESSURE INDICATOR

2002

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990

Studies on Vehicle Emissions in Macao

In order to evaluate the effects of vehicle emissions to theenvironment, the Environment Council carried out two projectsin 2002. The first study is to assess vehicle emissions throughmathematical models using information collected fromquestionnaires and from vehicle emissions testing. The secondstudy is to detect real-time pollutant concentration by infraredremote sensing technology under static mode of runninggasoline and diesel vehicles.

Data collected from responded questionnaires shows thatgasoline vehicles constitute the highest percentage (52.4%)of the total vehicle mileage in Macao. However, the annualaverage mileage per vehicle is the highest for diesel vehiclesand buses (109,500 km/year/vehicle and 65,172 km/year/vehicle respectively).

HouseholdIndustries

OthersTraffic and Transport

Commerce and ServicesConstruction

Fuel consumption of land transport GDPVehicles on roads CO emissions from land transportVOCs emissions from land transport N2O emissions from land transportNOx emissions from land transport

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Atmospheric Environment22

Figure 2.30Failing rates of emissions from different types of vehicles(Source: EC, 2002)

Based on results generated from emissions mathematicalmodels, gasoline vehicles are the major emission source ofCO, NOx and SO2, representing 40%, 47% and 66%respectively of the total emissions. The 2 strokes motorcyclesare the major emissions source of NMVOCs, contributing57% of total emissions. Diesel vehicles (including taxis, publicbuses and diesel vehicles for other purposes) are the majoremissions source of particulates, representing 89% of thetotal emissions.

According to the testing results of emissions from a total of1,156 vehicles of different types, when compared to vehicleemissions standards of Hong Kong, Taiwan and other regions,the failing rates of different types of vehicles are describedin the following figure. It could be observed that the failingrate of 2 strokes motorcycles is the highest as it reaches 58%.

20% 40% 60% 80%0%

27%

35%

58%

24%4 strokes

motorcycles

2 strokesmotorcycles

Diesel vehicles

Gasolinevehicles


Another study was carried out using infrared remote sensingtechnology to test real-time emissions from running gasolineand diesel vehicles at 10 different streets in the MacaoPeninsula and Taipa. Effective data from 16,323 vehicles wascollected and results show that gasoline and diesel vehiclesproduced after 1992 have considerable improvements ontheir emissions performance (including hydrocarbons, carbonmonoxide and nitrogen oxides), while there are slightimprovements for taxis and heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

In addition, based on the statistical analysis, it was found thatmajor air pollutants were emitted by the highest 10% ofvehicles of remote sensing data, which contribute 60% ofCO, 36% of hydrocarbons and 37% of NOx. Therefore, thelocal air quality could be improved considerably by improvingemissions from this 10% of vehicles.

To conclude the above studies and the experiences of theneighboring regions, appropriate measures could be adoptedin order to improve and control pollutant emissions in thefuture. These measures could include:• to improve further the fuel quality;• to strengthen the maintenance of motor vehicles, and to

eliminate those old vehicles of poor performance;• to establish more stringent vehicle emissions standards;• to improve the vehicle testing methods, for instance, the

adoption of dyno testing.


326

Water SupplyWater Supply

Volu

me

of w

ater

bill

ed (m

3 )

33 Water Supply

27

Drinking Water Supply

The small geographical area and the lack of natural waterresources limit the availability and the use of fresh water inMacao.

Raw water is extracted from Modaomen Canal of Guangdongto Macao. It is then transferred to the water treatment plant(WTP) at Ilha Verde by gravity and the surplus water is storedat the Outer Harbour Reservoir. In addition, raw water fromthe Outer Harbour Reservoir is also transferred to the SeacPai Van Reservoir in Coloane for storage.

There are three water treatment plants in Macao: the IlhaVerde Water Treatment Plant, the Outer Harbour WaterTreatment Plant and the Coloane Water Treatment Plant. Theformer two plants treat the raw water from Madaomen Canaland Outer Harbour Reservoir while the latter treats the rawwater from Seac Pai Van Reservoir.

The volume of raw water collected from Modaomen Canalhas been decreasing since 2002 and therefore, additionalvolume of water (47,550m3) has to be extracted from theOuter Harbour Reservoir.

3.1 Drinking Water Drinking Water Consumption

The treated raw water is supplied to customers through thewater distribution network. The percentage of water loss inthe network is approximately 13% in 2002.

The water consumption rate of the Macao Peninsula is thehighest. However, there is a sharp rise in the waterconsumption rate in Taipa and this indicates a rapid populationgrowth of the island.

Figure 3.2Volume of water introduced into the distribution network and billed(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

Figure 3.4Volume of water billed by geographical area(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

Macao Taipa Coloane

Figure 3.3Percentage of water loss in the distribution network(Source: LCMAB and MWSC, 2003)

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

PRESSURE INDICATOR

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

PRESSURE INDICATOR

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Water introduced into the distribution network Water billed

Volu

me

of w

ater

(106

m3 )

Perc

enta

ge o

f wat

er lo

ss in

the

distr

ibut

ion

netw

ork


Tota

l vol

ume

of ra

w w

ater

supp

ly a

nd v

olum

eof

wat

er su

pply

from

Mod

aom

en C

anal

(1,0

00m

3 )

Figure 3.1Volume of raw water supply of Macao(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Modaomen Canal Outer Harbour ReservoirSeac Pai Van Reservoir Total volume of raw water supply

Volu

me

of w

ater

stor

ed in

Out

er H

arbo

ur R

eser

voir

and

Sea

c Pa

i Van

Res

ervo

ir (1

,000

m3 )

1991

1990

1993

1992

1995

1994

1997

1996

1998

2000

1999

2002

2001

-5,000,000

-4,000,000

-3,000,000

-2,000,000

-1,000,000

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

10,000,0005,000,000

0

20,000,00015,000,000

30,000,00025,000,000

40,000,00035,000,000

50,000,00045,000,000

60,000,00055,000,000

Inde

x (1

990=

100)

Macao Taipa Coloane

Inde

x (1

993=

100)


33 Water Supply

Household50.9%

Government8.9%

Public Facilities2.7%

Harboursand Piers

0.4%

Commerce31.4%

Industries5.5%

Figure 3.7Evolution of water consumption of different sectors since 1993(Source: MWSC, 2003)

Figure 3.5Evolution of the water billed volume by geographical area(Soure: LCMAB, 2003)

Similar to previous years, household is the dominant sectorof the total water consumption (approximately 51%) of theMSAR in 2002, followed by the commercial sector (about31%).

In 2002, household and commerce are the major waterconsumption sectors in the Macao Peninsula (54% and 38%respectively). In Taipa, the commercial sector has the highestwater consumption rate and it represents over 50% of the totalvolume, followed by the household sector, which represents43% of the total consumption volume of Taipa. Coloane isthe least-populated area of Macao and the commercial sectormarks the highest water comsumption volume of the island.Although the volume of water consumed in recent years hasbeen decreasing in Coloane, the commercial sector stills takesup 52% of the total consumption, followed by the governmentsector, which takes up 22% of the total volume. Quality of Drinking Water

The Laboratory of the Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau(LCMAB) monitors and controls the quality of drinking waterin Macao. Raw water and treated water are sampled fromthe three water treatment plants and the distribution networkfor microbiological, physical and chemical analysis.

After analyzing the raw water quality of 2002, it is foundthat the chloride concentration exceeds the MaximumRecommended Value (MRV) as stated in Decree No. 46/96/Mof Macao. However, other physical and chemical parametersare below the A1 standard requirements; and themicrobiological parameters measure up the A2 standardrequirements. It should also be noted that the fluorideconcentration is also below the standard requirement as statedin the Decree. In general, the quality of raw water is satisfactoryin 2002.

To evaluate the chloride concentration in drinking water withthe present standard requirements stated in the Decree, it isnoted that during dry seasons, statistics obtained from eachWater Treatment Plant exceed the 25 mg Cl/l (MRV). However,these statistics never exceed the 200 mg Cl/l MaximumPermissble Value (MPV).

Not only that the aluminum concentration of drinking waterexceeds the 0.05 mg Al/l (MRV), but a few samples alsoexceed the 0.2 mg Al/l (MPV). This simply shows that special

After analyzing the water consumption rates of each sectorfor the past nine years, it is found that the industrial sectorwater consumption has been decreasing sharply; the publicfacilities sector has also consumed less water in the last fouryears.

There has been no obvious change in the volume of waterconsumption in the government sector since 1998. On thecontrary, in the past nine years, the volume of waterconsumption in the household and commercial sectors hasbeen increasing.

Figure 3.6Water consumption of different sectors of the MSAR in 2002(Suorce: MWSC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

STATE INDICATOR

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Government Public Facilities CommerceIndustries Household

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

PRESSURE INDICATOR

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

MPV

MRV


Water Supplyattention should be drawn to the drinking water treatmentprocess; for instance, the pH level of the chemical coagulationprocess should be regulated or excessive amount of coagulantinput should be avoided in order to control the aluminumconcentration in drinking water.

As for the fluoride concentration in drinking water, statisticsshow that all values are below the Minimum PermissibleValue (MPV) and there are no significant changes. It shouldalso be noted that the trihalomethane concentration has notexceeded the standard requirements of the relevant Decree.

Figure 3.8Chloride concentration and aluminum concentration of treated water from Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.10Chloride concentration and aluminum concentration of treated water from Coloane Water Treatment Plant(Soure: LCMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.9Chloride concentration and aluminum concentration of treated water from Outer Harbour Water Treatment Plant(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

02-1

2-20

02

02-1

1-20

02

02-1

0-20

02

02-0

9-20

02

02-0

8-20

02

02-0

7-20

02

02-0

6-20

02

02-0

5-20

02

02-0

4-20

02

02-0

3-20

02

02-0

2-20

02

02-0

1-20

02

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

08-1

2-20

02

08-1

1-20

02

08-1

0-20

02

08-0

9-20

02

08-0

8-20

02

08-0

7-20

02

08-0

6-20

02

08-0

5-20

02

08-0

4-20

02

08-0

3-20

02

08-0

2-20

02

08-0

1-20

02

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

MPV

MRV

MRV

PRESSURE INDICATOR

02-1

2-20

02

02-1

1-20

02

02-1

0-20

02

02-0

9-20

02

02-0

8-20

02

02-0

7-20

02

02-0

6-20

02

02-0

5-20

02

02-0

4-20

02

02-0

3-20

02

02-0

2-20

02

02-0

1-20

02

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

08-1

2-20

02

08-1

1-20

02

08-1

0-20

02

08-0

9-20

02

08-0

8-20

02

08-0

7-20

02

08-0

6-20

02

08-0

5-20

02

08-0

4-20

02

08-0

3-20

02

08-0

2-20

02

08-0

1-20

02

MRV

PRESSURE INDICATOR100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

02-1

2-20

02

02-1

1-20

02

02-1

0-20

02

02-0

9-20

02

02-0

8-20

02

02-0

7-20

02

02-0

6-20

02

02-0

5-20

02

02-0

4-20

02

02-0

3-20

02

02-0

2-20

02

02-0

1-20

02

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

08-1

2-20

02

08-1

1-20

02

08-1

0-20

02

08-0

9-20

02

08-0

8-20

02

08-0

7-20

02

08-0

6-20

02

08-0

5-20

02

08-0

4-20

02

08-0

3-20

02

08-0

2-20

02

08-0

1-20

02

MRV

MPV

MRV

Chlo

ride

conc

entra

tion

(mg/

l)

Alum

inum

con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/l)

Alum

inum

con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/l)

Chlo

ride

conc

entra

tion

(mg/

l)

Alum

inum

con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/l)

Chlo

ride

conc

entra

tion

(mg/

l)33

33

PRESSURE INDICATOR


Water Supply

Monitoring Coastal Water Quality

The Public Health Laboratory (PHL) of the Health Bureau(HB) has been responsible for monitoring coastal water qualitysince 1988. Since 1995, the quality of coastal water ismonitored with the analysis of samples collected from varioussampling points established.

Regarding the analysis of microbiological parameters of thewater distribution network, 99.83% of the samples have notbeen detected the presence of coliform, except one samplecollected from the Macao Peninsula network. There is alsoone sample in the Coloane water distribution network thathas been detected the presence of coliform, but the remaining98.73% of the samples collected in Coloane and all thesamples collected from the Taipa network are free fromcoliform.

In terms of physiochemical parameters, the average amountof residual chlorine found in the Macao Peninsula waterdistribution network is 0.7 mg/l and that of 0.6 mg/l for theTaipa and Coloane networks. During the salinity period, theamount of chlorine and conductivity found in the waterdistribution networks of the Macao Peninsula, Taipa andColoane exceed the MRV, but still below the MPV.

Although the quality of drinking water is not seriously affectedby the salinity period in 2002, measures and policies shouldbe adopted in order to solve the problem in the long run.Meanwhile, attention should be paid for better control ofaluminum concentration during the coagulation process ofdrinking water.

To conclude, drinking water from the water distributionnetworks of the Macao Peninsula, Taipa and Coloane meetsthe requirements of drinking water quality in 2002.

During the water treatment process, sludge is frequentlyproduced with the use of coagulants and it contains varioustypes of microorganisms and aluminum salts. The dailyamount of sludge produced is 1.3 ton in 2002. At present,owing to the limited space, no specific equipment has beeninstalled for sludge decantation, yet sludge treatment processesare being evaluated. The Macao Water Supply Companycarried out an experimental study in 2002 in order to tacklethe problem though the results are not yet satisfactory.However, through various studies and experiments, it isconcluded that the sludge does not contain harmful substancesto the environment.

