Topic 4Topic 4

Moral Value in Religion and Beliefs as the principle of behaviors

Moral Value in Religion and Beliefs as the principle of behaviors

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Learning OutcomesLearning OutcomesLearning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

– Explain briefly the five main religions in Malaysia

– Compare the three major beliefs in Malaysia

– Compare religion and beliefs in developing a person with moral

– Explain briefly the five main religions in Malaysia

– Compare the three major beliefs in Malaysia

– Compare religion and beliefs in developing a person with moral

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BluePrint Skill: Grade 7 HistoryBluePrint Skill: Grade 7 HistoryBluePrint Skill: Grade 7 HistoryBluePrint Skill: Grade 7 History

• Compare and contrast the tenets of the five major world religions (i.e., Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Beliefs).

• Compare and contrast the tenets of the five major world religions (i.e., Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Beliefs).

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Defining ReligionDefining ReligionDefining ReligionDefining Religion

1. Religion is institutionalized.

2. Religion is a feature of groups.

3. Religions are based on beliefs that are considered sacred, as distinguished from profane.

1. Religion is institutionalized.

2. Religion is a feature of groups.

3. Religions are based on beliefs that are considered sacred, as distinguished from profane.

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Defining ReligionDefining ReligionDefining ReligionDefining Religion

4. Religion establishes values for behavior.

5. Religion establishes norms for behavior.

6. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

4. Religion establishes values for behavior.

5. Religion establishes norms for behavior.

6. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

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Polling QuestionPolling QuestionPolling QuestionPolling Question

• How important would you say religion is in your own life?A.) Very importantB.) Fairly importantC.) Not very importantD.) No opinion

• How important would you say religion is in your own life?A.) Very importantB.) Fairly importantC.) Not very importantD.) No opinion

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For Whom Is Religion Most Important?For Whom Is Religion Most Important?For Whom Is Religion Most Important?For Whom Is Religion Most Important?

Main MenuMain MenuMain MenuMain Menu

Christianity

Islam

Hinduism Belief

Buddhism

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ChristianityChristianityChristianityChristianity

• The early Hebrews who eventually developed into the Jewish religion became the foundation of Christianity.

• Jesus, or the Messiah, was a Jewish boy who disagreed with some of the Jewish principles of his day began to profess a new way of thinking.

• This eventually led to the beginning of the Christian religion.

• The early Hebrews who eventually developed into the Jewish religion became the foundation of Christianity.

• Jesus, or the Messiah, was a Jewish boy who disagreed with some of the Jewish principles of his day began to profess a new way of thinking.

• This eventually led to the beginning of the Christian religion.

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ChristianityChristianityChristianityChristianity

• Christianity started about 2000 years ago about the same time of Jesus.

• The central point of Christian belief is that God, the Father, entered into human history as the Son, Jesus of Nazereth, and arose as the Holy Spirit. 

• Christianity started about 2000 years ago about the same time of Jesus.

• The central point of Christian belief is that God, the Father, entered into human history as the Son, Jesus of Nazereth, and arose as the Holy Spirit. 

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Christian PhilosophyChristian PhilosophyChristian PhilosophyChristian Philosophy

• God is the Creator of the universe. There is one God, Who is Three  Persons-      Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

• Jesus is both fully man and fully God.  He was born of the Virgin Mary  Crucified, resurrected from the dead, and ascended to the Father.

• God is the Creator of the universe. There is one God, Who is Three  Persons-      Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

• Jesus is both fully man and fully God.  He was born of the Virgin Mary  Crucified, resurrected from the dead, and ascended to the Father.

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Christian PhilosophyChristian PhilosophyChristian PhilosophyChristian Philosophy

• Sin and Evil are realities in our existence.

• The Bible is the Holy Book that records God's revelation.

• All believers are promised life everlasting.

• The leader of Christianity was Jesus, and the followers was his 12 disciples.

• Sin and Evil are realities in our existence.

• The Bible is the Holy Book that records God's revelation.

• All believers are promised life everlasting.

• The leader of Christianity was Jesus, and the followers was his 12 disciples.

