RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Structure experiment with title “ Connective

Tissue, Bone and Cartilage ” which written by:

Name : Sureni Hikmawati S

ID : 081404176

Group : VI

Class : D (Biology ICP)

After checked by assistant and coordinator assistant, this report accepted.

Makassar,

Coordinator Assistant Assistant

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) (Firman)

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Connective tissue is a form of fibrous tissue.It is one of the four types of

tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and

nervous tissue). Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and

the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% of the total protein

content. Connective tissue can be classified into three categories: proper,

embryonic, and specialized.

Connective tissue proper includes the following five types: loose connective,

dense connective, elastic, reticular, and adipose. They are called "proper"

because they are the types usually meant when using the phrase "connective

tissue". Areola (or loose) connective tissue holds organs and epithelia in place,

and has a variety of proteinaceous fibers, including collagen and elastic. Dense

connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons. (Some classification systems

include fibrous connective tissue instead. It is roughly equivalent to dense regular

connective tissue.) Elastic tissue. Reticular connective tissue is a network of

reticular fibers (fine collagen, type III) that form a soft skeleton to support the

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.) Adipose tissue

contains adiposities, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication

(primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.

Elastic fibers serve a slightly different purpose in that they give resiliency to

a tissue. They allow a tissue to be stretched and then return to its original shape

(just like an elastic - hence the name). They are composed of proteins know as

elastics, whose special bonding to one another allows for stretching without

breaking. These fibers are often found in conjunction with collage nous fibers,

thereby giving a tissue tensile strength and some resiliency (tendons).

B. Purpose

1. Generally purpose , observation kinds of connective tissue

2. Specifics purpose are :

• Observation irregular solid connective tissue

• Observation cartilage tissues ( fibrous cartilage )

3. Observation cartilage tissues ( hyaline cartilage )

4. Observation development of bone involve intramembrane

5. Observation histology structure of compact bone

C. Benefit

1. We could observated kinds of connective tissue

2. We could know structure and function of connective tissues

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tissue that supports, binds, or separates more specialized tissues and organs of

the body. Connective tissue serves as packing, holds the cells of organs together,

passes on nutrients to other tissues from the blood, and may be active in fighting

disease-causing organisms. The cells in connective tissue are always well spaced in a

thick fluid base substance or matrix, in which there may also be long, thin threads

called fibers. The most common type of connective tissue is areolar tissue. It forms a

layer beneath the skin and the lining of the gut and is also a packing material between

muscles and other organs. It consists of a jelly-like matrix in which there are several

kinds of cells and interlacing bundles of fibers. The fibers are of two kinds, white and

yellow. The white fibers are very resistant to stretching but the yellow fibers can be

stretched and are called yellow elastic fibers. Some of the cells are able to consume

and destroy germs and so play a valuable part in the body's defensive system against

disease. Some tissues consist almost entirely of white fibers ( Anonym, 2009 )

Types of specialized connective tissue consist of Bone and cartilage, which are

skeletal tissues, are often included with connective tissues as they have many

similarities but the ground substance in them is solid whereas in connective tissue it is

fluid. Blood is also considered to be a specialized type of connective tissue. Examples

of this white fibrous tissue are tendons, which join muscle to bones, ligaments, which

bind bones together at joints, and the protective covering of organs such as muscles.

Yellow elastic tissue is made up mainly of yellow elastic fibers ( Esther 1989 )

Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells

called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of

collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers.

Cartilage is classified in three types, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and

fibrocartilage, which differ in the relative amounts of these three main components.

Cartilage is found in many areas in the body including the articular surface of the

bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs.

Its mechanical properties are intermediate between bone and dense connective tissue

like tendon ( Adnan, 2008 )

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The

chondrocytes are fed by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by

compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage. Thus,

compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cells

of Connective Tissue consist of three are the first Fibroblasts These are the stars of

the connective tissue show. They manufacture and maintain the extracellular material.

