RENEWABLE ENERGY (WIND POWER) MINI PROTOTYPE

PLANT WITH SCADA SYSTEM

Ahmad Suzaimy Bin Sukor

Bachelor of Industrial Power Engineering

May 2010

“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitled “Renewable Energy (Wind Power) Mini Prototype Plant With SCADA System” and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”

Signature : ……………………………………………………

Supervisor’s Name : MR. MASLAN BIN ZAINON

Date : 12th MAY 2010

RENEWABLE ENERGY (WIND POWER) MINI PROTOTYPE PLANT

WITH SCADA SYSTEM

AHMAD SUZAIMY BIN SUKOR

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

2010

I declare that this report entitle “Renewable Energy (Wind Power) Mini Prototype Plant With SCADA System” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ……………………………………………..

Name : AHMAD SUZAIMY BIN SUKOR

Date : 12th MAY 2010

To my beloved mother and father

ACKNOWLDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor, En. Maslan Bin

Zainon, for his avail advices, commitment and also continual guidance for help me

implementing my study and research about my project during a FYP. The knowledge’s and

ideas that he gave to me are very useful for me to implement project research

appropriately.

I also want to deliver my grateful for the cooperation and assistance provided by all

friends that under same supervisor with me. I very appreciated for all their assistances.

Finally do not forget, my FYP would not be carried out smoothly without the supports and

encouragements from my parents. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of them

especially for their help during the time in need.

Thank you.

ABSTRACT

This FYP report presents the purpose of research about the application of

renewable energy as alternative energy to generate electricity. The motive of this project is

to analysis the usage and advantages of renewable energy to replace fossil fuel as the

energy to generate electricity. This project uses wind as the energy to rotate a wind turbine

for this mini prototype plant to generate electricity. Wind energy is use to rotate the wind

turbine system which will convert mechanical energy produce from a rotor rotation to

electrical energy. The electrical energy generate from wind turbine system were supply to

an inverter circuit. This inverter circuit will convert the electricity produce from wind

turbine system as require whether AC or DC. SCADA system ensures this mini prototype

plant operation fluent and very well. The functions of SCADA system are monitor and

control this plant operation.

ABSTRAK

Laporan FYP ini membentangkan tujuan kajian berkenaan aplikasi sumber tenaga

yang boleh diperbaharui sebagai tenaga alternatif yang boleh digunakan untuk menjana

tenaga elektrik. Matlamat projek ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis berkenaan

penggunaan dan kelebihan-kelebihan sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui untuk

menggantikan sumber tenaga fosil untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. Projek ini menggunakan

angin sebagai sumber tenaga untuk menjana elektrik bagi prototaip loji janakuasa mini

yang ingin dibangunkan. Tenaga angin digunakan untuk memutar sistem turbin angin di

mana ia akan menukarkan tenaga mekanikal yang dihasilkan oleh putaran rotor kepada

tenaga elektrik. Tenaga elektrik yang dijana oleh sistem turbin angin akan dibekalkan terus

ke litar inverter. Litar inverter ini, akan mengubah jenis tenaga elektrik yang telah dijana

oleh sistem turbin angin kepada jenis tenaga elektrik yang dikehendaki samada AC atau

DC. Untuk memastikan projek ini beroperasi dengan sempurna, prototaip loji janakuasa

mini ini juga dilengkapi dengan sistem SCADA. Sistem SCADA ini akan berfungsi

sebagai sistem kawalan dan pengawasan untuk pengoperasian loji ini.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKOWLDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview of Project Background 1

1.1.1 Wind Energy 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Project Objectives 3

1.4 Project Scope 3

1.5 Thesis Outline 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND 5

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Wind Turbines 5

2.2.1 Wind Turbine System Steps 7

of Installations Amongst Industrial

and Domestic

2.2.2 The Differences of Wind Turbine 8

System Amongst The Applications

of Industrial, Domestic, and

Educational.