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10 Commandments 10 Commandments 10 Commandments 10 Commandments

• You shall have no other gods before me

• You shall not make for yourself an idol.

• You shall no misuse the name of the lord, your God

• Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.

• You shall have no other gods before me

• You shall not make for yourself an idol.

• You shall no misuse the name of the lord, your God

• Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.

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• Honor your father and mother

• You shall no murder

• You shall not commit adultery

• You shall no steal

• You shall not give false testimony

• You shall not covet

• Honor your father and mother

• You shall no murder

• You shall not commit adultery

• You shall no steal

• You shall not give false testimony

• You shall not covet

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BuddhismBuddhismBuddhismBuddhism

• Founding person of Buddhism is Guatama, the Buddha

• The Dalai Lama is a Buddhist monk who remains the leader of the Tibetans.

• Buddhism is a major religion in China, Japan, India, and Tibet.

• Founding person of Buddhism is Guatama, the Buddha

• The Dalai Lama is a Buddhist monk who remains the leader of the Tibetans.

• Buddhism is a major religion in China, Japan, India, and Tibet.

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The Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of Buddhism

• Love: without conditions

• Compassion: or feeling at one with the person who is suffering

• Sympathetic Joy:Celebrate the happiness of others, and do not resent their good fortune.

• Impartiality: Treat everyone equally, and do not use others for personal gain or to win approval.

• Love: without conditions

• Compassion: or feeling at one with the person who is suffering

• Sympathetic Joy:Celebrate the happiness of others, and do not resent their good fortune.

• Impartiality: Treat everyone equally, and do not use others for personal gain or to win approval.

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The Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of BuddhismThe Major Philosophy of Buddhism

• Buddhism states that existence is a continuing cycle of death and rebirth called reincarnation.

• Each person's position in life is determined by his or her behavior in the previous life. This is known as their "karma" (also a Hindu belief).

• Buddhism states that existence is a continuing cycle of death and rebirth called reincarnation.

• Each person's position in life is determined by his or her behavior in the previous life. This is known as their "karma" (also a Hindu belief).

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Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism

• Buddhism is the world's oldest universal religion and it is the second fastest growing religion.    

• Buddhism is the world's oldest universal religion and it is the second fastest growing religion.    

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IslamIslamIslamIslam

• ISLAM is the name given to the religion preached by the prophet Muhammad in the 600s A. D.

• The Islamic religion started in the area known as Palestine in the year 600AD.

• It has about 850 million followers, most of them in the region north and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

• ISLAM is the name given to the religion preached by the prophet Muhammad in the 600s A. D.

• The Islamic religion started in the area known as Palestine in the year 600AD.

• It has about 850 million followers, most of them in the region north and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

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IslamIslamIslamIslam

• The holy book of Islam is the "Koran." Muslims believe its words to be those of Allah himself, spoken to Muhammad by an angel.

• Allah, is the Islamic God.• People who believe these ideas are

called Muslims.

• The holy book of Islam is the "Koran." Muslims believe its words to be those of Allah himself, spoken to Muhammad by an angel.

• Allah, is the Islamic God.• People who believe these ideas are

called Muslims.

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Islamic PhilosophyIslamic PhilosophyIslamic PhilosophyIslamic Philosophy

• Muslims learn that life on earth is a period of testing and preparation for the life to come.

• Angels record good and bad deeds.• People should behave themselves and help

others, trusting in Allah's justice and mercy for their reward.

• Muslims learn that life on earth is a period of testing and preparation for the life to come.

• Angels record good and bad deeds.• People should behave themselves and help

others, trusting in Allah's justice and mercy for their reward.

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IslamIslamIslamIslam

• Muslims pray five times daily in their mosques (churches).

• While praying, they face the holy city of Mecca (in Saudi-Arabia) and sometimes kneel with faces to the ground.

• All Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage (trip to a sacred place) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

• Muslims pray five times daily in their mosques (churches).

• While praying, they face the holy city of Mecca (in Saudi-Arabia) and sometimes kneel with faces to the ground.

