Renewable vs. Non-Renewable

Recall Renewable and Non-renewable resources…put definition on sheet if you need to… RENEWABLE – CAN BE REPLACED BY

NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED NON-RENEWABLE – CANNOT BE

REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED

Resources and Energy

Fossil Fuels, Mineral Resources and

Nuclear Energy

1. Petroleum and Natural Gas (fossil fuels – non-renewable) Petroleum and Natural Gas are

mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed largely from microorganisms on the sea floor. Heat and pressure creates

petroleum and natural gasPetroleum is liquid oil hydrocarbons (used to make petrochemicals)

Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon

Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits

Petroleum and natural gas exist in the pore spaces of rocks.

Pressure at depth forces the petroleum up until it reaches a “cap rock” (impermeable rock) such at the top of an anticline or fault.

Oil And Natural Gas

Impermeable shale Gas

Oil

Water

FAULT TRAP

GasOIL

ANTICLINAL TRAP

Fossil Fuels and the Environment Disadvantages:Burning, in general, causes air

pollution.Burning of high sulfur coal

causes sulfur dioxide which in turn causes acid rain.

Advantages: It is relatively cheap and easy to use.

2. Coal (a fossil fuel (pure carbon) formed from peat swamps)

Peat: Unconsolidated plant remains.

Lignite: “brown coal”Lowest rank

Bituminous: Dense, black, soft coal.Most common

Anthracite: A dense, shiny hard coal. Burns with a clean flame

PressureM

ore

P

ressu

re

Highest Pressure

(U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )

Coal distribution in the U.S.

Accessed areas are outlined in black

Coal distribution in the U.S.

Fossil Fuels

Top 20 Oil Reserves (75% found)

Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves

Petroleum Deposit

EnvironmentsPlease fill in the KEY at the

bottom of the sheet at your desk with the colors of your choice and then color-code the diagram.

WHY you Absolutely, Positively Must Have Someone Somewhere Who Develops the Resources You

Use Every Day.

The World Distribution of Mineral Resources isGenerally uneven -

determined by geologic history and tectonic setting. High metal concentrations along active or extinct plate boundaries.

Copper and Gold Deposits

Mineral Deposits vs. OresA mineral deposit is a naturally-

occurring concentration of a particular mineral - examples? Copper, sulfur, quartz, Corundum

An ORE is a mineral deposit that can be economically developed.

Formation of Mineral Deposits3. Igneous or metamorphic activity

leaves VEINS of minerals.

Ex: Copper Deposits

Copper Deposits

Malachite is copper ore

Formation of Mineral Deposits4. Sedimentary

Placer Deposits - Preferential settling of denser minerals from flowing water.Gold and diamonds

Gold Placer Deposits

Gold Placer Deposits

Gold Placer Deposits

Formation of Mineral Deposits

5. Weatheringremoves soluble

components of rock, leaving behind concentrated ore

Ex: Bauxite(aluminum ore)

Bauxite to Aluminum

Bauxite Concentrations

Aluminum is successfully recycled

Formation of Mineral Deposits

6. Evaporation leaves a

precipitated salt layer

Saltworks in San Francisco Bay

Mining Methods 1. Surface Mining

Inexpensive, but reclamation is high

Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Coal mine, Mpumalanga

Province, South Africa

Mud River, southern West Virginia

Mining Methods

2. Underground Mining Cheaper reclamation, but overall more expensive

Underground Mining

Underground Mining

Underground Mining

Underground Mining

Underground Mining

Please get your colored pencils and color-code the Igneous intrusions Orange, extrusive igneous rock pink, and contact Metamorphic Rock green and regional metamorphic rock purple, sediment Blue and sedimentary rock brown.