Figure 3.11Percentage of excessive coliform in the water distribution network of Macao(Source: LCMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.12Daily mean volume of sludge produced in the water treatment plants(Source: MWSC, 2003)

3.2 Bathing Beaches and Coastal Water

STATE INDICATOR

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002D

aily

mea

n vo

lum

e of

slud

ge p

rodu

ced

(t)

1.5%

1.2%

0.9%

0.6%

0.3%

0.0%1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Perc

enta

ge o

f vio

latio

n (%

)

Water distribution network Water distribution network Water distribution networkof Macao Peninsula of Taipa of Coloane

Zone IZone IIZone IIIZone IV

Water Supply33

The PHL has been using the pollution index as the basis toassess coastal water quality since 2000. The objective is toevaluate the water body quality according to certain waterquality criteria in order to determine the level of pollution,the sources and the main types of pollutants as well as theirtrends. The same reference standard is used to assess thewater quality of 2002.

The pollution index of each parameter, the average pollutionindex, the nutrient index and the heavy metal pollution indexare taken into consideration to assess the water body quality.

Average Pollution Index

Average pollution index is calculated by the arithmetic meansof the pollution index of each parameter. The pollution indexof each parameter is defined as the closeness or exceedingdifference between the actual monitoring average value andthe MPV. Analyzing parameters include pH value, dissolvedoxygen concentration, chemical oxygen demand, 5-daybiochemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus-containing nutrient pollutants and heavy metal pollutants.

To assess the coastal water quality, seawater is classified intofour classes according to the average pollution index (I):

• Class 1: I<0.50 good water quality, water is notpolluted;

• Class 2: 0.50<I<0.75 water with acceptable quality;• Class 3: 0.75<I<1.00 polluted water that affects normal

growth of plants and organisms;• Class 4: I>1.00 polluted water that causes adverse

effects on public health.

Figure 3.13Distribution of sampling points of coastal water monitoring network(Source: PHL, 2001)

ReferencePoint

J

Figure 3.15Pollution index of each sampling point in 2002(Source: HB, 2003)

Pollu

tion

inde

x of

eac

h sa

mpl

ing

poin

t

Taip

a

Sani

tary

Lan

dfill

Col

oane

Che

oc V

an

Hác

Sá

Airp

ort

Refe

renc

ce P

oint

Out

er H

arbo

ur

Pac

On

Are

ia P

reta

Inne

r Har

bour

Prai

a G

rand

e

Prai

a do

Bom

Par

to

Class IV

Class IIIClass II

Class I

STATE INDICATOR

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Figure 3.14Annual mean value of the pollution index(Source: HB, 2003)

Pollu

tion

inde

x

STATE INDICATOR

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

With the application of the above index to analyze the coastalwater quality of Macao, it is found that the level of the averagepollution index in 2002 is slightly lower than that of 2001.

Analysis shows that water quality of Zone I (Sanitary Landfill,Coloane and Taipa) is between Class 2 to Class 3.

Although water quality of Zone II (Cheoc Van, Hác Sá, Airportand Reference Point) is relatively better than the other zones,water quality of the Reference Point reaches Class 3, whichis of critical pollution level .

As for Zone III (Pac On, Outer Harbour and Areia Preta) andZone IV (Inner Harbour, Praia Grande and Praia do BomParto), the quality of water reaches Class 4, which indicatesthat the pollution level is quite serious.

As in previous years, the pollution level of Inner Harbour isstill the highest among all the sampling points. It means thatwater pollution is the most serious in this area. However, thesituation began to improve since 2000.

Furthermore, the Environment Council and Macao WaterSupply Company have launched a study project in 2003 toidentify the major reasons of water pollution at Inner Harbourand Outer Harbour as well as the investigation of the pollutionsources.


Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV

MACAO

COLOANE

TAIPA

Outer HarbourL

Pac OnH

Areia PretaI

Inner HarbourA

Praia GrandeB

Praia doBom Parto

M

TaipaC

SanitaryLandfill

D

Coloane

E

Cheoc VanF

Hác SáG

AirportK

Nut

rient

inde

x

Taip

a

Sani

tary

Lan

dfill

Col

oane

Che

oc V

an

Hác

Sá

Air

port

Ref

eren

ce P

oint

Are

ia P

reta

Out

er H

arbo

ur

Pac

On

Prai

a G

rand

e

Prai

a do

Bom

Par

to

Inne

r H

arbo

ur

200220012000

STATE INDICATOR

50

100

150

200

350

0

300

250

Pollu

tion

inde

x

Pollu

tion

inde

x


Pollu

tion

inde

x

Pollu

tion

inde

x

3 Water Supply3Zone I

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0

Zone II

Figure 3.16Pollution index of different sampling points(Source: HB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

Zone III

STATE INDICATOR

Nutrient Index

Nutrient index (E) is calculated based on the analysis ofparameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD),phosphorous and inorganic nitrogen. The index representsthe eutrophic level of the water body. When E>1, it meansthat the concentration of nutrients in the water body hasreached an eutrophic level.

Analysis shows that the nutrient index of coastal waters ofMacao is much greater than 1. The condition at Inner Harbouris the most serious as the index is as high as 290.

It should be pointed out that there is a sharp decrease in thenutrient index of the Areia Preta sampling point. This is dueto the operation of the water storage tank of the MacaoWastewater Treatment Plant. This new measure enabled thestorage of excess wastewater, which would be treated later,avoiding its direct discharge into the water environment.

Eutrophication of the water body provides materials andconditions for the rapid and excessive growth of algae as wellas other types of plankton. It may also increase the possibilityof red tide occurrence. As in previous years, red tides tookplace in Macao in 2002 and were caused by local pollutionto the water body as well as water flow of the upper stream,which lead to a high concentration of nitrogen and phosphoursin water.

Chlorophylls

To better understand the occurrence of red tides in Macao,PHL analyzes the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, c andfeophitin-a in samples collected from various sampling points.

The concentration of chlorophyll-a is frequently used asan indicator of algae growth. Results of 2002 reveal thatchlorophyll-a concentration in all water samples from Airport,Cheoc Van, Coloane, Reference Point and Inner Harbourexceeds 6 mg/l. The chlorophyll-c concentration and feophitin-a concentration in water samples of Coloane and ReferencePoint also exceed this value.

Figure 3.17Nutrient index of different sampling points(Source: HB, 2003)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2002

2001

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2002

2001

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0

Taipa ColoaneSanitary Landfill

Areia PretaPac OnOuter Harbour

Cheoc Van Hac Sa Airport Reference Point

Inner Harbour Praia Grande Praia do Bom Parto

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0

Zone IV

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2002

2001

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2002

2001

Pollu

tion

inde

x of

hea

vy m

etal

s

Pollu

tion

inde

x of

hea

vy m

etal

s

Conc

entra

tion

(mg/

l)


3 Water Supply3

Figure 3.18Concentration of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-c and feophitin-aof different sampling points in 2002(Source: HB, 2003)

Since the second half year of 2002, water samples from the13 sampling points of the Macao waters are collected forheavy metals analysis. In previous years, only 8 samplingpoints were covered in this study.

Analysis results reveal that the concentration of mercury ofthe water body exceeds the level stated in the "Sea WaterQuality Standard" of China (GB3097-97). Since this substanceis hazardous to human health, it is necessary to identify thecauses and measures should be taken to solve the problem.

STATE INDICATOR

2002

2

4

6

8

14

0

12

10

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll cChlorophyll b Feophitin a

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium(Cr), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) and their ionic compoundscan accumulate in organic bodies and are, therefore, toxicand hazardous to human health and the water body.

STATE INDICATOR

Figure 3.19Annual mean values of heavy metal concentration in 2001 and 2002(Source: HB, 2003)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Hg AsCd Pb Cr

2001 2002

Figure 3.20Pollution index of heavy metals in 2001 and 2002(Source: HB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

2001 20027

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Hg AsCd Pb Cr

Col

oane

Che

oc V

an

Ref

eren

cePo

int

Are

iaPr

eta

Air

port

Out

erH

arbo

ur

Sani

tary

Land

fill

Taip

a

Prai

a do

Bom

Par

to

Hác

Sá

Sani

tary

Land

fill

Che

oc Van

Hác

Sá

Ref

eren

cePo

int

Are

iaPr

eta

Out

erH

arbo

ur

Inne

rH

arbo

ur

Prai

aG

rand

e

Sani

tary

Land

fill

Che

oc V

an

Hác

Sá

Ref

eren

cePo

int

Are

ia P

reta

Out

erH

arbo

ur

Inne

rH

arbo

ur

Prai

aG

rand

e

ppb

ppb

Sani

tary

Land

fill

Che

oc V

an

Hác

Sá

Ref

eren

cePo

int

Are

ia P

reta

Out

erH

arbo

ur

Inne

rH

arbo

ur

Prai

aG

rand

e

Sani

tray

Land

fill

Che

oc V

an

Hác

Sá

Ref

eren

cePo

int

Are

ia P

reta

Out

erH

arbo

ur

Inne

rH

arbo

ur

Prai

aG

rand

e

As SeCd Cu PbCr Hg Ni ZnAs SeCd Cu PbCr Hg Ni Zn

Cheoc Van 1 Cheoc Van 2 Hác Sá 1 Hác Sá 2

3 Water Supply3

It could be concluded that the rise in pollution index of thetwo beaches of Macao is mainly due to the increasingconcentration of nitrogen and certain heavy metals, such asmercury and lead. This issue is also related to the occurrenceof red tides because when the water body is eutrophicated,i.e. a high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, redtides tend to occur easily and result in a rise in the pollutionindex.

Microbiological Parameters

Microbiological parameters should be analyzed by thecomparison of the result with the reference standard. It shouldbe noted that the water quality of Cheoc Van Beach does notexceed the standard in 2002; however, it had exceeded thestandard for three times in 2001. As for the water samplesof Hác Sá Beach, it happens that the concentration ofEscherichia coli exceeds the reference standard but theexcessive level is not high when compared with the resultsof 2001.

The concentration of Escherichia coli of the water body isthe highest in August of 2002. This could be due to the factthat August is the monsoon season and as the amount ofrainwater increases, the quality of water becomes worse.

Dredging

Sedimentation causes a series of problems such as the elevationof riverbeds and the obstruction of waterways in the PearlRiver Delta region. Therefore, several million cubic metersof sediments are to be dredged annually.

As the construction industry and business activities of Macaoimprove, sea transportation becomes more frequent. Thisleads to the increasing demand of dredging works. Statisticsshow that there is a significant increase in the dredged volumein 2002.

STATE INDICATOR

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Figure 3.23Monthly geometrical mean values of fecal coliform in 2002(Source: PHL, 2003)

Coastal Erosion

In order to identify the causes of coastal erosion and to adoptmore practical measures, the Port Authority (PA) and theMacao Civil Engineering Laboratory (MCEL) have carried outa series of studies and preliminary results have been achieved.

Quality of Bathing Water

PHL is responsible for monitoring the water quality of CheocVan Beach and Hác Sá Beach. Sampling and analysis ofphysical, chemical and microbiological parameters are carriedout once a month at the two sampling points of each beach.

Physiochemical Parameters

According to the "Sea Water Quality Standard" of China(GB3097-97), pollution index of various physical and chemicalparameters is established for the bathing water quality ofMacao.

Feca

l col

iform

(CFU

/100

ml)

SeptemberMay June July August October


Dre

dged

vol

ume

(m3 )

Figure 3.21Dredged volume since 1985(Source: PA, 2003)

RESPONSE INDICATOR

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

1987

1988

1989

1986

1985

0

1,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

2,000,000Po

llutio

n in

dex*

STATE INDICATOR

Figure 3.22Pollution index of Cheoc Van Beach and Hác Sá Beach(Source: HB, 2003)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1999 2000 2001 2002

* The effect of heavy metal pollution is not included in the index


Rain

fall

(mm

)


3 Water Supply3E.

Coli

(CFU

/100

ml)

Figure 3.26Daily mean influent volume to the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

0

40

60

80

100

120

140

1996 1997 1998

20

1999 2000 2001 2002

160

180

200

STATE INDICATOR

Although there are several cases of exceeding limits of theconcentration of Escherichia coli, the Coliform Fecal Unit(CFU) of the two beaches in 2002 is already lower than thatof 2001. The recorded annual geometrical mean values ofEscherichia coli are similar in these two years.

The laboratory monitors the quality of the influent and effluentat each WWTP. Results show that the effluent quality of eachWWTP meet the standard requirements.

Construction of another WWTP has already commenced atthe Macao International Airport so that wastewater producedby the airport, especially wastewater that contains oil andgrease, can be pre-treated.

Meanwhile, a 10,000 m3 storage tank has begun its operationin 2002, in order to enhance the storage and treatmentcapacity of the Macao Wastewater Treatment Plant duringpeak hours and to diminish the negative effects of the directdischarge of wastewater to the water environment. Since thestorage tank began its operation, the pollution index and thenutrient index of the Areia Preta sampling point, where thewater of WWTP is discharged, have decreased sharply. (see"Quality of Coastal Water" for details).

The analysis of the average volume of effluent in each WWTPshows that the total volume of treated wastewater remainsbasically constant between 2001 and 2002. In general, aslight decrease is recorded for the total volume of wastewatertreated at the Macao WWTP in 2002 while a 20% increasefor the Taipa WWTP and a 30% decrease for the ColoaneWWTP when compared with that of 2001.

