renaissance and reformation 1350-1600. black death renaissance began at end of black death –plague...
TRANSCRIPT
Black Death
• Renaissance began at end of Black Death
–Plague in which 1/3 of Europe’s population died
Section 1: Renaissance
• Renaissance means “rebirth”• It was an age of recovery from
the disasters of the Middle Ages such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power.
• Also, there was a high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve.
Italian City-states
• The Renaissance began in Italy.– The major cities of influence
were Milan, Venice, and Florence.
– Each of these cities played crucial role in politics.
– Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince became one of the most influential works on political power.• He believed that a ruler should keep
his power by whatever means necessary.
• Renaissance Society– During the Middle Ages, society
was divided into 3 categories. These categories continued with the Renaissance• Nobility: 2 – 3% of the population;
held important political posts and were advisers to the king
• Clergy: church officials• Peasants and Townspeople: most of
the population were in this classification; urban poverty increased throughout Europe
• Family and Marriage– Parents carefully arranged
marriages to strengthen business or family ties
– A father’s authority over his children was absolute until he died or formally freed them. Therefore, the age of adulthood varied from early teens to the late twenties.
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Section 2: The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
• Italian Renaissance Humanism– Emphasis on the individual – Studied things like grammar,
poetry, philosophy, and history• Vernacular Literature
– Writers began to write in the language spoken in their own regions (vernacular)
– Dante and Geoffrey Chaucer helped make vernacular literature more popular
• Education– The humanist movement had a
huge effect on education.– Humanists wrote books on
education and opened schools.• They stressed in importance of
history, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music, and physical education.
• Humanist education was a preparation for life as well as creating great scholars and complete citizens.
• The Arts– Perspective allowed painters to
create the illusion of three dimensions
– Masters of the High Renaissance• Leonardo da Vinci• Raphael• Michelangelo
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Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
• Religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups
• Desiderius Erasmus criticized the abuses in the Church in his work, The Praise of Folly.
• Prior to the Reformation, Popes were:– more concerned with politics and
worldly interests– concerned with money and
advanced their personal careers and wealth
– failing to meet the needs of their followers
– sold indulgences
Martin Luther• On October 31,
1517, Luther nailed a list of Ninety-five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
• Thousands of copies were printed and spread to all parts of Germany.
• In January of 1521, the Church excommunicated him.
• The Edict of Worms made him an outlaw within the empire.
Spread of Lutheranism
• While in hiding, Luther gained the support of German rulers who established state churches that followed Luther’s teachings.
• Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.
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Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response
• Division among the Protestants appeared throughout Europe.
• In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli pushed for religious reform:– Removal of
relics and paintings
– New sermons that replaced Catholic mass
• After Zwingli died in battle, John Calvin took leadership of the reformation in Switzerland.
• The thought of predestination became one of the major differences among the protestant faiths.
• In England, King Henry VIII sought a divorce from his wife.
• At his request, Parliament broke from the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church.
Catholic Reformation• The Catholic Church went through a
period of reform that gave it new strength and allowed it to regain what it lost.– The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) took a
vow of obedience to the Pope and helped spread the Catholic teachings.
– The Papacy rededicated itself to the people
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed the Catholic teachings• Faith and good works needed for salvation• Use of indulgences strengthened• Seven sacraments upheld• Clerical celibacy affirmed
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