Formation of Mineral Deposits

Alternative Energy

Resources

Nuclear Power

1. Nuclear Energy Definitions to remember

Isotope – atom that exhibits variation in its mass number

Mass number – sum of the neutrons and the protons in an atom

Atomic number – # of protons found in the nucleus

Atomic weight – average of the atomic masses of all the element's isotopes

Definitions To KnowFusion – a nuclear reaction in

which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy.The sun uses this process

Proton-proton chain

Graphic: Univ Tenn. Knoxville

Definitions To KnowFission – the splitting of the

nucleus of a larger atom into two or more smaller ones with the simultaneous release of energy.Nuclear Reactors use this process to heat water – steam turns turbines(see page 203)

Both fusion and fission form NEW ELEMENTS

The Energy Of Atomic Fission

Fuels for Nuclear ReactorsU-235 is the initial fuel for all fission reactors

ADVANTAGE: 1 gram of U235 equals 2.7 tons coal!

The Disposal Of Nuclear Waste (DISADVANTAGE)

Radioactive Waste must be stored for 250,000 years

What is to be done?Continue ON-SITE water pools

and dry-tank storage.

2. Solar Energy (converts sunlight into heat or electricity)Advantages of Solar Power

Infinite supply/renewableNo pollution

DisadvantagesCloudy days and nighttime requires storing of energy.

Solar EnergyMojave Desert, Kramer Junction, California Oil in tubes is heated, then transferred to a power station to generate electricitySource: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar EnergyA solar dish-engine system is an electric generator that "burns" sunlight instead of gas or coal to produce electricity Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy - Photovoltaics

Sunderbans region of West Bengal, India. Rooftop PV modules on a village health center in West Bengal provide power for refrigerators containing medicines and vaccines, for lights, and for other important needs.

Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy-Photovoltaics

Mars Rover “Sojourner ”

Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy-Photovoltaics

PV shingles from United Solar Systems Corporation mount directly on the roof and serve two purposes: they produce electricity for the home and provide the same protection value of an asphalt roof shingle. Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

3. Hydroelectric Power (from running water generating electricity)

AdvantagesSuccessfully supplies a small percent

(11%)of the nation’s power.Water supply is constant and free.

Disadvantages Most acceptable hydro sites are already

developed.Dams are expensive and cause destruction

of free-running rivers and their ecosystems.

4. Tidal Power (Tides used to generate electricity)Advantages

Low environmental impact. Constant supply

DisadvantagesFew locations to utilizeLow production

La Rance, France (tidal range of 27 feet)

5. Wave Energy from Ocean Waves used to generate electricity

Advantages Low environmental impact. Constant supply

DisadvantagesFew locations to utilizeLow production

6. Thermal Power from Ocean - Each day the oceans absorb energy from the sun =250 billion barrels of oil that can be converted to electricity. Advantages

Constant supply OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)

systems convert this energy to electricity while desalinating ocean water.

Disadvantages Expensive Not widely used Difficult to distribute from ocean-based

power plants.

7. Wind Power (wind turns turbines to generate electricity)

Advantages are a clean source of

energy. Renewable.

Problems Inconsistent (can only

supply 10% of energy requirements)

few practical places

is detrimental to bird migrations/bats

8. Geothermal Power – Heat Energy from the Earth used to generate electricityAdvantages

RenewableConsistentNo pollution

ProblemFew sites/Not

wide-spread/Expensive

Source: http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa

U.S. Geothermal Resource Map

Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/geomap.html

Old Faithful

9. BIOMASS(add to right of Geothermal Energy…) Corn, soybeans, grasses and wheat

(biofuels) are used for energy generation.

Advantages: Renewable & Cleaner than fossil fuels.

Disadvantages: Costly processing and difficult to integrate into current fuel use habits.

10. Oil Shale (contains kerogen)

AdvantagesPlentiful in the U.S.

DisadvangagesNot very efficient source of

energy (1/8 of crude oil)Expensive extraction and

processing of Kerogen in shale (similar to crude oil)

More on Pollution and Resources

Heavy industries cause high CO2 concentrations

Wood-burning causes SMOKE pollution Release of CFCs (from refrigerators and air

conditioners) destroys the ozone (mostly remedied by national cooperation).

