remote sensing:remote sensing: gis...

REMOTE SENSING:REMOTE SENSING:GIS APPLICATION

Tata HadinataTata Hadinata0706173465

Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia

REMOTE SENSING: GIS APPLICATION [email protected]

OutlineOutline

• IntroductionIntroduction• GIS Software• Basic Data Structures• Basic Data Structures• Relationship between Remotely Sensed and GIS

Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing• Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing• Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS

A li ti f R t S i• Application of Remote Sensing• Conclusion


IntroductionIntroduction• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are g p y ( )

specialized computer programs designed to analyze spatially referenced data.

• A GIS consists of a series of map overlays for aA GIS consists of a series of map overlays for a specific geographic region.

• These overlays may depict raw data (e.g. t hi l ti ) h th titopographic elevation) or may show thematic information (e.g. soils, land use, or geology), but they must share common geographic qualities h i h b d hthat permit them to be merged so that one can

identify and analyze interrelationships between the data.


IntroductionIntroduction

GIS data consist of many compatible data sets


for the same geographic region


• Remote sensing and GIS have many closeRemote sensing and GIS have many close relationships to each another.

Remote sensing systems contribute data to GIS.Remotely sensed data can provide timely information at low cost and in a form that is compatible with the requirements of a GISrequirements of a GISBoth GIS and digital remote sensing systems use similar equipment and similar computer program.q p p p gThe non remote sensing data from a GIS can be used to assist in the analysis of remotely sensed images



• A GIS must include at least these mainA GIS must include at least these main elements:

Computer HardwareComputer HardwareComputer programs DataDataOperator (personnel that operate and

maintain the GIS)maintain the GIS)


GIS SoftwareGIS Software• A GIS requires specialized programs tailored for q p p g

the manipulation of geographic data. • The tasks essential for GIS:

Image displayImage displayOverlay capability permits the analyst to superimpose two or more data sets for display or analysis.

Visual overlay refers to the ability to superimpose two• Visual overlay refers to the ability to superimpose two overlays on the screen so that the two pattern can be seen together in a single image.

• Logical overlay and arithmetic overlay mean that theLogical overlay and arithmetic overlay mean that the analyst can define new variables or categories based upon the matching of different overlays at each point on the map.


GIS SoftwareGIS Software

Visual overlay and Logical overlay


y g y

GIS SoftwareGIS Software• Operations for GIS:p

Data Input Spatial interpolationDisplay Raster-to-vector conversionSubset Data outputOverlay Data storage and verticalProjection conversion BufferingProjection conversion BufferingRegistration/image matching Network operationResampling Data manipulationLogical Operations Data reportingArithmetic operations Statistical generationVector to raster conversion Models


Vector-to-raster conversion Models


• There are wide range of softwareThere are wide range of software packages for GIS analysis:

ArcInfo and ArcViewArcInfo and ArcViewIntergraph CorporationIDRISIIDRISIMapInfoGRASS (G hi R A l iGRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis

and Support System)



• There are wide range of softwareThere are wide range of software packages for GIS analysis:

ArcInfo and ArcView (www esri com)ArcInfo and ArcView (www.esri.com)Intergraph Corporation (www.integraph.com)IDRISI (www clarklabs org)IDRISI (www.clarklabs.org)MapInfo (www.mapinfo.com)GRASS (G hi R A l iGRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis

and Support System) (www.baylor.edu)


Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures

• Two alternative GIS data structures:Two alternative GIS data structures:Raster or cellular data structures consist of cell-like units analogous to the pixels of a TMcell like units, analogous to the pixels of a TM scene.Vector or polygon data structures records theVector or polygon data structures records the boundaries or outlines of parcels on the source document by listing the coordinates of the boundaries or the coordinates of the vertical of polygons.


Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• Raster or cellular data structures:

The region of interest is subdivided into a uniform size and shape then encoded with a single category or valuevalue.Raster structures offer ease of data storage and manipulation, and therefore permit use of relatively i l tsimple computer program.

Raster structures lend themselves to use with remotely sensed data because digital remote sensing data are collected and presented in raster formats.Disadvantages are primary related to losses in accuracy and detail due to the coding of each cell.


accu acy a d deta due to t e cod g o eac ce

Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• Vector or polygon data structures:p yg

Provide more efficient of use of computer storage, finer detail, and more accurate representation of shapes and sizes.Its main disadvantages are the higher costs of encoding data and the greater complexity required for the computer programs that must manipulate data.

• Today most GIS are designed to use vector format, although most accommodate raster data, or may use raster structures for selected analyses.raster structures for selected analyses.

• Raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversions permit mixing of two kinds of data , although unnecessary conversions can create errors


conversions can create errors.


Raster data structure Polygon data structure


Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• A rule is necessary to consistently select which y y

category represents the cell in the database.The predominant category rule selects the single category that occupies the largest part of the cell (a)that occupies the largest part of the cell (a).The category that falls beneath the dot is entered as the category for the cell (b).The procedure uses a dot randomly positioned within eachThe procedure uses a dot randomly positioned within each cell (c).