• All Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage (trip to a sacred place) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

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Five pillars of IslamFive pillars of IslamFive pillars of IslamFive pillars of Islam

They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self purification and the pilgrimage. They are:

1. Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger

2. Salat: ritual prayer five times a day

3. Sawm: fasting and self-control during the blessed month of Ramadan

4. Zakat: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy

5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if he/she is able to do

They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self purification and the pilgrimage. They are:

1. Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger

2. Salat: ritual prayer five times a day

3. Sawm: fasting and self-control during the blessed month of Ramadan

4. Zakat: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy

5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if he/she is able to do

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HinduismHinduismHinduismHinduism

• HINDUISM is one of the world's oldest religions.• Over 2/3's of the world's Hindus live in India; large numbers reside in

Africa also. • Hindus believe in many gods, numbering into the thousands. They

recognize one supreme spirit called Brahman ("the Absolute.")

• HINDUISM is one of the world's oldest religions.• Over 2/3's of the world's Hindus live in India; large numbers reside in

Africa also. • Hindus believe in many gods, numbering into the thousands. They

recognize one supreme spirit called Brahman ("the Absolute.")

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Hindu PhilosophyHindu PhilosophyHindu PhilosophyHindu Philosophy

• Hindus believe in many gods, numbering into the thousands. • They recognize one supreme spirit called Brahman (the Absolute).• The goal of Hindus is to someday join with Brahman. • Until that union takes place, believers are in a continuous process

of rebirth called "reincarnation."

• Hindus believe in many gods, numbering into the thousands. • They recognize one supreme spirit called Brahman (the Absolute).• The goal of Hindus is to someday join with Brahman. • Until that union takes place, believers are in a continuous process

of rebirth called "reincarnation."

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Hindu PhilosophyHindu PhilosophyHindu PhilosophyHindu Philosophy

• At death, the Hindu's deeds (karma) determine what the next life will be.• Followers work to break this cycle--birth, death, re-birth-- (referred to by

writers as the "Wheel of Life") and gain release. • The Hindu's soul then merges with Brahman in a condition of spiritual

perfection (moksha).

• At death, the Hindu's deeds (karma) determine what the next life will be.• Followers work to break this cycle--birth, death, re-birth-- (referred to by

writers as the "Wheel of Life") and gain release. • The Hindu's soul then merges with Brahman in a condition of spiritual

perfection (moksha).

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HinduismHinduismHinduismHinduism

• Hinduism has many sacred books, the oldest being a series called the "Vedas.“

• Traditional Hindu society was divided into groups of four classes (or varnas). This was known as the "caste system."

• Hinduism has many sacred books, the oldest being a series called the "Vedas.“

• Traditional Hindu society was divided into groups of four classes (or varnas). This was known as the "caste system."

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BELIEFSBELIEFSBELIEFSBELIEFS

Three main beliefs:

• Confucianism

• Taoism

• Animism

Three main beliefs:

• Confucianism

• Taoism

• Animism

ConfuciusConfucius

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ConfuciusConfuciusConfuciusConfucius

• Born in 551 B.C.

• died in 479 B.C.

• Born in 551 B.C.

• died in 479 B.C.

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China before ConfuciusChina before ConfuciusChina before ConfuciusChina before Confucius

• The “Yellow Emperor”

• Xia and Shang Dynasties– 2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C.

• Zhou Dynasty– 1046 B.C. - 256 B.C.

• “Spring and Autumn” period– 770 B.C. - 476 B.C.

• The “Yellow Emperor”

• Xia and Shang Dynasties– 2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C.

• Zhou Dynasty– 1046 B.C. - 256 B.C.

• “Spring and Autumn” period– 770 B.C. - 476 B.C.

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ConfucianismConfucianismConfucianismConfucianism

• Concerned primarily with restoring social stability and order– What is the basis of a stable, unified,

and enduring social order?• a system of social and ethical philosophy

– “only when character is cultivated are our families regulated; only when families are regulated are states well governed.”

• Concerned primarily with restoring social stability and order– What is the basis of a stable, unified,

and enduring social order?• a system of social and ethical philosophy

– “only when character is cultivated are our families regulated; only when families are regulated are states well governed.”