Coal Burning causes acid rain (local or carried

by wind to other areas). Mining operations cause acidic conditions

that can be long-term in runoff or groundwater.

Virginia’s Resources

Coastal Plain supplies crushed stone for road construction and gravel;

Valley and Ridge supplies limestone for concrete;

Piedmont supplies quartzite, slate and pyrite;

and the Plateau supplies coal.

Blue ridge supplies graniteBlue ridge supplies granite..

Rock, Sand & GravelApplications

Decorative / landscaping

Concrete / construction

Flooring, walls, roofs

Sand & Gravel

April 7, 2002: Curtis Sand & Gravel mining operation in Soledad Canyon (east of state Route 14, near the old Lang Station site). Photo by Leon Worden; flight courtesy of Gerry Hider. <http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/lw2156a.htm>

RockGranite, limestone,

marble, & slateMined from quarriesUses:

Construction and decorative

Pietrasanta marble quarry, Italy, “found” by Michelangelo

MarbleQuarry…

Slate

Malachite

Copper Ore

Va Map

Please take out your Virginia Map

Add in the Blue Ridge Mountains Province:Catoctin Mountain – ancient

metabasalt (metamorphosed basalt) and basalt flows

The Five ProvincesThe Five Provinces

PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR VIRGINIA MAP!VIRGINIA MAP!

Virginia is divided into 5 Virginia is divided into 5 provinces based on their provinces based on their geologic formations.geologic formations.

RED TEXTRED TEXT should be copied should be copied onto your map.onto your map.

1. Coastal Plain1. Coastal Plain

The Coastal Plain runs from The Coastal Plain runs from the fall line on the west, to the fall line on the west, to the Atlantic Ocean on the the Atlantic Ocean on the east.east.

It is aIt is a terracedterraced landscape.landscape.

Gravel, Sand, silt Gravel, Sand, silt and clay produced and clay produced by erosion of the by erosion of the Appalachian Mts Appalachian Mts (young (young unconsolidated unconsolidated sediments)sediments) covers covers the plain.the plain.

As sea levelsAs sea levels rose rose and fell,and fell, fossilsfossils were left at were left at various layers.various layers.

Virginia FossilsVirginia FossilsFossils include Fossils include

various marine various marine organisms like organisms like clams, scallops, clams, scallops, shark teeth, shark teeth, and other hard and other hard remains.remains.

2. Piedmont2. Piedmont

Facts about the Va. Facts about the Va. PiedmontPiedmont

It is an area ofIt is an area of rolling hills rolling hills underlain by underlain by ancient igneous ancient igneous and metamorphic and metamorphic rock.rock.

It is the largest of It is the largest of the provinces.the provinces.

Mining the Mining the PiedmontPiedmont

High quality High quality slateslate is mined is mined from this area.from this area.

The Piedmont The Piedmont host one of the host one of the worlds largest worlds largest kyanitekyanite mines. mines.

KyaniteKyanite

3. Blue Ridge 3. Blue Ridge MountainsMountains

Blue Ridge FactsBlue Ridge FactsTheThe billion billion

year old year old igneous and igneous and metamorphic metamorphic rocksrocks are theare the oldest in the oldest in the state.state.

Blue Ridge FactsBlue Ridge Facts

It is the It is the highest ridgehighest ridge separating the separating the piedmont from piedmont from the valley and the valley and ridge province.ridge province.

4. Valley and Ridge 4. Valley and Ridge ProvinceProvince

Valley and RidgeValley and RidgeThe Valley and The Valley and

Ridge Province is Ridge Province is an area ofan area of long long parallel ridges parallel ridges and valleys and valleys underlain by underlain by ancient folded ancient folded and faulted and faulted sedimentary sedimentary rocks.rocks.