STATE INDICATOR

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

01994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

0

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

20,000

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Figure 3.24Monthly geometrical mean values of Escherichia coli in 2002(Source: PHL, 2003)

In order to solve the environmental problems caused bywastewater and to protect the water quality of coastal areas,there are altogether three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)in the MSAR. They are located in the Macao Peninsula, Taipaand Coloane. The daily maximum treatment capacity is234,000 m3, which corresponds to the volume of wastewaterproduced by one million people. This figure shows that thewastewater treatment capacity is able to meet the populationand economic growth of Macao in the middle to the longrun. In 2002, the average volume of water treated daily bythe three WWTPs in 2002 is 145,000 m3.

The drainage system covers almost the entire Macao Peninsula,the Taipa Island except the Check Ká Village, as well as theColoane Island except Ká Hó Village.

3.3 Wastewater Management

E.Co

li (C

FU/1

00 m

l)


May June July August September October


Inde

x (1

996=

100)

Influ

ent v

olum

e (m

3 )

Macao WWTP Taipa WWTP Coloane WWTP Rainfall

Figure 3.25Annual geometrical mean values of Escherichai coli(Source: PHL, 2003)

Macao WWTP Taipa WWTP Influent volume Rainfall


3 Water Supply3

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Effluent limit value (40 mg/l)



STATE INDICATOR

0

100

250

400

450

350

300

200

150

50

STATE INDICATOR

0

200

500

800

900

700

600

400

300

100

STATE INDICATOR400

0

100

250

350

300

200

150

50

STATE INDICATOR4.5

0.0

1.0

2.5

3.5

3.0

2.0

1.5

0,5

4.0


Figure 3.27Evolution of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) in influent and effluent volumes of the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

Figure 3.28Evolution of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in influent and effluent volumes of the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

Figure 3.29Evolution of total suspended solids (TSS) in influent and effluent volumes in the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

Figure 3.30Evolution of detergents in influent and effluent volumes in the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

BOD

5 (m

g/l)

Effluent(MWWTP)

Influent(MWWTP)

Effluent(TWWTP)

Influent(TWWTP)

Effluent(CWWTP)

Influent(CWWTP)

COD

(mg/

l)

Effluent(MWWTP)

Influent(MWWTP)

Effluent(TWWTP)

Influent(TWWTP)

Effluent(CWWTP)

Influent(CWWTP)

TSS

(mg/

l)

Effluent(MWWTP)

Influent(MWWTP)

Effluent(TWWTP)

Influent(TWWTP)

Effluent(CWWTP)

Influent(CWWTP)

Det

erge

nts (

mg/

l)

Effluent(MWWTP)

Influent(MWWTP)

Effluent(TWWTP)

Influent(TWWTP)

Effluent(CWWTP)

Influent(CWWTP)

The Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau (CMAB) is workingon a project for the monitoring of the effluent water qualityfrom the outlet of the Macao WWTP and the rainwaterdrainage system and preliminary result has been achieved.

Referring to the "Surface Water Quality Standard" of China(GB3838-88), the concentration of pollutants of each samplingpoint are classified into six classes (Class A to Class F) inorder to identify the level of pollution. Monitoring parametersinclude pH value, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, total phosphorus,dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity,conductivity, color, total suspended solids, chlorides,Escherichia coli and fecal coliform. Using different colors,the following figures demonstrate the pollution level in termsof these seven parameters at different sampling points.

Figure 3.31Evolution of oil and grease in influent and effluent volumes in the WWTPs(Source: OID, 2003)

Figure 3.32pH level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.33Total phosphorus level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.34Nitrates level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

37

3 Water Supply3

0

10

25

35

30

20

15

5

STATE INDICATOR


Effluent(MWWTP)

Influent(MWWTP)

Effluent(TWWTP)

Influent(TWWTP)

Effluent(CWWTP)

Influent(CWWTP)

Oil

and

Gre

ase

(mg/

l)


X < 0.02mg/l P

0.02<X< 0.05mg/l P

0.05<X< 0.10mg/l P

0.10<X< 0.15mg/l P

0.15<X< 0.20mg/l P

X > 0.20mg/l P

X < 3.5mg/l NO3

3.5<X< 4.0mg/l NO3

4.0<X<4.5mg/l NO3

4.5<X< 10.0mg/l NO3

10.0<X< 25.0mg/l NO3

X > 25.0mg/l NO3

pH < 6.5

6.5<pH < 7.0

7.0<pH < 7.5

7.5<pH < 8.0

8.0<pH < 8.5

pH > 8.5

Figure 3.35Nitrites level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.36Ammonia level of sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.37Dissolved oxygen level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

Figure 3.38Chemical oxygen demand level of each sampling point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)


Water Supply33

X < 0.06mg/l NO2

0.06<X< 0.25mg/l NO2

0.25<X< 0.35mg/l NO2

0.35<X< 0.55mg/l NO2

0.55<X<1.00mg/l NO2

X > 1.00mg/l NO2

X < 0.5mg/l NH4

0.5<X< 1.0mg/l NH4

1.0<X< 1.5mg/l NH4

1.5<X< 2.0mg/l NH4

2.0<X< 2.5mg/l NH4

X > 2.5mg/l NH4

X< 15mg/l O2

15<X< 20mg/l O2

20<X< 25mg/l O2

25<X< 30mg/l O2

30<X< 40mg/l O2

X > 40mg/l O2

X > 7.5mg/l O2

7.5>X> 5.0mg/l O2

5.0>X>4.0mg/l O2

4.0>X> 3.0mg/l O2

3.0>X>2.0mg/l O2

X < 2.0mg/l O2

Solv

ents

and

wat

er so

lutio

ns g

ener

atio

n (t)

Was

tew

ater

gen

erat

ion

(m3 )

Group I and Group II Group III and Group IVVolume of wastewater channeled to Taipa WWTP

39

Water Supply

Industrial Wastewater

Due to the impact that industrial wastewater could cause tothe environment, effective treatment of industrial wastewateris extremely important.

The data from Hovione Macao Ltd. shows that the volumeof wastewater produced and discharged during the productionprocess has been increasing. The wastewater producedcontains water-soluble acidic solutions (Groups I and II) andmixed organic solvents (Groups III and IV). These mixed

Wastewater produced by "Coloane-B" plant of Macao ElectricCompany is now treated before discharge and samples areanalyzed in order to guarantee the compliance with relevantlaws and regulations.

Figure 3.39Evolution of wastewater and mixed organic solvents generated by HovioneMacao Ltd.(Source: Hovione Macao Ltd., 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

0

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

20,000

10,000

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

organic solvents and other waste liquids generated duringthe production process should be treated carefully in orderto avoid negative impacts to the environment. The relevantinternational conventions should also be followed during thetreatment process.

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

33



WasteWaste

PRESSURE INDICATOR

500

2,500

1,500

0

2,000

3,000

1,000

3,500

4,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Macao Power Plant Coloane Power Plant

Note: "Waste generation" indicates the quantity of waste incinerated in the MacaoIncineration Plant

Figure 4.1Evolution of several indicators of Macao(Source: SCS, OID, 2003)

Waste44


The waste management of Macao has been improving. Thiscan be reflected from the evolution of indicators regardingsolid waste, industrial waste and hospital waste, as well asfrom the recycling, reuse, incineration and landfill of collectedwastes.

From Figure 4.1, it can be seen that the amount of wastesgenerated in Macao has been increasing.

4.1 Waste Generation and Treatment

Industrial Wastes

Industrial wastes are also generated in Macao. The MacaoElectric Company(MEC) produces industrial wastes such aswaste oil, sludge, slag, fly ash and incombustibles etc. Thereis a decrease in the amount of these wastes generated by theMacao Power Plant but an increase in the Coloane PowerPlant in 2002.

MEC is carrying out a waste management project aiming atrecycling or reutilizing waste through waste classification.At present, most metallic wastes are transferred to wastecollection companies for processing and then for later recycleand reuse. In addition, a new incinerator is installed at ColoanePower Plant in order to reduce the volume of waste oilsediment. The gaseous emissions are being monitoredcontinuously.

The Waste Service Company (WSC) has been responsible forthe collection of solid wastes of Macao since 1992. Theamount of wastes collected by the company reaches 243,151tonnes in 2002, which is equivalent to 1.51 kg per inhabitantper day.

The Macao Incineration Plant (MIP) has begun its operationsince 1992 and is responsible for incinerating solid wastesand hospital wastes of Macao.

Owing to the population growth and rapid economicdevelopment, the quantity of wastes increases gradually. Theincineration capacity of MIP will be saturated earlier thanexpected. Therefore, the relevant administrative departmentsare seeking middle term solutions to handle the problems.

Figure 4.2Evolution of total amount of wastes incinerated and amount of daily wastesgenerated per capita(Source: SCS, OID, 2003)

Figure 4.3Solid wastes generated by MEC(Source: MEC, 2003)

Waste generation GDPPopulation VisitorsHousehold water consumption

Was

tes g

ener

atio

n (t)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Inde

x (1

993=

100)

0

20

60

80

100

120

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

40

140

160

180

200

PRESSURE INDICATOR

Dai

ly m

ean

per c

apita

(kg/

inha

bita

nt/d

ay)

Tota

l was

tes i

ncin

erat

edan

d ca

paci

ty o

f MIP

(t)

330,000

300,000

270,000

240,000

210,000

180,000

150,000

120,000

90,000

60,000

30,000

0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.01994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021993

Total wastes incinerated Daily mean per capitaMaximum capacity of MIP


Waste44W

aste

s col

lect

ed fr

om th

e se

a (m

)3

Hovione Macao Ltd. also generates certain amount of solidwastes and wastewater (see "Wastewater Management" fordetails) and the amount has been increasing. These wastesare incinerated at MIP or disposed at landfills. Statistics forwastes disposed at landfills are only available since 2002.

Wastes in Coastal Area

The Port Authority (PA) is responsible for the daily collectionof solid wastes and water hyacinths in coastal areas. Theamount of hyacinths collected in 2002 reached 1,000 tonnes,which is twice the amount of 2001.

In order to solve the water hyacinths problem, the MacaoSpecial Administrative Region (MSAR) government haslaunched a cooperation mechanism with Guangdong.According to the mechanism, Guangdong will inform theMSAR the opening time of the upper stream watergate, sothat Macao can clear up the inflow hyacinths at earliestconvenience in order to achieve a more effective result.

Treatment of Waste Oil

Regarding the treatment of hazardous waste, it is worthwhilementioning the project on the treatment of waste oil by therelevant department.

In order to seek better solutions for the treatment of vehiclewaste oil, the Office for Infrastructures and Development(OID) has conducted a study on this matter and the followingconclusions were made: small amendments have to be madeto the facilities of the Macao Wastewater Treatment Plant sothat waste oil can be transferred to the incinerator and beingincinerated together with the sludge generated there. Thisproject has started since February of 2003.

The advantages of the abovementioned method includereducing fuel cost for sludge incineration, providing betterhumidity conditions for the incineration process and preventingillegal disposal of these wastes directly to waters or drainagesystem. Consequently, pollution to the water environmentcould be minimized while effects from waste oil to theoperation of the wastewater treatment plants would bereduced.

Based on the technical specifications and the features of theincinerator of the Macao Wastewater Treatment Plant, themaximum capacity of waste oil treatment is 5 m3 per day.At present, 8 to 15 m3 of waste oil is being incinerated permonth.

The Waste Service Company is responsible of the waste oilcollection. However, waste oil generating garages shouldkeep these wastes in individual containers and not mix themwith other wastes such as wastewater, solvents or solid wastes.

Furthermore, two containers with a capacity of 14 m3 eachare installed at the Macao Wastewater Treatment Plant tostore daily collected waste oil.

Medical Wastes

Although there are not yet legislative regulations to controlthe collection and treatment of medical wastes, a series ofoperational procedures are in place in order to normalizethe process of production, collection, transport and treatmentof medical wastes.

Figure 4.5Evolution of the amount of wastes collected from the sea(Source: PA, 2003)

RESPONSE INDICATOR4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Was

tes g

ener

atio

n (t)

Figure 4.4Solid wastes generated by Hovione Macao Ltd.(Source: Hovione Macao Ltd., 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR120

100

80

60

40

20

01995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Wastes disposed at landfills Wastes incinerated at MIP

Waste44


Medical wastes generated by hospitals, clinics and medicalcenters should be sealed in special plastic bags or containersand then kept in special metal containers. These metalcontainers are collected regularly by WSC and then sent tothe special unloading area for medical wastes in the MacaoIncineration Plant, where they are disposed directly into theincinerating chamber. After the disposal of all the medicalwastes, the metal containers are cleansed, disinfected anddried for next use. The entire handling process is automaticand the possibility of human contacts is very low.

It is necessary to point out that when medical wastes areincinerated, the temperature of the incinerator should reach850 ºC or above and the amount being incinerated in eachincinerator will not exceed one tenth of their treatmentcapacity.

In 2002, 263 tonnes of pathogenic wastes are recorded beingcollected from the two hospitals in Macao and the volumehas decreased considerably compared with the past years.

An analysis on the composition of solid wastes treated at theincineration plant was carried out in 2003. It shows that aconsiderable amount of wastes, including paper and cardboard,plastic, metal and glass etc., could be recycled, recoveredor reutilized.