2.3 Wind Turbine System Speed and 9

Energy Calculations

2.4 Power Electronic Circuit (Inverter) 11

2.5 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) 11

2.6 SCADA System 12

2.7 Develop the SCADA System of a Wind 13

Energy Mini Prototype Plant

2.7.1 Teaching and Learning Purposes 13

3 METHODOLOGY 14

3.1 Introduction 14

3.2 Basic Structure of a Renewable Energy 16

(Wind) Mini Prototype Plant with

SCADA System

3.3 Design of an Inverter Circuit 16

3.4 Design of Wind Turbine Platform and 17

Base

3.5 Simulation Circuit Test 19

3.5.1 Simulation Use Multisim 19

3.5.2 Simulation Use Breadboard 21

3.6 Development of PLC and SCADA 22

System

3.7 Data Analysis 25

3.7.1 Outline of Project 26

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 28

4.1 Software Result 28

4.1.1 SCADA (CX – Designer) 28

4.1.2 Ladder Diagram 30

4.1.3 SCADA System Combine With 32

Ladder Diagram Simulate Used

CX - Simulator

4.2 Hardware Result 33

4.2.1 Experiment A (Wind turbine 33

system rotated by using table

fan)

4.2.2 Experiment B (Wind turbine 34

system rotated by different

car speed)

4.3 Discussion 36

5 CONCLUSION 38

5.1 Conclusion 38

5.2 Recommendation of Future Works 38

REFERENCES 39

APPENDICES 41

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 The differences of wind turbines system amongst the 8

applications of industrial, domestic, and educational.

3.5 Preliminary result for the simulation experiment 22

3.6 List of Input Address 23

3.6.1 List of Output Address 23

4.1 The result for Experiment A 33

4.2 The value of output voltage (Vac) according the car 34

speeds

4.2.1 The value of output voltage (Vdc), output current (Idc), 35

and power produced according to car speeds

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines 6

2.2 Vertical axis wind turbines 7

3.1 Project Workflows 15

3.2 Schematic block diagram of a renewable energy (wind) 16

mini prototype plant with SCADA system

3.3 Schematic diagram of 12Vdc to 120Vac inverter 17

circuit

3.4 Side view of wind turbine platform and base with part 18

range value

3.4.1 A complete wind turbine platform and base 18

3.4.2 Wind turbine blades 18

3.5 Design and simulation of an inverter circuit flow 19

3.5.1 The simulation result for output voltage value produced 20

by a (12Vdc – 120 Vac) inverter circuit

3.5.2 The simulation result for output current value produced 21

by a (12Vdc – 120 Vac) inverter circuit

3.5.3 Prototype circuit on breadboard 21

3.6 Screen Page 1 of SCADA control system design used 23

CX - Designer

3.6.1 Screen Page 2 of SCADA control system design used 24

CX - Designer

3.6.2 Sheet 1 of SCADA control system design used 24

CX-Designer

3.6.3 Ladder Diagram design used CX - Programmer 25

3.7 Outline of Project 26

4.1 Screen Page 1 SCADA system simulated use Test Mode 29

4.1.1 Screen Page 2 SCADA system simulated use Test Mode 29

4.1.2 Ladder diagram system in “ON” condition 30

4.1.3 Ladder diagram system in “LATCH” condition 31

4.1.4 Ladder diagram system in “OFF” condition 31

4.1.5 The combination system in “ON” condition simulates 32

used CX – Simulator

4.1.6 The combination system in “OFF” condition simulates 33

used CX – Simulator

4.2 Graph the output voltage (Vac) vs car speed (km/h) 34

4.2.1 Graph the output voltage (Vdc) vs car speed (km/h) 35

4.2.2 Graph the output current (Idc) vs car speed (km/h) 36

4.2.3 Graph the output power (Watt) vs car speed (km/h) 36

4.3 A complete project connected to CJ Series PLC type 37

LIST OF SYMBOLS

KE - Kinetic energy

m - Mass

v - Velocity/ speed of wind

A - Area

δ - Air density

t - Time

P - Power

ρ - Wind power density

pr - Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (101325 Pa N/m2)