• Relative to the predominant category rule, these procedures improve the accuracy of the database as a whole, but the error at each cell can be quite large


can be quite large


Encoding raster data


Encoding raster data

Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• Gersmehl and Napton (1982) studied these two p ( )

kinds of errors:Inventory error is error for database as a whole in reporting total areas occupied by specific categoriesreporting total areas occupied by specific categories.Inventory error is important for users of the GIS who are interested in a regional overview.Classification error is the error in reporting the contents of each cell. Classification error is important for users that requireClassification error is important for users that require detailed information concerning specific sites.



Inventory error and classification error


Inventory error and classification error

Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• Use of the dot randomly positioned within each y p

cell reduces inventory error; for large areas, inventory errors may be quite small.

• Both kinds of errors can be reduced if cell size isBoth kinds of errors can be reduced if cell size is small relative to the pattern to be studied.

• Classification error increases with use of the d d t th d th h thrandom dot method, even though the

randomized selection may reduced inventory error.

• It is possible to interpolate data from one cell size to another: smaller cell to larger cell or larger cell to smaller cell


larger cell to smaller cell.


Interpolation from one cell size to another


Basic Data StructuresBasic Data Structures• The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is

i t d d t f f k f ffi i t h fintended to form a framework for efficient exchange of geographic data between different organizations and between different computing systems.It t bli h t d d f hi d t d l• It establishes standard for geographic data and a plan for establishing a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework.The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) was• The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) was developed as part of a broader effort to establish guidelines for information processing within the federal governmentgovernment.

• STDS is intended to minimize problems encountered in transferring data between agencies by establishing common formats and standards.


common formats and standards.

Relationship between Remotely S d d GISSensed and GIS

• There are several avenues for incorporating p gremotely sensed data into the GIS.

Manual interpretation of aerial images or satellite images.gDigital remote sensing data are analyzed or classified using automated methods to produce conventional (paper) maps and images, which are then digitized for (p p ) p g gentry into the GIS.Digital remote sensing data are analyzed or classified using automated method, then are retained in digital f f i h GIS i f iformat for entry into the GIS, using reformatting or geometric corrections as required.Digital remote sensing data are entered directly in th i f d t f th GIS


their raw form as data for the GIS

Contributions of GIS to Remote S iSensing

• GIS provides a means of organizing diverseGIS provides a means of organizing diverse spatial data within an accurate planimetric framework and shares some of the same techniques and principals.

• GIS is well positioned to support the practice of remote sensing, such as:

Mission planningA ill d tAncillary dataCollection, organization, and visualization of reference data


reference data


Example of a GIS to organize and display field data


for use in remote sensing analysis


A portion of the OakMapper web page illustrating the use of


GIS to provide a system for remote sensing flights plan

Contributions of Remote SensingGISto GIS

• Remotely sensed data are valuable toRemotely sensed data are valuable to support GIS operation, such as:

Remote sensing imagery provides thematicRemote sensing imagery provides thematic layers for GISRemote sensing imagery provides aRemote sensing imagery provides a backdrop for GISRemote sensing imagery provides a meansRemote sensing imagery provides a means of updating GIS



GIS can provide ancillary data to assist in image classification



Remotely sensed data can contribute thematic data to a GIS



• In 1988, National Center for Geographic Information , g pand Analysis (NCGIA) is established to lead the effort to conduct fundamental research on the analysis of geographic data using GIS and to develop and expandgeographic data using GIS and to develop and expand applications of GIS.

• Other related organization devoted to GIS include the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science and Federal Geographic Data Committee.

• Recent GIS features:• Recent GIS features:Mobile GISWeb-based GIS


Web based GIS

Application Remote SensingApplication Remote SensingMangrove forest area h d t tichange detection

procedure (Hussin et. al., 1999)( )


Application Remote SensingApplication Remote Sensing


Remotely sensed data can contribute thematic data to a GIS

Application Remote SensingApplication Remote Sensing


Conclusion• The concept of the GIS is very important in

Conclusion

remote sensing and it is ideally permits full utilization of the goals of remote sensing.

• Image matching image registration dataImage matching, image registration, data compatibility, improvements in image geometry will improve the usefulness of remotely sensed data for GISdata for GIS.

• The remote sensing and GIS has mutually supporting and so many close relationships to

h theach another.


ReferencesReferences• James B. Campbell. Introduction to Remote Sensing -p g

fourth edition, The Guilford press, New York, 2007.• Prof. S. Ramachandran. Application of Remote Sensing

and GIS, Madras University.and GIS, Madras University.• Yang Hong, et all. Use of satellite remote sensing data in

the mapping of global landslide susceptibility, Springer Science + Business Media B V 2007Science + Business Media B.V. 2007.

• U.S. Department of Transportation and NASA. Commercial remote sensing technologies application to t t titransportation

• Etc.


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