Fibroblasts migrate throughout the ECM wherever they are needed, such as scar

formation. By the way, the fibroblast is actually a misnomer since it is a mature cell

(not a precursor). The second Adipocytes These cells are (unfortunately at times)

extremely effecient at storing energy in the form of triglycerides. Exercise all you

want, but you'll still have the same number of adipocytes. But don't cancel you

membership to the gym just yet because each cell will, of course, decrease in size.

The third Blood is actually a connective tissue which is covered quite extensively in

the Blood and Lymphoid sections. Remember that the immune cells extravasate into

the ECM when responding to foreign invasion ( Bavelender , 1989 )

Connective tissues have function binding and support of the other tissues. To

compote with epithelium tissues that cells packed firmness, connective tissues have

rate of group cells,expanded in extracellular matrix.The matrix generally consist of

fiber capillary to grow in the uniform mass and mucous, like jelly or solid.Material

matrix to secretion by cells of connective tissues. The ligaments that hold the bones

of the backbone together are yellow elastic tissue.Reticular tissue is a connective

tissue which occurs as thin sheets. It surrounds nerve and muscle fibers and also

forms the basement membrane of epithelial . Some connective tissue cells are able to

store fat. Such adipose tissue is situated mainly in the deep layers of the skin and the

mesentery ( the thin sheet of tissue which hold the intestine in place ) ( Campble,

2007 )

Hyaline cartilage found in the surface of bone joint to support larynx, trachea,

and bronchioles. New fetus, bone consists of hyaline cartilage, indication formed

cartilage embryo like groups of mesenchyme cells. The cells large with to take

cytoplasm , although synthesis and secretion amorf material and prokolagen. These

cells called condhroblast, and condhroblast group is formed cartilage centre. With

increase of matrix, cells are round and separate one and the other with formed of

lacunae. Cells in the lacunae called chondrocite ( Dellman )

Bone tissue occurs in the different bones of the skeleton. Bone is a hard and rigid

tissue. Like cartilage, bone consists of living cells with large amounts of ground

substance or matrix. It is impregnated with organic salts such as calcium carbonate

(7%) and calcium phosphate (85%). Small amounts of sodium and magnesium is also

present. In addition to this, the matrix contains numerous collagenous fibres and a

large amount of water. Collagen fibres together with the bone cells constitute the

organic (living) matter in bone tissue. There are different groups of bone in the

skeleton, inter alia long bones such as the humerus and femur. Functions of Bone

Tissues are Support, The skeleton, which consists mainly of bone tissue, forms a

supportive framework, giving shape and rigidity to the body. Locomotion, The bone

tissue forms a system of levers to which the voluntary muscles are attached.

Protection, It serves to protect the soft and delicate organs of the body such as the

skull protects the brain. Manufacturing of Blood Cells, Red blood cells are

manufactured in the red bone marrow, which is situated in the spongy tissue at the

ends of long bones. Homeostasis, Bone plays a part in homeostasis because it helps to

maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood ( Anonym , 2009 )

CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Thursday, April 02nd , 2009

Time : At 02.00 – 04.00 pm

Place : At Eastern Biology Laboratory of FMIPA of Makassar State

University (UNM)

B. Tool and Materials

1. Tool

a. Microscope

2. Materials

a. Human Brown Skin

b. Human Bone

C. Work Procedures

1. Observation I

a. Prepared a human skin object glass.

b. Observed carefully epidermis of the skin. Watched the squamosh

connective tissue in reticular layer. Watched collagen fibers position.

c. Watched fibrocite cells, adipose cell, and macrofag presences as well.

2. Observation II

a. Prepared a fibrocartilago section object glass.

b. Observed carefully fiber cartilage. Watched its extracellular matrix that

was many and causing the cartilage cells’ position were distant one

another. In this cartilage there was no pericondrion, beside the number and

size of the cell was smaller than condrosite of elastin and hyaline

cartilage.

c. Watched lacuna and conrosite positions, independently, in group, nor in

line.

3. Observation III

a. Prepared a hyaline cartilage object glass.

b. Observed carefully hyaline cartilage. Watched condroblast cells and

lacuna positions.

c. Drew the observation result.