Cambrian fossil algal Cambrian fossil algal structuresstructures (stromatolites) are (stromatolites) are found in the V&R found in the V&R Province.Province.

LimestoneLimestone outcrops are outcrops are common in the Valley and common in the Valley and Ridge Province.Ridge Province.

This area is also famous This area is also famous forfor Karst Topography. Karst Topography.

Sink holes!Sink holes!

Caverns!Caverns!

Back to your map…Back to your map…

5. Appalachian Plateau5. Appalachian Plateau

Appalachian Plateau Appalachian Plateau FactsFacts

The Appalachian Plateau The Appalachian Plateau has rugged, irregular has rugged, irregular topography and istopography and is underlain by ancient, flat-underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rockslying sedimentary rocks

Appalachian Plateau Appalachian Plateau FactsFacts

COAL!COAL!

Most of Most of Virginia's Virginia's coal is coal is found in the found in the AppalachiaAppalachian Plateau.n Plateau.

Appalachian Plateau Appalachian Plateau FactsFacts

These old These old sedimentary sedimentary rocks contain rocks contain many fossils many fossils and tons of and tons of coal.coal.

Appalachian Plateau Appalachian Plateau FactsFacts

Virginia FossilsVirginia FossilsPaleozoic, Paleozoic,

Mesozoic, and Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Cenozoic fossils are fossils are found in found in VirginiaVirginia in the in the plateau, plateau, valley and valley and ridge or the ridge or the coastal plain.coastal plain.

Answer these questions on Answer these questions on your note packet.your note packet.

Questions!1.Which province is 1.Which province is

covered by gravel, sand, covered by gravel, sand, silt and clay?silt and clay?

2.Which province has 2.Which province has Cambrian algal fossils?Cambrian algal fossils?

3. This province has a 3. This province has a terraced landscape.terraced landscape.

4. This province contains 4. This province contains billion year old rocks.billion year old rocks.

5. Which province is 5. Which province is underlain by ancient ,flat-underlain by ancient ,flat-lying sedimentary rocks?lying sedimentary rocks?

Correct your answers, Correct your answers, if necessaryif necessary1. Coastal Plain1. Coastal Plain2. Valley and Ridge2. Valley and Ridge3. Coastal Plain3. Coastal Plain4. Blue Ridge4. Blue Ridge5. Appalachian Plateau5. Appalachian Plateau

Answer these Answer these questions on your note questions on your note packetpacket1. Which province, that 1. Which province, that

has already been has already been described, is known for described, is known for having layers of fossils?having layers of fossils?

2. Which province is the 2. Which province is the largest?largest?

3. Which province has the 3. Which province has the oldest rocks?oldest rocks?

4. Which province has 4. Which province has slate and kyanite mines?slate and kyanite mines?

5. This province has flat-5. This province has flat-lying sedimentary rocks.lying sedimentary rocks.

6. This province has 6. This province has rolling hills underlain by rolling hills underlain by ancient rocks.ancient rocks.

7. What do we call an 7. What do we call an irregular limestone region irregular limestone region with sink holes and with sink holes and caverns?caverns?

8. Which province is at the 8. Which province is at the most western part of the most western part of the state?state?

9. Which province is the 9. Which province is the largest? largest? Oops! I repeated Oops! I repeated this one!this one!

10.Which province is 10.Which province is famous for coal?famous for coal?

How did you do?How did you do?

Correct your answers, if Correct your answers, if necessary.necessary.

The AnswersThe Answers

1. Coastal 1. Coastal PlainPlain

2. Piedmont2. Piedmont3. Blue Ridge3. Blue Ridge4. Piedmont4. Piedmont5. 5.

Appalachian Appalachian PlateauPlateau

6. Piedmont6. Piedmont7.Karst7.Karst8. Appalachian 8. Appalachian

PlateauPlateau9. Piedmont9. Piedmont10. 10.

Appalachian Appalachian PlateauPlateau