Note: "Others" refers to substances with a diameter of less than 2 cm and thosethat can hardly be classified

Figure 4.7Physical composition of urban solid wastes(Source: OID, 2003)

Plastic17%

Organics14%

Others39%

Glass and stones4%

Metals1%

Wood7%

Paper and cardboard13%

Textiles5%

2003STATE INDICATOR

Urb

an so

lid w

aste

s (t)

Path

ogen

ic w

aste

s (t)

Figure 4.6Evolution of the generation of urban solid wastes and pathogenic wastes(Fonte: OID, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

300,000

250.000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

01994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021993

Urban solid wastes Pathogenic wastes

4.2 Waste Composition

Waste


44

Macao's construction industry benefits a lot from thegovernment's infrastructure investments, liberalization of thegaming industry and the improvement of Macao's economyin 2002.

These favorable elements of the development of theconstruction industry enable Macao to envisage the problemof construction wastes handling. In fact, the area of Macaois so small that the practice of landfill has always been oneof the problems that Macao needs to tackle since the verybeginning.

For the sake of environmental protection, a long-term solutionshould be concluded. In order to achieve sustainabledevelopment of Macao, important measures such as wastereduction, recycling and reutilization of certain wastes shouldbe adopted.

The landfill at Seac Pai Van, Coloane was closed in 2001and after that, three temporary landfills for construction wasteshave come into operation. The first one was located besideRua do Pai Kok and it was in operation from October 2002to February 2003; the second one was located beside EstradaNossa Senhora, Ká Hó and it was in operation from Februaryto June 2003; and the third one is located at Avenida WaiLong, Taipa and it has been in operation since June 2003.

4.4 Sanitary Landfill

By-products generated during the incineration process ofurban solid wastes include gases, fly ashes, incinerationresidues and heat. Among these by-products, heat is recoveredand transformed to be electricity.

The Office for Infrastructures and Development (OID) hascarried out a comprehensive testing for gaseous emissionfrom the Macao Incineration Plant in 2002. Results showthat the monitoring parameters are all within the plannedand designed regulating values.

Since the presence of oxygen is favorable to dioxinsreformation at the temperature from 200 to 400 ºC, it ismanaged to reduce the oxygen proportion from 8-10% to6-8 % with the present facilities and available technologyof the incineration plant, in order to suppress the reformationof dioxins.

In addition, since the capacity of the incinerator is estimatedto be saturated earlier than expected, in 2003, the MSARgovernment appointed a consultant company to carry out astudy on future waste generation and feasible waste treatmentsolutions. If incineration were retained as one of the treatmentmethods, improvement on gas emissions would be furtherconsidered in the feasibility study of the extended constructionof the incinerator.

Regarding the evolution of the amount of incineration residuesand fly ashes (by-products of waste incineration and exhaustgases treatment) produced by MIP, there have not been anysignificant changes since 1995 although the amount of flyashes seems to be increasing.

Since 1998, the amount of ferrous wastes collected by theMIP has been decreasing. As for items that are not suitablefor incineration and wastes with a lower calorific value (wastesnot yet been treated), such as construction materials, air-conditioners, and refrigerators etc., they are disposed atlandfills. The amount of these wastes increased significantlyin 2002 and this could be the result of the numerousconstruction projects that are going on in Macao in thisparticular year.

4.3 By-products of Incineration

Qua

ntity

(t)

Figure 4.8Incineration residues and fly ashes generated by the MIP, recovered ferrousmetals and non-incinerated wastes(Source: OID, 2003)

Inci

nera

tion

resid

ues (

t)

Fly

ashe

s (t)

5,000

25,000

35,000

45,000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

15,000

19930

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

1,000

3,000

5,000

7,000

0

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

10,000

PRESSURE INDICATOR

100

500

700

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

300

19960

400

600

800

200

Incineration residues (t) Fly ashes (t)

Ferrous metals Non-incinerated wastes

2001 2002


WasteCo

nstru

ctio

n w

aste

s and

tota

l am

ount

of w

aste

s (m

)3

Fly

ashe

s and

inci

nera

tion

resid

ues (

m )3

The Macao Jockey Club is responsible for handling its owndead animal bodies while the Civic and Municipal AffairsBureau (CMAB) is no longer responsible for this task.

The total amount of used tyres disposed at landfill in 2002goes up significantly compared with the figure of 2001. Atotal number of 115,302 pieces of tyres are disposed in 2002and it is eight times higher than that of 2001. In 2003, CMABhas purchased new facilities for cutting up disposed tyres inorder to reduce the occupied landfill spaces and to preventthe occurrence of environmental hygienic problems due towater accumulation within the tyres.

CMAB has carried out an analysis on the toxicity of fly ashesin 2002 and the result has not exceeded the standard.Moreover, fly ashes are now disposed at a new landfill at thenorth Coloane instead of the Seac Pai Van landfill site in thesame year. After August of 2002, the OID is responsible forfly ash management.

The above information shows that in terms of environmentalmanagement, strategic actions with middle to long-term effectsshould be applied.

Figure 4.10Amount of used tyres disposed at landfills(Source: CMAB, 2003)

As stated in last report, the Basel Convention on the Controlof Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and theirDisposal is applicable to the Macao Special AdministrativeRegion (MSAR). This convention was signed in Basel on 22March 1989 and was amended later according to the decisionsmade in the conference of the Member States III/1 dated 22September 1995 ("Basel Prohibition").

Executive Order no. 32/2002 of 5 June 2002 (see OfficialBulletin no. 23, Series II) stated the application of the People'sRepublic of China notification regarding the enforcement ofthe Convention in the MSAR. In accordance with paragraph1 of Article 5 of the Convention, the Environment Councilof the Macao Special Administrative Region is assigned asthe competent authority.

A strategic plan for waste management (including hazardouswastes) is urgent for the MSAR in order to facilitate theapplication of the Basel Convention. At present, a preliminarystudy on the hazardous waste listed in the appendix of theBasel Convention is being carried out.

4.5 The Basel Convention on the TransboundaryMovement of Hazardous Waste and theirDisposal

In order to achieve the long-term goal of waste management,the key factor is to have accurate information regarding thequantity, quality and sources of household and hazardouswastes. According to the strategic plans mentioned in previousreports, gradual progress is now being achieved in Macao.For instance, the government is working on a feasibility studyon the treatment of future solid wastes and an investigationproject regarding hazardous wastes is also launched.

4.6 Waste Management Strategy

Figure. 4.9Amount of wastes disposed at landfills(Source: CMAB, 2003)

PRESSURE INDICATOR

PRESSURE INDICATOR

44Am

ount

of u

sed

tyre

s disp

osed

at la

ndfil

ls (n

º)

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0

5,000

25,000

15,000

0

20,000

30,000

10,000

35,000

40,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

2,000

10,000

14,000

6,000

0

8,000

12,000

16,000

4,000

18,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Construction wastes Fly ashesIncineration residues Total amount

Waste44

- budget estimation for waste reutilization and wastemanagement;

- measures that encourage proper waste collection, classification and treatment.

Waste Management Strategy

Owing to the small geographic area and the highpopulation density of Macao, especially in the MacaoPeninsula, there are important environmental problemssuch as handling the increasing wastes and theimprovement of waste management that should drawthe attention of policy makers of the MSAR. Theseshould be the priority subjects that need to be handledin Macao since the volume of wastes generated hasbeen increasing, and the capacity of the waste treatmentfacilities (such as landfills) almost reaches its limit andthe constraints of space to construct new facilities tohandle wastes.

Several other factors such as the liberalization of thegaming industry, the expected population and economicgrowth, and the mobility of goods and people withinregion will bring pressure on the existing resources,especially on the waste management system, whichshould be a growing concern for the environmentaldepartments of Macao.

The problems related to wastes will surely become thefocus of sustainable development of Macao.

To establish a Waste Management Strategic Plan(WMSP) and to have it approved is therefore urgent.This strategic plan should be based upon thetechnologies of high efficiency and less pollution inorder to promote the reutilizing and recycling of wastes. It should also include the management of domestic,industrial and hospital wastes as well as the licensingprocedure for industrial plants and other enterprisesthat will possibly cause impacts to the environment.WMSP should include the following:- types, quantity and sources of wastes that could be

either reutilized or should be minimized in quantity;- general technical criteria;- regulations for special wastes treatment;- appropriate location or installations for waste

treatment;

A change in perspective will be based not only on theapproval of the referred strategic plan but also a changeon consumers' behavior and attitudes which havedirect or indirect consequences on the production andwholesale of products as well as the generation ofwastes.

In addition, the establishment of a Framework forWaste Regulation is also necessary. It should indicatethe relevant authority to define and implement wastemanagement regulations.

Among the previously recommended measures, it isstill necessary to put emphasis on the followings:

- to carry out a detailed assessment on landfilloperation;

- to study the feasibility of inert treatment of fly ashesgenerated by incineration;

- to assess the feasibility of incinerating hospital wastesat a temperature above 1,100 ºC, as recommendedby some international organizations;

- to include assessment on waste generation and theirtreatment in the industrial licensing process;

- to encourage the development of "green enterprises"by promoting recycling and applying anti-pollutiontechnologies in Macao;

- to look for possible regional cooperation opportunitiesfor waste treatment, recycling and reutilizing.



NaturalConservation

NaturalConservation

1.000.000

5.000.000

3.000.000

0

4.000.000

6.000.000

2.000.000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021994

Cotai MacaoTaipa and Coloane

Natural Conservat ion


55

Macao possesses a small geographical area of approximately26 km2. As the population density is high and with so manyon-going large-scale projects, it is extremely important tohave green areas.

The MSAR Government has been establishing and launchinga series of natural conversation projects. One of the mostsignificant projects should be the newly constructed EcologicalZone in Cotai. The construction of the first phase of theproject was basically completed in 2002, while theconstruction of the facilities of the second phase will becarried out in 2003. This zone includes a 15-hectare birdresting zone and a 40-hectare bird preying zone.

5.1 Green Areas In 2002, there are a total number of 5,775 trees in the MacaoPeninsula, including the plantation of 141 trees and thereplacement of 65 old ones. Acacia confusa and Acaciaauriculaeformis are the main species in the reforestation areain Taipa and Coloane.

Figure 5.1Green areas of Macao(Source: CCB, 2002)

Figure 5.2Evolution of green areas of Macao(Source: SCS, 2003)

Similar to the situation in 2001, Coloane still possesses thelargest green areas. However, the ratio of green areas to thetotal areas of MSAR is still reducing. This is due to the factthat the total area of Macao is increasing faster than that ofthe green areas.

Gre

en a

reas

(m2 )

STATE/RESPONSE INDICATOR

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021994

10

50

30

0

40

20

0

60

90

30

120

150

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021996

Total area Population Green areas


Mean value of the areaCotaiTaipa and ColoaneMacao

STATE INDICATOR

0

8

12

4

16

20

6

10

2

14

18

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021996

Natural Conservat ion


55Improper human activity is the main cause for the occurrenceof most fires in green areas and the consequent damagesmade. However, the number of such fires in 2002 is less thanthat of the past few years.

5.2 Fires in Green Areas

In recent years, Macao, the Pearl River Delta as well as theSoutheast Asia region have been affected by Mikaniamicrantha, commonly known as "plant killer". The dangersthat it can cause have already been publicized and the Civicand Municipal Affairs Bureau (CMAB) has been clearing upMikania micrantha continuously.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is applicable to the MacaoSAR and the Economic Services Bureau (ESB) is themanagement authority of the Convention. Together with theMacao Customs Service (MCS), these two departments areresponsible for the inspection and the monitoring of tradeactivities in accordance with the convention.

A total of 34 cases have been processed by the administrativeand management department of CITES in Macao in 2002.

MCS is responsible for the confiscation of illegal trade items.These confiscated items include Arethusa, Aloe, Cactus, ivoryproducts and parts of tigers, etc.

5.3 Implementation of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Figure 5.3Percentage of green areas of Macao(Source: SCS, 2003)

Figure 5.6Number of fires in green areas(Source: FB, SCS, 2003)

Figure 5.5Green areas per capita(Source: SCS, 2003)

Figure 5.4Evolution of total area, population and green areas of Macao(Source: CSC, 2003)

Gre

en a

reas

(Per

cent

age

of g

reen

are

as o

f Mac

ao)

Inde

x (1

996=

100)

Gre

en a

reas

per

cap

ita (m

2 /hab

)

No.

of f

ires i

n gr

een

area

s (nº

)

5%

25%

15%

0%

20%

30%

10%

35%

40%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20021996


No.

of c

ases

1995 1996 2001 20021994

5

15

0

10


Natural Conservat ion55

Figure 5.7Number of illegal cases processed by MCS for implementation of CITES(Source: MCS, 2003)

Parts of the mangrove located outside the ecological zonewere facing the threat of urbanization and therefore in 2002,some mangroves have been transplanted into the ecologicalzone for preservation.

5.4 Ecological Zone

The geographical location and the water environment ofMacao provide a favorable habitat for the growth of mangroves.At present, four major types of mangroves can be found inMacao and they are preserved in the ecological zone. Theirbasic features are described in the following table:

5.5 Mangroves in Macao

The ecological environment of Macao attracts various migratorybirds to stay for winter. They include the precious and rarePlatalea minor. Therefore, despite of land shortages, theMSAR government has been endeavoring to create the firstecological zone since 2001.

The ecological zone of Macao has an area of 55 hectares,located near the Lotus Bridge in Cotai. The first phaseconstruction of the ecological zone was basically completedin 2002.