4. Observation IV

a. Prepared a foetal head ossification object glass.

b. Intermembrane ossification is bone development from connective tissue.

The last which contains much mesenkim cells that grow through

osteoblast become osteosite. In the same time osteoclast grows and

collagen fiber emerges. Genuine bone is fibrose and next formed back to

be lamellar bone.

c. Observed carefully osteoblast, osteoclast cells, osteoid, osteosit that

trapped.

5. Observation V

a. Prepared a human bone object glass.

b. Observed carefully Havers canal structure. Watched havers canal,

volkmann’s canal, lacuna, osteosit, kanalicule, outer circumfrensial

lamella, intern circumfrensial, interstisial lamella and consentris lamella.

c. Drew the observation result.

CHAPTER IVLAB WORK RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

1. Dense irregular connective tissue.

Notes:

1. Epidermis

2. Fibrous collagen

3. Macrophage

4. Adipose cell

5. Fibroblast cell

Comparing picture

2. Fibrous cartilage.

Notes:

1. Fibrous cuticle

2. Grouped lacuna

3. Independent lacuna

4. Lined lacuna

5. Lacuna

6. Capsule

7. Condrocyte

Comparing picture

4 . Intramembrane ossification.

Notes:

1. Osteoid

2. Osteoblas

3. Osteoclas

4. Mesenchim cell

5. Bone Matrix

6. Osteosit

Comparing picture

Collagen fibrous found mesentrium see as the structure isodemetric columnar

curves and have longitudinal section.

1. Observation II

This observation, we observated cartilages fibrous fibrocartilage sections.

From the result observation we can see group lacunae, rows lacunae and

single lacunae. Fibrous cartilage tissues have extracellular matrix more caused

place of cartilage cells far from another. This fibrous cartilage not

pherichondrium, numbers and isodemetric cell smaller than hyalein and

elastic cartilages. The fibrolast connection between solid connective tissue a

limited area in the both tissues not clear, but to mind transition.

2. Observation III

This observation we observated hyalein cartilage tissues with used

hyalein cartilage praparat. From observation we look extracellular matrix,

chodricite lacunae, and capsule. In the fresh condition this bone like blue and

light transparent. Embryo has functioned as permanent skeletal until it change

bone. Cartilage cells called chondrocite found in the straight formed isogenies

cells. In the ferifer part found wide perichondrium in the part of solid

perichondrium. Chondrocite found in the lacunae. Lacunae wall called

capsule immature cartilage matrix. Matrix in the round of capsule called

matrix teritorum cartilage much contain chondrocite. Waste matrix called

interitorum. Hyalein cartilage have calcium embezzle be in hence living.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After doing observation we can take conclusion are :

1. Irregular solid connective tissues consist of epidermis, machrofag cells,

adipose cells, and fibrosit.

2. Fibrous cartilage tissues groups lacunae, rows lacunae and single lacunae. The

matrix formed tissues of rough fibrous nets.

3. Hyalein cartilage consists of capsule, extracellular matrix, lacunae, and

chondrocite. The matrix contain collagen fibrous in the moderate number.

4. Intramembrane of developed bone we can found osteosit, osteoid, osteoblast,

osteoklast, matrix and mesenchyme cells formed bone component.

5. Hystology of compact bone structurestructure consists of Volkmann canal

contsentris around havers canal of direction according strength bone.

B. Suggestion

1. We hoped preparation tools like preparat multipicated so that practicum can

be clear.

2. We hoped the all practicant that studied practicum matter before doing

practicum.

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Adnan.2008.Struktur Hewan. Biology laboratory.FMIPA UNM.Makassar.

Anonym.2009.Connective tissue. (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium-Tissue).

Accessed date March 12nd 2009

Bavelender G. and Rameley, M.Judith.1989.Dasar-dasar Histology. (Ahli Bahasa:

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Campbell, A Neil, Reece, B Jane, Mitchell.2004.Biologi.Jakarta: Erlangga

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