T - Air temperature (Kelvin)

g - Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2)

h - Elevation of wind above sea level

π - pi = 3.142

r2 - (Foot blades)2

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

C - Capacitor

R - Resistor

D - Diode

Q - Transistor

T - Transformer

V - Voltage

I - Current

AC - Alternating Current

DC - Direct Current

WEC - Wind energy converter

HAWT - Horizontal-axis wind turbines

VAWT - Vertical axis wind turbines

PLC - Programmable Logic Controller

SCADA - Supervisory control and data acquisition

I/O - Input/ Output

RTU - Remote Terminal Unit

FYP - Final Year Project

UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Gantt Chart 41

B Ecava Visit Letter 42

C Betz Law 43

D Datasheet 2N3055 45

E Datasheet 2N6017 49

F Datasheet BC548 51

G Datasheet BD140 55

H I-Wind Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 57

Model Wind Data Specification

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will discuss the overview of project background, wind energy,

problem statement, the aims and specific objectives of the project, and the project scope.

The end of this chapter will list the thesis outline.

1.1 Overview of Project Background

Today most of the countries began investing in renewable energy through various

programs that promote the development and testing of reliable alternative energy

resources. Renewable energy resources include wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, and

geothermal. The advantages of renewable energy compare to fossil energy are producing

much less pollutions than burning fossil fuels and are constantly replenished. This project

basically is to design and develop one type of renewable energy mini prototype plant with

SCADA system. Renewable energy resource that has been chose to generate this mini

plant is wind energy. The operation of this project is wind energy are use to rotate the

generator which will convert the mechanical energy that produce by the rotation to the

electrical energy. Next, the voltage produce by wind turbine will be converting to require

type of voltage use power electronic circuit (inverter). The operation of this mini prototype

plant can be monitor and control through SCADA system.

1.1.1 Wind Energy

The wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat throughout the

Earth's surface and the atmosphere. The origin of wind is complex. The Earth is unevenly

heated by the sun resulting in the poles receiving less energy from the sun than the equator

does. The dry land heats up (and cools down) more quickly than the seas. The differential

heating powers a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the Earth's surface

to the stratosphere which acts as a virtual ceiling. There are the main advantages and

disadvantages of wind power on the surrounding environment and the general reliability of

wind turbines [3].

• The advantages of wind energy:

1. Wind energy is extremely friendly to the surrounding environment, no fossil

fuels are burnt to generate electricity.

2. Wind turbines are great resources to generate energy in remote locations from

example mountain community. The turbines can be a range of different sizes in

order to support varying population’s level.

3. Another advantage of wind energy is when combined with solar electricity; this

energy source is great to provide a steady and reliable supply of electricity.

4. New technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more

efficient. The wind is free, and able to cash in on more and more of this free

wind power.

• The disadvantages of wind energy:

1. The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability

factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine and

for this the use of solar power is great alternative.

2. Wind turbine construction can last over a year, be very expensive and costly to the

surrounding nature environment during the build process.

3. A wind turbine can only support a specific population. Wind turbines aren't like

power stations, where just burn a bit more fuel to generate more energy when

need it.

4. The noise pollution produces from the rotation of wind turbine.

1.2 Problem Statement

Nowadays, most of the power plants use fossil fuels as the energy to implement the

operation to produce electricity to customer. As known, the capacity storage of fossil fuel

energy is decreasing and its price is unstable and increases frequently. Furthermore, this

energy has disadvantages by producing pollution to the environment. For example, the

burning coal process, which is to generate energy to operate the power plant, will cause the

air pollution.

A safe and clean alternative energy is required to replace the fossil energy. This

project uses renewable energy which is wind as an alternative energy to generate and

produce the electricity, since it is clean and safe for environment. Besides that, with the

implementation of this project, it also helps in teaching and learning development because

an educational plant that being interfaced with SCADA system.