Various species of birds can be observed resting in the zone,for instance, Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Ardeola bacchus,Bubulcus ibis, Egretta alba modesta, Egretta gazetta, Plataleaminor, Anas acuta Linnaeus, Anas crecca Linnaeus, Milvusmigrans, Haliaetus leucogaster, Charadrius dubius Linnaeus,and so on.

Kandelia candel (L.)Druce

Name Features

Aegiceras corniculatum(L.) Blanco

This is one of the major types ofmangroves found in Macao. They growin the higher level of the intertidal areaswith limited distribution. Blossom whiteflowers in June or July. They help toprotect the coast from tidal waves andwinds.

A major type of mangrove in Macao.They grow in mid to lower regions of theintertidal areas. Blossom white flowersin December. They serve as the protectorof the coast.

Acanthus ilicifoliusLinn.

These plants grow in the upper part ofthe intertidal areas. They are not so tall.Flowers are purple. Their fast growingfeature makes them different from othertypes of mangroves in number.

Avicennia marina(Forsk.) Vierh

Common name: Greymangrove

This is also a major type of mangrovesin Macao. They grow in mid to lowerregions of the intertidal areas and theyblossom yellow flowers in April or May.They protect the coast from waves andwinds. This is a very special species astheir roots grow horizontally and thereare pneumatophores (respiratory roots)growing to the surface.

PRESSURE INDICATOR


AcousticEnvironment

AcousticEnvironment

Acoust ic Environment

Automatic Stations

Compared with the statistics obtained in 2001, the Leqrecorded at the Horta e Costa station and the Braga Streetstation in 2002 are about the same. The difference betweentheir monthly average Leq is less than 1dB(A).

dB(A

)


dB(A

)



66Macao Environmental Noise Monitoring Project

Since 2001, the Environment Council has been carrying outthe Macao Environmental Noise Monitoring Project, in orderto identify the features of different types of environmentalnoise in Macao, so as to seek effective methods to reducethe impact of noise and to provide effective statistics forfurther improvement of the noise regulations. This projectcomprises two major parts. The first part is to conductautomatically 24-hour continuous noise monitoring at a seriesof permanent stations, including Horta e Costa Avenue (forroad traffic noise), Braga Street (for ambient noise) andVenceslau de Morais Avenue (for industrial and residentialnoise). The second part is to carry out short term butcomprehensive 24-hour continuous noise monitoring by amobile station at various locations in Macao.

6.1 Noise Monitoring and Ambient Noise

Figure 6.1Comparison of daily Leq (monthly average) between Horta e Costa station andBraga Street station(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

58

56

Figure 6.2Hourly Leq (monthly average) at Horta e Costa station in 2002(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

79

78

77

76

75

74

73

72

71

70

Figure 6.3Hourly Leq (monthly average) at Braga Street station in 2002(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR68

67

66

65

64

63

62

61

2001, Horta e Costa station 2002, Horta e Costa station2001, Braga Street station 2002, Braga Street station

24 hours Daytime (8h-20h)Night-time (20h-8h) Evening (20h-24h)Midnight (24h-8h)

24 hours Daytime (8h-20h)Night-time (20h-8h) Evening (20h-24h)Midnight (24h-8h)

dB(A

)




Comparing with statistics of 2001 and 2002 in Figure 6.5, itcould be clearly noted that the Leq values at the Braga Streetstation drop from 24:00 to 06:00, yet rise at the rest of thetimes.

Mobile Station

In 2002, the Environment Council has basically completedthe measurement at 120 locations in Macao Peninsula withthe mobile station. The monitoring method is to divide MacaoPeninsula into grids of 250m x 250m and the mobile stationis placed at each grid for 24-hour continuous noise monitoringover several days.

The Macao Peninsula monitoring results show that the averageLeq(24hr) value of the 120 monitoring locations is 66.3dB(A),L10(24hr) is 68.3dB(A), L50(24hr) is 61.1dB(A), L90(24hr) is51.8dB(A), and L95(24hr) is 50.0dB(A).

It should be noted that since the average L95 value (whichrepresents the background noise) is 50dB(A), there is adifference of 16.3dB(A) compared with the Leq of 66.3dB(A).This reveals the sound pressure level of 5% of the time playsa significant role in relation to the overall ambient noise level.

Figure 6.4Hourly Leq (annual average) at Horta e Costa station(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

0:00

-1:0

0

1:00

-2:0

0

2:00

-3:0

0

3:00

-4:0

0

4:00

-5:0

0

5:00

-6:0

0

6:00

-7:0

0

7:00

-8:0

0

8:00

-9:0

0

9:00

-10:

00

10:0

0-11

:00

11:0

0-12

:00

12:0

0-13

:00

13:0

0-14

:00

14:0

0-15

:00

15:0

0-16

:00

16:0

0-17

:00

17:0

0-18

:00

18:0

0-19

:00

19:0

0-20

:00

20:0

0-21

:00

21:0

0-22

:00

22:0

0-23

:00

23:0

0-24

:00

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

66

2001 2002

dB(A

)

Time periods

Figure 6.5Hourly Leq (annual average) at Braga Street station(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

0:00

-1:0

0

1:00

-2:0

0

2:00

-3:0

0

3:00

-4:0

0

4:00

-5:0

0

5:00

-6:0

0

6:00

-7:0

0

7:00

-8:0

0

8:00

-9:0

0

9:00

-10:

00

10:0

0-11

:00

11:0

0-12

:00

12:0

0-13

:00

13:0

0-14

:00

14:0

0-15

:00

15:0

0-16

:00

16:0

0-17

:00

17:0

0-18

:00

18:0

0-19

:00

19:0

0-20

:00

20:0

0-21

:00

21:0

0-22

:00

22:0

0-23

:00

23:0

0-24

:00

68

66

64

62

60

58

56

54

2001 2002

dB(A

)

Time periods

Figure 6.6Ambient noise monitoring results of Macao Peninsula(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

00-0

1

01-0

2

02-0

3

03-0

4

04-0

5

05-0

6

06-0

7

07-0

8

08-0

9

09-1

0

10-1

1

11-1

2

12-1

3

13-1

4

14-1

5

15-1

6

16-1

7

17-1

8

18-1

9

19-2

0

20-2

1

21-2

2

22-2

3

23-2

4

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

dB(A

)

Time periods

Average Leq Average L95



66

Figure 6.7Noise measurement location of Macao Peninsula(Source: EC, 2003)

KilometersMacao Peninsula

Horta e Costa Avenue

Braga Street

Venceslau de Morais Avenue

Location of MobileMonitoring Station

Traffic

Ambient

Traffic / Industrial

Location of AutomaticMonitoring Stations Characteristics



* * * * * * * * * * * *

L e q , T * * * * * * * * * * * * * ( T ) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

L 1 0 * * * * * 1 0 % * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

L 9 5 * * * * * 9 5 % * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

66

The measurement results also show that at certain monitoringzones, no matter in daytime or nighttime, the differencebetween the L10 and the L90 is large. This suggests that thefluctuation of transient noise is great and is frequently causedby road traffic.

Moreover, the statistics obtained from both the permanentor the mobile stations indicate that the ambient noise patternof Macao Peninsula - the Leq is relatively lower from 2h to6h; while it gets higher and higher rapidly from 7h andremains steady after 9h until approximately 19h. Then thelevel tends to decrease gradually (Figure 6.6).

Another special feature of ambient noise of Macao Peninsulais that the difference between the Leq at daytime and at

FREQUENTLY USED AMBIENT NOISE PARAMETERS AND THEIR INDICATIONS

Noise measurement Definitions IndicationsparametersLeq,T Leq,T is the sound pressure level of a continuous steady Intensity of noise during the

sound that, within a measurement time interval T, has measurement timethe same mean-square sound pressure as a soundunder consideration whose level varies with time.

L10 Noise exceeding the sound pressure level for 10% of Noise level with relatively higherthe measurement time. intensity during the measurement time

L95 Noise exceeding the sound pressure level for 95% of Background noise during thethe measurement time. measurement time

nighttime is relatively small. The difference (Ld-Ln) recordedat the 120 monitoring points is approximately 4dB(A), whichis far lower than the 10dB(A) difference in comparison tosome international standards. This could be accounted forthe dense population and the living environment of MacaoPeninsula. At nighttime, ambient noise from ever operatingequipments and densely living environment still remain ata certain level although the influence of traffic noise decreases.

For rough estimation, according to the average 24-hour Leq,23.3% of the Macao Peninsula residents live under the Leqof 70dB(A): approximately 43.3% at daytime (8h to 20h) and7.5% at nighttime (20h to 8h) (Figure 6.8).

Note :Type 0 For rehabilitation areas, high-class villas, hotels and areas that specially

require quietness and tranquility. For suburban and rural areas, astandard of less 5dB will be implemented.

Type 1 For residential quarters, cultural and education areas: Reference couldbe made to this type for rural residential quarters.

Type 2 For a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas.

Type 3 For industrial areas.

Type 4 For areas at both sides of main roads of a city, and areas at both sidesof waterways running through a city. Reference should be made to thistype for background noise level (noise level when railways are not inuse) of areas at both sides of main and minor railways across the city.

STANDARD OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE OF URBANAREA OF THE PEROPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(GB 3096-93)

Types Daytime Night-timeLAeq dB LAeq dB

0 50 40

1 55 45

2 60 50

3 65 55

4 70 55

Figure 6.8Estimated percentage of Macao Peninsula residents exposed to various noise levels at different time(Source: EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

Time: Night-time (20h to 08h)

<75, >=70dB(A)23.3%

<50, >=45dB(A)0.8%

<55, >=50dB(A)1.7%

<60, >=55dB(A)7.5%

<65, >=60dB(A)23.3%

<70, >=65dB(A)43.3%

Time: Average value of 24 hours Time: Daytime (08h to 20h)

<75, >=70dB(A)40%

>=75 dB(A)3.3%

<55, >=50dB(A)0.8%

<60, >=55dB(A)7.5%

<65, >=60dB(A)20.8%

<70, >=65dB(A)27.5%

<75, >=70dB(A)7.5%

<50, >=45dB(A)1.7%

<60, >=55dB(A)20.0%

<65, >=60dB(A)25.8%

<70, >=65dB(A)42.5%

<55, >=50dB(A)2.5%

<70, >=65dB(A)31.7%

<75, >=70 dB(A)3.3%

<50, >=45dB(A)0.8%

<55, >=50dB(A)7.5%

<60, >=55dB(A)24.2%

<65, >=60dB(A)31.7%

<45, >=40dB(A)0.8%

Time: Midnight (24h to 08h) Time: Evening (20h to 24h)

<75, >=70dB(A)18.3%

<50, >=45dB(A)0.8%

<60, >=55dB(A)12.5%

<65, >=60dB(A)25.8% <70, >=65

dB(A)39.2%

<55, >=50dB(A)3.3%

Noise Measurement at Daytime

The Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau (CMAB) continued tocarry out short term daytime noise measurement at 29 pointsin 2002. According to the information provided, 17 pointsare recorded with an average Leq greater than 70dB(A) for2002. The number goes down slightly by 2 compared with2001. It is only at the Bombeiros Square at Taipa that therecorded average Leq exceeds 75dB(A), reaching 77.2dB(A).The difference between the Leq and the L95 (backgroundnoise) level is relatively large (3.9dB(A) - 16.7dB(A)) at allmeasurement points.


Figure 6.9Leq and L95 value at each monitoring point in 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

66

10 14 22 4 6 29 13 26 3 8 18 2 20 15 16 21 23 12 25 9 19 17 7 27 24 1 11 5 28

dB(A

)

Monitoring points


L95 Leq


Acoust ic Environment66Noise Monitoring Points (Source: CMAB, 2003)

MACAO

TAIPA25

28

27

22

26

2123

24

29

81218

6

16

5

4

11

319

15

2

13

1

7

9

14

17

1020

COLOANE

Monitoring Points Location Characteristics

Taipa and Coloane21 Dr. Carlos A. C. Paes heavy traffic

D' Assumpção Roundabout, Taipa22 Dr. Sun Yat Sen Roundabout, Taipa heavy traffic23 Ocean Gardens Avenue, Taipa school24 Bragança Street, Taipa school25 Stadium Roundabout, Taipa heavy traffic/residential26 Seng Tou Street, Taipa school27 Ouvidor Arriaga Roundabout, Taipa heavy traffic28 Bombeiros Square, Taipa heavy traffic29 Presidente António Ramalho Eanes heavy traffic

Square, Coloane

Monitoring Points Location Characteristics

M1 Venceslau de Morais Avenue heavy traffic/industrial2 Iao Hon Market Garden leisure/residential/commercial3 General Castelo Branco Avenue commercial/industrial/residential4 Camões Garden Square leisure/residential/commercial5 Ponte e Horta Square residential/commercial/heavy traffic6 Senado Plaza leisure/commercial7 Campo Street heavy traffic/residential/commercial8 Almirante Costa Cabral Avenue heavy traffic/residential/commercial9 1st October Square residential/commercial10 Penha Garden residential/leisure11 Horta e Costa Avenue heavy traffic/commercial/residential12 Adolfo Loureiro Road residential/commercial13 1st May Avenue heavy traffic/residential14 Dr.Carlos D.Assumpção Square residential/commercial15 Lei Pou Chôn Street residential/heavy traffic/commercial16 Praia Grande Avenue heavy traffic/leisure17 Amizade Avenue heavy traffic/commercial18 Igreja de S.Lázaro Street commercial/residential19 Conselheiro Borja Avenue traffic/school20 Barra Street residential/leisure

Monitoring Points

Compared with 2001, an increase in the average Leq of over2dB(A) is recorded at 3 monitoring points in 2002, namelyIao Hon Market Garden, Ponte e Horta Square and PraiaGrande Avenue; while a decrease in the average Leq of over3dB(A) is recorded at another 6 monitoring points: AlmiranteCosta Cabral Avenue, Penha Garden, Dr. Carlos D'AssumpoSquare, Lei Pou Chôn Street, Dr. Sun Yat Sen Roundaboutat Taipa and Ocean Gardens Avenue at Taipa.



