renewable resources: biological emphasis slate winter 2006 max d. lechtman
TRANSCRIPT
Renewable Resources:Biological Emphasis
SLATE Winter 2006
Max D. Lechtman
Energy Policy Act - 2005
Energy Efficiency
• New Federal Efficiency Standards for household appliances
• 50,000 MW saved by 2020
• Consumers tax credits
• Energy Efficient Homes-business tax credits
• Businesses tax deductions
• Home Products-manufacturers tax credits
Electricity
• Reliability-new mandatory rules
• Market Manipulation-strengthens protections
• PUHCA Repeal-streamlines 1935 law, encourages investment in infrastructure
• Mergers-improved oversight
Hydropower
• Relicensing Reforms
Easing paperwork will continue cheap electricity
Coal
• Clean Coal production-tax credits
• Clean Coal Facilities-tax credits
• Transportation Fuel-$1billion for research
• Reducing Reliance on Foreign Oil & Gas– by 2025 need less oil and gas
• Creating New Jobs-55,000 coal miners
Oil
• Increased Domestic Production– improved production from existing sites
• Increasing Western States Production– streamline permitting process
• Innovative Technologies– encourage carbon sequestration
Natural Gas
• Developing More Natural Gas– Western States Pilot Program– Eliminates paperwork delays– 7 trillion cubic feet of new gas by 2020
Nuclear
• New Nuclear Plants– anticipate up to 19
• Increased Generation– 20,000 to 25,000 megawatts between 2015
and 2020
• Creation of New Jobs– 40,000 to 45,000 in construction– 10,000 high tech plant operations
Wind
• New Wind Production– extends tax credit
• Increased Capacity– 2,500 megawatts this year– 14,000 megawatts by 2007
• Environmental Issues– Offset 7 billion pounds of Carbon Dioxide
Solar
• More Solar Energy Generation– tax incentives
• Encourages Consumers– 30% tax credit for homeowners until 1 Jan.’08
Clean Fuels and Vehicles
• Environmental Issues– require ethanol to replace MTBE
• Lower Prices– decrease special fuels
• Hybrid Cars Tax Credit– replaces tax deduction with more generous
credit
Ethanol
• Economic Gains– Offset 2 billion barrels of oil– Improve farm economy
• New Ethanol Plants– More than 150 in the works
• Creation of New Jobs+234,840 by 2012
The Rainbow’s End
Anaerobic Process
Selected Biogas Projects
• The Cow Train-whole animal & manure
• Canadian Municipal Power-cow manure
• Antelope Valley-sewage
• GM-landfill gas
• Direct Fuel Cell-sewage
• UC Davis/Garbage
Cow Train
Cow Train
• Svensk Biogas Company
• Linkoping, Sweden
• 30 cows to get the 75 miles from Linkoping to Vastervik
• Chop animals into slurry, anaerobic digester produces biogas
• Can also use manure and other organic waste Discover, May 2006
Canadian Municipal Power
• Ontario Provincial Government
• Annual manure production from 5500 cattle will yield sufficient gas to produce:
7000 megawatts
9000 tons of fertilizer
Antelope Valley
• Sewage Gas-methane and hydrogen
Fuel cell-250 kilowatts
Microturbine-250 kilowatts
General Motors
• As of Feb. 2005, seven GM Plants use landfill gas for steam operations
• Annual savings of $500,000/plant
Direct Fuel Cell
• Japanese Industry Group Tests
• Biogas/Wastewater Treatment
• Evaluated electrical efficiency, exhaust heat recovery, and ability to reduce particulates,nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides
• Exceeded Japan’s strict environmental requirements
UC Davis
• New Anaerobic Digester Design
• Three tons/day of Municipal Garbage:– 600 kilowatts for Campus use– Fertilizer– Materials to make fiberboard
Ethanol
Ethanol
• Supplies expected to be tight this summer
• 155,000 barrels of MTBE to be replaced per day-but only 25,000 barrels of ethanol available
• Spot price $2.60/gallon; more than double last spring
• Industry expanding and expects to meet need for E10------what about E85??
Anything Into Oil
Anything Into Oil
• Feedstock can be:– Auto Residual Debris– Medical Waste– Municipal Solid Waste– Plastic Bottles– Sewage Sludge– Turkey Offal
Thermal Conversion Process
• Feedstock ground into small chunks• Mixed with water• 250 C + 600 pounds/square inch• Release pressure & boil off water• Separate crude hydrocarbons• 500 C• Distill• Can destroy prions
Products
% ProductsOil Biogas Carbon Water
SolidsTurkey39 6 5 50Plastic 70 16 6 8Sewage 26 9 8 57Medical
Waste 65 10 5 20
Products
One ton of Turkey Offal yields approximately:
600 pounds of oils
100 pounds of butane/methane
60 pounds of activated carbon-type material
plus good quality liquid plant fertilizer
Anything Into Oil
Changing World Technologies PlantCarthage, MO.
400 barrels/day of crude oil, refined to:No. 2—diesel and gasolineNo. 4—industrial heating
They expect to make a profit with the new Energy Policy Law tax credit.
Biodiesel
Process
Good News
• 85% vegetable oil
• Standard diesel engine
• Non-toxic, biodegradable
• Flammable at 350 F
• Good lubricant
• Cleaner emissions
Bad News
• Dissolves paint– will need to wipe spills ASAP
• Degrades rubber fuel lines/gaskets
• Good solvent– therefore may clog filter
• Gels at about 32 F– will need auxiliary heater for cold weather
Bibliography
• General Background www.energyjustice.net
• Energy Policy Law-2005 www.e85fuel.com/legislation/energy072705.pdf
• Ethanolwww.e85fuel.com/e85101/faqs/e85.php?topic=E85101
Bibliography
• Biodiesel, www.biofuelsoasis.com/html/basics.htmlwww.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade
• Anything Into Oil; Lemley, B., Discover April 2006; page 46-51.
• All Aboard The Cow Train, Carey, B., Discover May 2006, page 18.