1.3 Project Objectives

The main objectives of performing this project are:

To implement the research base on wind energy as an alternative to support

electricity generations.

To comprehend and develop SCADA system to monitor and control the operation

of a teaching and learning mini prototype plant.

To construct the proper hardware system (include generation system and power

electronic circuit) that can be well interface with SCADA system.

1.4 Project Scope

1. Inverter circuit

Construct an inverter circuit appropriate with data specification required for

this project.

2. The Turbine Fixture and Selection of Generator/ Motor

Search the types of generator or motor that compatible function as a

generation system for an inverter circuit.

3. Develop Project Circuit Board

Develop complete project circuit board from a several types of circuit such

as strip board or PCB.

4. SCADA System Development

Develop proper SCADA system use CX- Designer software to monitor and

control a circuit operation.

1.5 Thesis Outline

Chapter one present an introduction, overview of project background, problem statement;

project objectives, project scope, and the thesis outline.

Chapter two covers the literature review. In this chapter will discuss about wind turbines,

wind turbine system speed and energy calculations, power electronic circuit (inverter),

PLC, and SCADA system.

Chapter three covers the methodology of the project. In this chapter the project workflow

and schematic block diagram of the project will be shown.

Chapter four presents the results and discussion.

Lastly chapter five discusses the conclusions and stated recommendations for the future

works.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will explain in detail wind energy as one type of renewable energy

sources that worldwide use at this moment to support electricity power generation.

2.2 Wind Turbines

A wind turbine is a machine that can convert the kinetic energy of the wind into

electrical energy. Blowing wind rotates the blades of the turbine and the mechanism in it

can generate electricity upon this rotation [9]. All wind systems consist of a wind turbine, a

tower, wiring, and the “balance of system” components: controllers, inverters, and/or

batteries.

Rotors can have two or three blades, with three being more common. The best

indication of how much energy a turbine will produce is the diameter of the rotor, which

determines its “swept area,” or the quantity of wind intercepted by the turbine [4]. The

frame is the strong central axis bar onto which the rotor, generator, and tail are attached.

The tail keeps the turbine facing into the wind. Wind turbines have mainly two

types. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).

The horizontal axis wind turbines shows in Figure 2.1 and the vertical axis wind turbines

shows in Figure 2.2. Both have advantages and disadvantages but horizontal axis ones are

more common due to higher efficiency [9].

HAWT Advantages

1. High efficiency because the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind,

receiving power through the whole rotation.

2. Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack.

3. Most are self-starting.

4. The blades of turbine are at the centre side of gravity, so this ensure for it stability.

HAWT Disadvantages

1. HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the

wind.

2. The height can create local opposition based on impacts to view sheds.

3. Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence.

Figure 2.1 – Horizontal axis wind turbines

VAWT Advantages

1. Easier to maintain because most of the main component parts are located near the

ground.

2. A wind start up speed for VAWTs is lower than HAWTs. Generally, the electricity

starting generate at 6 mph.

3. VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.

4. Vertical wind turbines have a higher airfoil pitch angle, giving improved

aerodynamics while decreasing drag at low and high pressures.

VAWT Disadvantages

1. Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower due to wind

shear, VAWT may not produce as much energy at a given site as a HAWT with the

same footprint or height.

2. Most VAWT have low starting torque.

3. Most VAWT need to be installed on a relatively flat piece of land and some sites

could be too steep for them but are still usable by HAWT.

Figure 2.2 – Vertical axis wind turbines

2.2.1 Wind Turbine System Steps of Installation Amongst Industrial and Domestic

(Small Wind Generation System) [9]

Industrial

1. Wind Measurement: As annual electricity generation depends mainly on wind

speed, this step is of vital importance to be able to forecast the energy production.

2. Feasibility studies: This will be a detailed study to let know whether a proposed

system will be a feasible project or not.