Figure 6.10Annual changes of Leq values at monitoring points of Macao Peninsula(Source: CMAB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Figure 6.11Annual changes of L95 at monitoring points of Macao Peninsula(Source: CMAB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

STATE INDICATOR

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

There are regular helicopter fleets serving between Macao,Hong Kong and Shenzhen daily. In an attempt to investigatethe noise levels of helicopter operations, in 2002, the CivilAviation Authority carried out a noise assessment for helicopteroperation in Macao through a consultant agency.

The assessment was conducted in November 2002. A 3-daynoise measurement was carried out at three locations nearthe heliport during service hours. The levels of Annoyancefrom Aircraft Noise published by the UK Civil AviationAuthority in 1992 was adopted in the assessment. Accordingto the research by the UK Civil Aviation Authority in 1992,the Sound Exposure Level (SEL) below 90dB(A) produced byaircraft pass-by events is unlikely to produce sleep disturbance.If SEL is between 90dB(A) and 100dB(A), the chance of theaverage person being awake is 1 in 75. Since the SEL valuesrecorded for both arrivals and departures of helicopters arelower than 90dB(A) in this study, it could be concluded thatthere was a relatively lower probability for helicopter arrivalsand departures to cause sleep disturbance at these threeselected measuring locations during the measurement period.

6.2 Noise Assessment of Helicopter Operationin Macao

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Figure 6.12Annual changes of Leq at monitoring points of Taipa and Coloane(Source: CMAB, 2003)

66

Leq (1999) Leq (2000) Leq (2001) Leq (2002)

L95 (1999) L95 (2000) L95 (2001) L95 (2002)

Leq (1999) Leq (2000) Leq (2001) Leq (2002)

dB(A

)

dB(A

)dB

(A)

Monitoring Points

Monitoring Points

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Figure 6.13Annual changes of L95 at monitoring points of Taipa and Coloane(Source: CMAB, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

L95 (1999) L95 (2000) L95 (2001) L95 (2002)

dB(A

)

Monitoring Points



increase in the number of complaints for "Interior decorativeworks" and "Construction and engineering works" (Figure6.16).

In general, the number of noise complaints for "Music andkaraoke" has dropped dramatically. It shows that to a certainextent, the control of licensing and the legislation implementingmeasures of the amusements are effective. However, it shouldalso be noted that as the recovering of construction and thereal estate industries, the number of noise complaints for"Interior decorative works" and "Construction and engineeringworks" is increasing and therefore, appropriate controlmeasures should be adopted. As for complaints regarding"Conservation" and "Mahjong", which are typical featuresof densely populated areas, promotions and civil educationfor public awareness to reduce noise should be enforced.

** **

It should be noted that there is a sharp decrease in the numberof complaints about "Music and karaoke" in 2002; however,the number of complaints reported at nighttime for"Conversation and shouting", "Mahjong", "Machines", "Interiordecorative works", "Construction and engineering works"increases significantly when compared with the figures of2001 (Figure 6.15). At daytime, there is also an obvious

* "Music and karaoke" includes karaoke music, residential music, commercial music and outdoor music

Figure 6.15Classification of noise complaints at nighttime (20h-8h) reported to PD in 2001and 2002(Source: "Lotus" Magazine on the Environment, EC, 2003)

The noise annoyance to public generally depends on one'ssensitivity to different noise types. Therefore, it is helpful tocollect and analyze the noise complaints to variousdepartments in order to recognize the concerned noiseannoyances or sources of the residents so that appropriatenoise abatement measures may also be adopted to improvequality of life.

In 2002, the Police Department (PD), the Environment Counciland the Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau received 2,155,31 and 78 noise complaints (a total number of 2,264)respectively.

PD has received 2,155 noise complaints in 2002 and is stillthe most popular channel for noise complaints. A decreaseof 728 complaints (about 25%) was recorded in comparisonwith the 2,883 complaints in 2001. The categories such as"Music and karaoke" (including "Residential music", "Outdoormusic", "Commercial music" and "Karaoke") have significantlydecreased by about 68%. This is probably due to a drop innumber of repeated complaints to the same karaoke bar orpub.

82% of the complaints at nighttime are reported from 20hto 8h, which constitute the major portion; showing a decreaseof 30% when compared with the figures of 2001. The majornoise complaints include: "Conversation and shouting","Residential music", "Mahjong", "Interior decorative works","Commercial music", and "Karaoke". At daytime, mostnoise complaints are due to "Interior decorative works","Construction and engineering works", "Residential music",and "Mahjong", which constitute 18% of the total numberof complaints, representing an increase of 11% comparedto the figures of 2001.

6.3 Noise Complaints

66N

umbe

r of C

ompl

aint

s

Daytime Nighttime

STATE INDICATOR3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Figure 6.14Noise complaints received by the Police Department(Source: "Lotus" Magazine on the Environment, EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR1,600

800700600500400300200100

0

546

305224

10983 3525 28 2631 47 1830 17

51813 530 3 2 2 5

59111

No. of cases in 2001 No. of cases in 2002

427

1,603

*Mus

ic a

nd K

arao

ke

Con

vers

iatio

nan

d sh

outin

g

Mah

jong

Inte

rior

dec

orat

ive

wor

ks

Vehi

cles

Ani

mal

s

Con

stru

ctio

n an

den

gine

erin

g w

orks

Tele

visi

on

Mac

hine

s

Ala

rm

Play

ing

Hem

mer

ing

Gam

blin

g

Wor

k

Fire

crac

kers

Oth

ers

471



* "Music and Karaoke" includes karaoke music, residential music, commercial music and outdoor music

Figure 6.16Comparison of different daytime (8h-20h) noise complaints reported to PD in2001 and 2002(Source: "Lotus" Magazine on the Environment, EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR250

200

150

100

50

0

217

185

5471

5124 20 10 148 5 2 3 11 6 2

17 24

The Environment Council received 31 noise complaints in2002. There are 10 for "Air-conditioning and ventilation",7 are for "Industrial works", 3 for "Karaoke", 3 for "Constructionworks", 2 for "Mahjong", and the remaining 6 for "Restaurants","Alarms", "Neighbors" and so on.

Noise is a physical pollution. Unlike biological or chemicalpollutions, in which the polluted environment will only berecovered after a period of time or the removal of the source,the impact of noise to the environment will be eliminatedonce the noise disappears. Therefore, it is necessary to analyzethe nature of the different noise sources in order to have aneffective control.

From most of the complaints, it is noted that "Music andkaraoke", "Mahjong", "Conversation and shouting" and soon are the major causes of noise complaints. In order toreduce noise pollution, long-term promotions of civil andenvironmental education should be carried out for publicawareness toward the noise problems, to encourage peopleand neighbors to adopt an understanding attitude and topursue a harmonic living environment.

Noise pollution could be solved effectively by the adoptionof laws and regulations, issuing license policies and rigorousimplementation of legislation. For noise caused by commercialand industrial activities, especially, it has been proved thatcontrol measures such as license issuing and implementationof legislation are effective. Through the revision of legislationfor environmental noise, it is believed that the problems couldbe better controlled. Moreover, as the construction industryand the real estate industry prosper, the number of noisecomplaints for "Interior decorative works" and "Constructionand engineering works" will be increasing. In the long run,gradual elimination of mechanical equipment that producesloud noise should be considered.

Macao is a small and densely populated city with heavy trafficand high-rise buildings where noise, such as traffic noise,cannot be eliminated easily. This phenomenon could berevealed from the long-term environmental noise monitoring.Aside from installing noise barriers and resurfacing streetsand roads with noise absorbing materials, perfecting measuresfor management and provisions of traffic and vehicles couldalso help to abate the overall noise pollution.

6.4 Noise Abatement Measures

66

No. of cases in 2001 No. of cases in 2002

Inte

rior

dec

orat

ive

wor

ks

Con

stru

ctio

n an

den

gine

erin

g w

orks

Mus

ic a

ndK

arao

ke

Con

vers

atio

nan

d sh

outin

g

Mah

jong

Ham

mer

ing

Dog

bar

ks

Mac

hine

s

Play

ing

Ala

rm

Oth

ers

Figure 6.18Categories of noise complaints received by PD in 2002(Source: "Lotus" Magazine on the Environment, EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

Conversationand shouting

28%

Machines andhammering

3%

Interior decorative works15%

Residentialmusic and TV

17%

Others7%

Outdoor music1%

Vehicles1%

Animals1%

Construction andengineering works

5%

Commercial musicand karaoke

7%

Mahjong15%

Figure 6.17Noise complaints reported to PD per month in 2002(Source: "Lotus" Magazine on the Environment, EC, 2003)

STATE INDICATOR

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

176

95

167

203

137

3612

48 35 23

6076 69

99

19 20 23 25 33 36

209

243

240

71

Nighttime Daytime

Repo

rted

num

ber o

f com

plai

nts



EnvironmentalManagement

EnvironmentalManagement

3,000

2,000

1,000

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

2,116

1,000

450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0

RESPONSE INDICATOR2,310,313

330,767

1,330,084

828,081

827,872

835,334

370,769

816,070

639,208 1,289,189

Physical Planning and Environment General Services of Public AdministrationPublic Safety EducationHousing Social WelfareHealth Other Public and Social ServicesEconomy Services Others(except Planning and Environment)

RESPONSE INDICATOR

Environmental Management


Figure 7.2Evolution of public expenditure by sector since 1990(Source: FSB, 2003)

In 2002, investments spent on planning and environmentamounted to MOP$330,767,000, respresenting 3.5% of thetotal public administration expenditure.

7.1 Investments and Expenses on Environmental Management

The input of hardware and facilities and the perfection ofregulations may not be enough to achieve the goal ofcontinuous improvement on the environment. In addition,environmental education should be carried out to improvepublic awareness on environmental protection. Citizens'comments and suggestions should be listened carefully, inter-regional and international cooperation should be strengthened,environmental management and green enterprises shouldalso be encouraged in order to achieve the goal. Details ofthe above are discussed in this chapter.

% o

f tot

al e

xpen

ditu

re

Expe

nditu

re (t

hous

and

MO

P)

Figure 7.3Public expenditure (in thousand MOP) in "Physical Planning andEnvironment"(Source: FSB, 2003)

Figure 7.1Public expenditure (in thousand MOP) by sector in 2002(Source: FSB, 2003)

Inde

x (1

990=

100)

Physical Planning and Environment IndustryCommunications TourismAdministration, Regulations and Research TransportInfrastructure Total

Physical planning and environment % of annual expenditure on physicalplanning and environment

RESPONSE INDICATOR

In order to raise public awareness for the environment,promotional and educational activities are organized. Thegovernment's ultimate goal is to enhance citizen's concernand sense of responsibility for environmental protection.

Application for the "Champions of the Earth" award fromthe United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

In order to uplift the overall environmental protection levelof Macao and raise the public's concern and involvementin environmental protection, the Macao Special AdministrativeRegion has been endeavoring for the application for the"Global 500 Roll of Honor" award from the UNEP.

"Champions of the Earth", which replaces the "Global 500Roll of Honor", is a new global environment award established



77

7.2 Environment Awareness and Education by the UNEP in 2003. Candidates will be rewarded for theircreativity, vision and leadership, and the potential of theirwork and ideas for replication across the globe. The"Champions of the Earth" award will be granted to winnerswith outstanding achievements and leadership in protectingand improving the environment. Through the application forthe global environmental protection award, the MSARgovernment intends to enhance the general environmentalprotection level as well as to gather support and participationfrom the whole society.

Encouragement for people's involvement in environmentalprotection and educational activities

Environmental statistics of 2002 show that 99,981 participantshave taken part in a total number of 176 activities with 126co-organizing entities.

77Activities

Green Week• "Greening Environment Competition 2002"• Seminar on "Nature and Ecology"• "Environment and Love" campaign• Tree Planting Day: tree planting and plant distribution

campaignEarth Day• "A Bright Future, Eco-Driving" campaign• "Walk for a Clean Environment"• "Green-family-fun Day" campaign• "Let's Come to Know Recycled Paper" campaign• Visit to Ká Hó power plant• "Youth Ambassadors for Environmental Protection"

campaignWalk for "World No Tobacco Day"World Environment Day• "Green Community, Environmentally friendly Life"

campaign launched in Macao, Zhongshan, Hong Kong,Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Dongguan

• "Green Community, Environmentally friendly Life" Games• Cover Design Contest for Report on the State of the

Environment of Macao• World Environment Day On-line Game• Summer course for teachers on environment and education• Environment and Science Summer Camp"Macao, a Clean City" campaign

Table 7.2Major educational activities on environment(Source: EC, CMAB, 2003)


No.

of p

artic

ipan

ts

No.

of a

ctiv

ities

(n.º

)

Figure 7.4Environmental education activities organized by EC and CMAB(Source: Statistics on the Environment, SCS, 2003)

Environmental Management77RESPONSE INDICATOR

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0200220012000199919981997

Table 7.2 shows some of the major environmental activitiesheld in 2002.

Activities Participants

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2002(Book and CD-Rom)Video production of "Macao Evolving to a SustainableDevelopment"(Cantonese, Mandarin, Portuguese and English)Lotus, Magazine on the Environment- Volumes 20 and 21: Sustainable Development and Green Enterprises- Volume 22: Population and EnvironmentEnvironmental Series: Air Quality in MacaoReference materials on international conventions andregional agreement regarding environmental protection -extracts from Official Bulletin

Table 7.1Promotional materials and publications of EC in 2002(Source: EC, 2003)

After the launch of the Environment Council (EC) Chinesewebsite, it is now available the Portuguese and Englishwebsites in 2002. Tha Nature Web of the Civic and MunicipalAffairs Bureau (CMAB) is also publicized. The public cannow access through the Internet for further environmentalinformation. Based on the various environmental monitoringtasks and projects, the Environmental Geographic InformationSystem of Macao is being developed and improved for thebetter environmental data collection and informationmanagement in Macao.

Promotional Materials and Publications of theEnvironment Council in 2002



77

In 2002, the Macao Productivity and Technology TransferCenter (CPTTM) organized 3 seminars and training courseson environmental management system with about 110participants. In addition, EC also introduces environmentallegislations in Macao to local enterprises and departments.

In 2002, the Environment Information Center at Flora Garden,Mong Há and Taipa Grande received 82,352 visitors whilethe Wastewater Treatment Plants and the Macao IncinerationPlant received 1,967 visitors. These facilities not only playan important role in reducing pollutions, but also act asenvironmental education centers for the public.

No.

of p

artic

ipan

ts

No.

of c

ours

es a

nd se

min

ars

Figure 7.6Courses and seminars on environmental management system(Source: CPTTM, 2003)

In order to help teachers carry out environmental educationand promotion works effectively at schools, a "Summer Coursefor Teachers on Environment and Education" is co-organizedby the Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (EYAB) and theEC for the teachers from different secondary schools, primaryschools and kindergartens. Besides, schools are alsoencouraged to promote various environmental educationprojects. It is reflected that certain schools put environmentalprotection as their core for educational programs while othersintegrate environmental protection into the original curriculum.

In 2002, CMAB organized activities for waste classificationand recycling. A total of 53,755 kg of paper, 3,175 kg ofplastic bottles and 9,471 aluminum cans are received forrecycling. Moreover, there is a growth in the number ofparticipating organizations compared to 2001. The numberof participating residential buildings in this activity reaches105.

RESPONSE INDICATOR

10

8

6

4

2

0

300

250

200

150

100

50

020022001200019991998

Courses and seminars No. of participants

RESPONSE INDICATOR

No.

of v

isito

rs

1,8001,6001,4001,2001,000

800600400200

0

Figure 7.5Number and types of visitors to the WWTPs and MIP(Source: GDI, 2003)

1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002

Macao WWTP Taipa WWTP MIP

Associations Professionals Students

Public awareness and responsibilities for the pursue of betterquality of life may be revealed through the suggestions andcomplaints made to relevant departmetns.

In 2002, EC receives 31 noise complaints, 43 air pollutioncomplaints (including cooking fume emissions), and 4environmental hygiene complaints. As for the complaintsreceived by CMAB, 78 complaints are for noise, 83 forcooking fume emissions, 14 for wastewater effluents and 605for waste and related matters. Another 1,586 environmentalhygiene related complaints, such as mice, public washrooms,and dengue fever of vacant construction sites are also reported.It should be noted that the Police Department is still the majorchannel for noise complaints. The number of noise complaintsreceived in 2002 is 2,155, which marks a decrease of 728compared to the 2,883 complaints reported in 2001. Thedecrease is approximately 25%. (See "Noise Environment"for details.)

7.3 Public Involvement

Co-operation and exchange are launched both regionally andinternationally in 2002 in aspect of environmental protection.

The "Joint-liaison Group for the Environmental Co-operation",a group within the "Joint-liaison Group for the Macao SARand Guangdong Province Co-operation", continues to discussextensively on the issues regarding the promotion andeducation of environmental protection, the training ofenvironmental protection professionals, as well as the controlof water pollution caused by water hyacinths etc.

Representatives of the MSAR have joined the ChinaDelegations and attended the World Summit on SustainableDevelopment held at Johannesburg, South Africa in Augustof 2002.

The EC has launched the "Green Community, Environmentallyfriendly Life" campaign in 2002 together with Shenzhen,Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Dongguanto strengthen the environmental protection cooperationbetween Macao and its neighboring regions.

In addition, the "Protocol for the Cooperation between theEnvironment Council of the Macao Special AdministrativeRegion of the People's Republic of China and the Institutefor the Environment of Ministry of City, Territory andEnvironment of the Republic of Portugal" is signed inSeptember 2002, aiming for better resource sharing forenvironmental protection projects, especially in theexchange of publications and environmental informationdatabase, technical assistance for professional reports andresearch projects as well as technical training and so on.


7.4 Regional Co-operation and International Exchange

Noise37%

RESPONSE INDICATOR

Others6%

Environmentalhygiene

5%

Air52%

Dengue fever of vacantconstruction sites

29.5%

Figure 7.8Distribution of environmental related complaints reported to the CMABin 2002(Source: CMAB, 2003)

RESPONSE INDICATOR

Others5.3%

Mice15.2%

Air-conditionerdrippings26.4%

PublicWashrooms

1.0%

Cooking fume2.4%

Noise2.3%

Waste17.5%

Waste water0.4%

Figure 7.7Environmental related complaints reported to the EC in 2002(Source: EC, 2003)

Environmental Management77


In 2002, there are 6 enterprises in Macao awarded theISO14001 environmental management system certification,which is remarkable as it is the highest number of certificationsobtained in one year since the first certification obtained in1999. Altogether there are 9 organizations including industrialproduction, construction, engineering, telecommunicationmaintenance and service, wastewater treatment, garmentproduction, aviation management that are awarded with thecertification. Meanwhile, several enterprises are in the processof application.

"Macao Green Hotels Project"

Macao is a tourism city. If the concept and principle of greenhotels is widely adopted, impacts on the environment willbe minimized and Macao's image as a healthy and green citywill also be established. Therefore, EC initiated the "MacaoGreen Hotels Project" in 2002 and the first phase is to carryout the Macao Hotel Environmental Survey.

37 hotels and guesthouses were surveyed. The survey wasmainly conducted through postal questionnaire andsupplemented with field interviews, aiming at collectinginformation on environmentally friendly measures adoptedby hotels, environmental programs, supports needed inenvironmental management and hotels' interest in participationof environmental events. The response rate of questionnaireswas 78% and 9 of the hotels and guesthouses returningquestionnaires were further visited and interviewed.

7.5 Environmental Management and GreenEnterprises Platform

77cooperate with energy service company to save up energyexpenses for compensating their investment. As for watersaving, not more than 45% of the respondents note that theyinstalled water-saving features on faucets and toiletry facilities.One respondent reported the installation and use of awastewater treatment system. In terms of waste recycling,52% of the respondents express that they recycle paper.Fewer respondents recycle aluminum cans, carbon cartridges,plastic products, plastics/styrofoam, old furniture and so on.However, no respondents claim that they recycle food wasteor used cooking oil. As for air quality, the problem still liesin air emissions associated with the use of older boilersutilizing heavy fuel oil. Noise reduction or absorption facilitiesare installed in some hotels.

48% of the respondents indicate that they do not have anybudget on green purchasing; 27% reveal that they spendapproximately 10% or less of their total purchasing expenseson environmental products. Also, 43% of the respondentsstate that they do not invest on any environmental projectsin 2002 while 40% of them claim that environmentalinvestments take up about 10% or less of their total expenses.

According to the survey result, no hotel has yet implementedthe environment management system according to theISO14001 international standards. But there are 3% to 28%of the responders indicate that certain major environmentmanagement elements such as allocating environmentalresponsibility, carrying out environmental protection plans,evaluating environmental protection performance and so onare already implemented. In various aspects of environmentalprotection, hotels in Macao mostly adopted energyconservation measures that could reduce cost. The reportedaccumulated savings from adoption of energy conservationmeasures ranged from MOP$13 to 9,195 per guest room.One phenomenon noted was the tendency of hotels to

Over 80% of the respondents reveal that guidebooks, trainingcourses, lists of suppliers and contractors, consultancy services,demonstration hotels, subsidies and special tax offers are thekey elements to support environmental projects in hotels.Meanwhile, 76% of the respondents express their interestsin joining relevant environmental seminars and workshops.

The above survey shows that the hotel industry generallypossesses a positive attitude towards environmental protection.Some of these hotels have already taken steps to minimizethe impacts on the environment and, in return, they areenjoying the merits out of it. It is believed that hotels in Macaowill be more environmental oriented with the supports likerelevant guidebooks, training activities and seminars.

Platform for Green Enterprises

The development of green enterprises not only providestechnical and material support to pollution prevention,improvement of ecological environment and preservation ofnatural resources, but also contributes to economicdevelopment.


Since environmental protection is adopted as one of thenational policies of China, the market for environmentalprotection products is huge. With the unique culturalbackground, the geographical advantages and historicalfeatures, Macao is striving to become a platform for Chineseand foreign green enterprises, especially for the medium andsmall-scale enterprises.

2.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(1992) is applied to the MSAR according to ExecutiveOrder no. 33/2002 of 5th June 2002.

3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Specieson Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) - CITES is applied to theMSAR according to Executive Order no. 35/2002 of 5th

June 2002.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) is applied tothe MSAR according to Executive Order no. 34/2002 of5th June 2002.

5. The Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989)is applied to the MSAR according to Executive Order no.32/2002 of 5th June and the Amendments to the BaselConvention is applied to the MSAR according to ExecutiveOrder no. 52/2002 of 21st August 2002.

6. The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and PacificRegion (1956) is applied to the MSAR according toExecutive Order no. 30/2001 of 6th June 2001.

77

The MSAR government has been actively participating ininternational environmental activities and is trying its bestto assist the implementation of the protocols and conventionsapplicable in Macao, which include the followings:

1. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer(1985); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete theOzone Layer (1987); Amendments to the Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1990)is applied to the MSAR according to Executive Orderno. 31/2002 of 5th June 2002.

7.6 International Conventions and Protocols



Analysis andRecommendations

Analysis andRecommendations



Analysis and Recommendations88The analysis and recommendations section of this reportconcludes in brief the changes on the state of the environmentof Macao. Recommendations for sustainable developmentand environmental quality improvement are presented.

It is necessary to reduce pollutions and emissions resultingfrom electricity generation. In order to reduce nitrogen oxidesemission, it is scheduled to install all low-speed dieselgenerators with selective catalytic reduction system at"Coloane-A" plant; whereas the combined cycle technologyis applied at "Coloane-B" plant.

As concluded from findings of questionnaire survey, studyon vehicle emissions at static mode and using infrared remotesensing technology, it is found that the top 10% of vehiclestested by the remote sensing system produce most of the airpollutants. If more stringent vehicle emissions standards areadopted and the emissions from the top 10% of the vehiclesare controlled, emissions problem can be tackled. The studyalso suggests that it is essential to carry out regular tests andmaintenance, especially for motorcycles and diesel vehicles,so as to ensure compliance of emissions standards.

Appropriate measures, therefore, could improve and controlvehicle emissions. Some measures suggested include:• to improve fuel quality;• to strengthen the maintenance of motor vehicles as well

as to eliminate and fix vehicles of poor performance;• to establish vehicle emissions standards;• to improve vehicle testing methods, for instance, the use

of dyno testing.Atmospheric Environment

As in previous years, the level of respirable suspendedparticulates is considerably high. Moreover, the low pHvalues indicate the continual occurrence of acid rain. Althoughlocal pollution sources could not be neglected, the air pollutionalso mainly depends on the meteorological conditions aswell as the pollutants from the mainland.

In terms of atmospheric emissions, significant changes areobserved for the emissions of lead, methane and carbonmonoxide. The emission of lead has been reducing sharplysince 1996. This can be accounted for the implementationof relevant regulations to improve fuel quality. The emissionof methane has also been decreasing since 1992 due to theestablishment of the domestic solid waste incineration system. In addition, the increasing number of gasoline light vehiclesinstalled with catalytic converters also results in significantreduction in carbon monoxide emission.

With advanced transport technology, the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds is becoming stable inrecent years. The emission of particulates (total suspendedparticulates and respirable suspended particulates with adiameter of less than 10 µm) has also improved. However,the emission of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide,carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases have been increasingand this is due to the consumption of fossil fuel, the increasein electricity generation and the wastewater treatment process.

According to Executive Order No. 49/2000 of 7th August,the sulfur content of the commercial light diesel for motorvehicles in Macao should not exceed 0.05% by weight.However, the decrease in sulfur emission is not as significantas lead emission since a tremendous amount of such pollutantsare produced from electricity generation.

Management of Drinking Water, Coastal and Bathing Waterand Wastewater

Chloride concentration of drinking water does not exceedthe Maximum Permissible Value (MPV) standard of 200 mgCl/l in 2002. As for aluminum concentration, several dataexceed the 0.2 mg Al/l MPV. The result shows that specialattention should be drawn to the process of drinking watertreatment, such as adjusting the pH level during chemicalcoagulation process or avoiding excessive dosage of coagulantso as to control the aluminum concentration of drinkingwater. In general, water quality of the distribution networkof Macao Peninsula, Taipa and Coloane reach the potablewater standard in 2002. However, measures and policiesshould be drawn out to solve the long-term problem of salinity.

The nutrient index of the coastal water of Macao is considerablyhigh in 2002, especially at the Inner Harbour sampling point.It should be pointed out that a sharp decrease in the nutrientindex is recorded at the Areia Preta sampling point. This isprobably due to the operation of the storage tank in theWWTP of Macao, which minimizes direct discharge ofwastewater into the water body. Red tides occur in Macaoin 2002. The occurrence results from local pollution sourcesand the upper stream currents carrying a high level of nitrogenand phosphorus concentration in water. In terms of heavymetal pollution, the mercury concentration in the water bodyexceeds the standard (0.2 mg/l) of the "Sea Water QualityStandard of China" (GB3097-97). Therefore, it is necessaryto identify the pollution sources in order to improve the waterenvironment and relevant study is being carried out.

Analysis and Recommendations88


Waste

As the population and the economy of Macao grow rapidly,the volume of wastes produced in previous years hassignificantly increased. The incineration capacity of MacaoIncineration Plant is going to reach its saturation earlier thanexpected. Therefore, in order to achieve the long-term goalof waste management, the key is to have accurate informationregarding the quantity, quality and sources of household andhazardous wastes. According to the strategic plans mentionedin previous reports, gradual progress is now being achievedin Macao. For instance, the government is working on afeasibility study on the treatment of future solid wastes anda preliminary investigation project regarding hazardous wastesis also launched.

From the technical measures that have been recommendedpreviously, emphasis should be placed on the followings:

• To change consumers' behavior and attitude;

• To carry out a detailed assessment on landfill operation;

• To study the feasibility of inactive treatment of fly ashesgenerated by incineration;

• To assess the feasibility of treating hospital wastesat an incinerating temperature above 1,100 ºC, asrecommended by some international organizations;

• To include assessment on the quantity of wastes generatedby the industry and their respective treatment methodsin the industrial licensing process;

• To encourage the development of "green enterprises"by promoting recycling and applying anti-pollutiontechnologies in Macao;

• To look for possible regional cooperation opportunitiesfor waste treatment, recycling and reusing;

• To establish a legal framework for waste management.

Natural Conservation

The green areas stay similar like in 2001 and Coloane stilloccupies the largest green areas. However, it could beobserved that the percentage of green areas is decreasingwhen compared to the total area of the MSAR because thearea of the city is increasing in a faster pace than that of thegreen areas.

The MSAR government has been developing projects fornatural conservation. One of these is the establishment ofthe first ecological zone inMacao. The 55-hectare ecologicalzone is located at the area near the Lotus Bridge. The firstphase of the construction is basically completed in 2002 andthe second phase of construction starts in 2003. This ecologicalzone includes a 15-hectare bird resting zone and a 40-hectarebird preying zone for the conservation of mangrove andendangered birds such as Platalea minor.

Acoustic Environment

In 2002, the Environment Council has basically completedthe noise monitoring at 120 locations on Macao Peninsulausing the mobile station. Preliminary results show that theoverall noise level of Macao Peninsula is relatively high. Itis also revealed that the sound pressure level among 5% ofthe monitoring time has significant effects on the overallambient noise level. In addition, a study on helicopter noiseis carried out by a consultant appointed by the Civic AviationAuthority in the second half of 2002. Results show that thenoise aroused during landing and taking off of helicopterscause relatively low sleep disturbance to people at themonitoring points. In 2002, the Police Department, theEnvironment Council and the Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureaureceive a total number of 2,264 noise complaints. Most ofthese complaints are social and domestic noise produced atnight, such as, "Music and karaoke", "Conversation" and"Mahjong" whereas "Interior decorative works" and"Engineering and civil construction works" are the majortypes of daytime noise complaint.

The drainage system almost covers the entire Macao. Inaddition, a new WWTP is under construction at the MacaoInternational Airport, aiming at pre-treating wastewatercontaining oil and grease produced by the airport, hencefurther improving the wastewater treatment facilities of Macao.

It is extremely important to treat the industrial wastewateras it causes negative impacts to the water environment.Therefore, not only the relevant regulations for industrialwastewater discharge should be complied, the necessary pre-treatment facilities should also be equipped. This does notonly reduce the burden on the WWTPs; but also improvesthe environmental performance of each industry. As a result,the negative effects caused to the water environment can beminimized.

Analysis and Recommendations88


Since Macao is a densely populated city with a smallgeographic area, together with heavy traffic and high-risebuildings, noise cannot be dispersed easily. The effect oftraffic noise on the environment is obvious and this is shownfrom the results of the long-term monitoring. In addition toimproving laws on noise control, installing noise barriers andresurfacing roads with noise absorbing materials,environmental noise abatement measures should relate totraffic planning and management.


Environmental management involves public investments andexpenses, environmental education and promotions, regionalcooperation and environment management systems etc. Inorder to improve the environment continuously, thegovernment has to invest in the development of environmentalfacilities and the improvement of the relevant rules andregulations. In addition, the public's awareness ofenvironmental protection has to be enhanced throughenvironmental education in order to raise each and everycitizen's attention and responsibility for the environment.All these are concluded as the ultimate goal of the government'senvironmental protection promotional activities.

Regional and international cooperation and exchangesencourage the development of environmental protection.Meanwhile, the MSAR participates in activities organized byinternational organizations and assists the implementationof various international conventions of environmental aspectin Macao.

To ensure the sustainable development of Macao, it is essentialto promote the environmental management system. Fromthe increasing number of organizations certified with theenvironmental management system, it is reflected that industrialand commercial sectors concern more about environmentalprotection. With the unique cultural background and thegeographical advantages and historical factors, Macao isstriving its best to become a platform for the promotion ofenvironmental protection industry between China and otherregions, especially for the medium and small-scale enterprises.

A C R O N Y M S A N D S Y M B O L SA ADA Administration of Airports

AQI Air Quality IndexAs Arsenic

B BOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandBOD5 5-day Biochemical Oxygen DemandBS Black Smoke

C CCB Cartography & Cadastre BureauCd CadmiumCFCS ChlorofluorocarbonsCFU Colony Forming UnitCH4 MethaneCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCMAB Civic & Municipal Affairs BureauCO Carbon monoxideCO2 Carbon dioxideCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCOPERT Computer Program to calculate Emissions from Road

TransportCORINAIR CORE Inventory of AIR emissionsCPTTM Macau Productivity and Technology Transfer CenterCr Chromium

DdB Decibel, sound levelDO Dissolved Oxygen

E EEA European Environment AgencyESB Economic Services BureauEGIS Environmental Geographic Information SystemEMEP Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and

Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission ofAir Pollutants in Europe

EPA Environment Protection AgencyEU European UnionEYAB Education and Youth Affairs Bureau

F FAEED FAA Aircraft Engine Emission DatabaseFB Fire BrigadeFSB Finance Services Bureau

GGHG Greenhouse GasGIS Geographic Information SystemGDP Gross Domestic ProductGWh Giga Watt HourGWP Global Warming Potential

HHB Health BureauHCI Hydrochloric AcidHF Hydrogen fluorideHFCS HydrofluorocarbonsHg Mercury

I IE Institute for the EnvironmentIPCC International Panel for Climate ChangeISO International Organization for Standardization

K Ktonnes Thousand tonnes

L L10 Sound Pressure Level exceeded for 10% of the measuring period

L95 Sound Pressure Level exceeded for 95% of the measuring period

Leq Continuous Equivalent Sound Pressure Level

Ld Continuous Equivalent Sound Pressure Level duringdaytime

Ln Continuous Equivalent Sound Pressure Level duringnight-time

LCMAB Laboratory of the Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau

M MCS Macao Customs ServiceME Ministry of the Environment (Portugal)MEC Macao Electric CompanyMGB Meteorological and Geophysical BureauMIP Macao Incineration PlantMPV Maximum Permissible ValueMRV Maximum Recommended ValueMSAR Macao Special Administrative RegionMWSC Macao Water Supply Company

N N2O Nitrous oxideNGO Non Governmental OrganisationNH3 AmmoniaNMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic CompoundsNO Nitrogen oxideNO2 Nitrogen dioxideNOx Nitrogen oxides

O O3 OzoneOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

DevelopmentOID Office for Infrastructures Development

P PA Port AuthorityPb LeadPD Police DepartmentPFCs PerfluorocarbonsPHL Public Health LaboratoryPM10 Respirable Suspended Particles (<10µm)POP Persistent Organic Pollutantsppm Part per millionppb Part per billionppt Part per trillionPRC The People's Republic of China

S SCS Statistics and Census ServiceSEL Sound Exposure LevelSF6 Sulphur hexafluorideSoER State of the Environment ReportSO2 Sulphur dioxideSOX Sulphur oxides

T TEC Total Energy ConsumptionTHM TrihalomethaneTOE Tonnes of Oil EquivalentTSP Total Suspended ParticulatesTSS Total Suspended SolidsTTHM Total Trihalomethane

U UNFCCC The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyUSW Urban Solid Waste

V VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

WWHO World Health OrganisationWTP Water Treatment PlantWSC Waste Service CompanyWWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant



R E F E R E N C E S

General

State Environmental Protection Administration of Chinahttp://www.zhb.gov.cn/

Environment Council of Macaohttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo

Institute for the Environment of Portugalhttp://www.iambiente.pt/

Environment Council - Report on the State of the Environmenthttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/05/

Administration of Airports Ltd.http://www.ada.com.mo/

Cartography & Cadastre Bureauhttp://www.dscc.gov.mo/

Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureauhttp://www.iacm.gov.mo/

Civil Aviation Authorityhttp://www.macau-airport.gov.mo/

Economic Services Bureauhttp://www.economia.gov.mo/

Education and Youth Affairs Bureauhttp://www.dsej.gov.mo/

Finance Services Bureauhttp://www.dsf.gov.mo/

Government Tourist Officehttp://www.macautourism.gov.mo/

Government Information Bureauhttp://www.gcs.gov.mo/

Health Bureauhttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/

Hovione Macao Ltd.http://www.hovione.com/

International Law Officehttp://www.gadi.gov.mo/

Lands, Public Works & Transport Bureauhttp://www.dssopt.gov.mo/

Macao Electric Company Ltd.http://www.cem-macau.com/

Macao Productivity and Technology Transfer Centerhttp://www.cpttm.org.mo/

Meteorological and Geophysical Bureauhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/

Port Authorityhttp://www.marine.gov.mo/

Public Administration and Civil Services Bureauhttp://www.safp.gov.mo/

Statistics and Census Serviceshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/

The Macao Water Supply Company Ltd.http://www.macaowater.com/

University of Macauhttp://www.umac.mo/

Demography, Economy and Society

Statistics and Census Services - Gross Domestic Producthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_pib_pub.html

Statistics and Census Services - Census 2001http://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_cen_pub.html

Statistic and Census Services - Statistics on the Environmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.html



Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau - Macao Air QualityIndexhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/ccaa/iqa/e_iqa.htm

Water Supply


Health Bureau - Beach Water Quality in Macaohttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/e_lsp_waterquality.htm

Health Bureau - Report on Monitoring of the Macao CoastalWater Quality (Chinese version)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_waterquality2002.htm

Health Bureau - Report on the Water Quality of Hac Sa andCheoc Van Beaches ( Chinese version)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_wq2002.pdf

The Macao Water Supply Company Ltd. - Daily Water TestingResulthttp://www.saam.com.mo/program/uploadfile/testresult/last_test_result.htm

Waste

Statistics and Census Services - Statistics on the Environmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.html

Natural Conservation

Statistics and Census Services - Statistics on the Environmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.html

Civic & Municipal Affairs Bureau - Macao Nature Web(in Chinese)http://nature.iacm.gov.mo

Geographical Information System of Macao - VegetationDistribution (in Chinese)http://www.gis.gov.mo

Cartography & Cadastre Bureau - Map on Green Spaces(in Chinese)http://www3.gis.gov.mo/dscc/chin/newthematic.htm

Noise Environment

Environment Council - Recorded Data of the Noise MonitoringNetworkhttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/06/

International Conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species onWild Fauna and Florahttp://www.cites.org/

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer;Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer; Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layerhttp://www.unep.org/ozone/

International Convention on the Prevention of Oil Pollutionand Other Contaminantshttp://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm

The Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposalhttp://www.basel.int/

Convention on Biological Diversityhttp://www.biodiv.org/

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changehttp://unfccc.int/

The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Regionhttp://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.html

Others

Environment Geographical Information System of Macao(in Chinese & Portuguese)http://www.dscc.gov.mo

Geographical Information System of Macaohttp://www.gis.gov.mo

Environment Council - Environmental Legislation of Macao(in Chinese & Portuguese)http://www.ambiente.gov.mo/portugues/03/

Macao Electric Company Ltd. - The Safety, Health, Environmentand Quality Annual Reportshttp://www.cem-macau.com/english/en_reports.php


FICHA TÉCNICA

TitleReport on the State of the Environment of Macao, 2003

Published byEnvironment Council, Macao

Cover and Design2 Dimensional Associate Limited, Macau

No. of copies500

ISSN1681-7443

Published DateDecember, 2003

ENVIRONMENT COUNCILRua de Sanches de Miranda nº 3 - Macao

Tel: (853) 725 134Fax: (853) 725 129

E-mail: [email protected]://www.ambiente.gov.mo


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