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ConfucianismConfucianismConfucianismConfucianism

• li– rituals, norms, institutions, or mores– the outer, conforming aspect of

Confucianism

• ren– humaneness, love, kindness,

benevolence, or virtue– the inner, reforming aspect of

Confucianism

• li– rituals, norms, institutions, or mores– the outer, conforming aspect of

Confucianism

• ren– humaneness, love, kindness,

benevolence, or virtue– the inner, reforming aspect of

Confucianism

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LiLiLiLi

• Rites, ceremonies, proper behavior, and good manner

• performed in good faith, with everyone keeping to his or her proper role

• universal harmony

• no need for physical sanctions, laws, or punishment

• Rites, ceremonies, proper behavior, and good manner

• performed in good faith, with everyone keeping to his or her proper role

• universal harmony

• no need for physical sanctions, laws, or punishment

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RenRenRenRen

• Relationship between "two persons”

• extension of filial piety to all human beings

• each role in the hierarchy of social relations had clearly defined duties– reciprocity or mutual responsibility

• Relationship between "two persons”

• extension of filial piety to all human beings

• each role in the hierarchy of social relations had clearly defined duties– reciprocity or mutual responsibility

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Five relationshipsFive relationshipsFive relationshipsFive relationships

• father-child

• ruler-subject

• husband-wife

• elder brother-younger brother

• friend-friend

• father-child

• ruler-subject

• husband-wife

• elder brother-younger brother

• friend-friend

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ConfucianismConfucianismConfucianismConfucianism

• Persecuted in Qin Dynasty– 221 B.C. - 206 B.C.

• promoted by later rulers

• Persecuted in Qin Dynasty– 221 B.C. - 206 B.C.

• promoted by later rulers

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ConfucianismConfucianismConfucianismConfucianism

• reinforced by the civil examination system– “keju”: civil examination– from 605 to 1905

• reinforced by the civil examination system– “keju”: civil examination– from 605 to 1905

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In today’s ChinaIn today’s ChinaIn today’s ChinaIn today’s China

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TAOISMTAOISMTAOISMTAOISM

• A philosophy about how to live life well• Derived mainly from the writings of Chuang Tzu

(ca. 250 BC) and Lao Tzu (6th c. BC)• Teaches a “way” or “path” that is beneficial to

one who follows it– Eliminates unhappiness & conflict– Facilitates achievement of goals by abandoning

striving– Aligns oneself with universal forces– Teaches that one who lives life well lacks nothing,

because he or she desires nothing that is difficult to obtain

– Encourages people to accept that things need to run their course, and not to resist the tendency of things to work out in a certain natural way

• A philosophy about how to live life well• Derived mainly from the writings of Chuang Tzu

(ca. 250 BC) and Lao Tzu (6th c. BC)• Teaches a “way” or “path” that is beneficial to

one who follows it– Eliminates unhappiness & conflict– Facilitates achievement of goals by abandoning

striving– Aligns oneself with universal forces– Teaches that one who lives life well lacks nothing,

because he or she desires nothing that is difficult to obtain

– Encourages people to accept that things need to run their course, and not to resist the tendency of things to work out in a certain natural way

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Lao Tzu is conventionally

shown riding an ox

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““Quietism”Quietism”““Quietism”Quietism”

Love of colors bewilders the eye and it fails to see right.

Love of harmonies bewitches the ear, and it loses its true hearing.

Love of perfumes fills the head with dizziness. Love of flavors ruins the taste.

Desires unsettle the heart until the original nature runs amok.

These five are enemies of true life. Yet these are what status seekers claim to live for.

They are not what I live for. If this is life, then pigeons in a cage have found

happiness!

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Chuang Tzu on humilityChuang Tzu on humilityChuang Tzu on humilityChuang Tzu on humility

If a man is crossing a river and an empty boat collides with his own skiff,

even though he be a bad-tempered man he will not become very angry.

But if he sees a man in the boat, he will shout at him to steer clear.

If the shout is not heard, he will shout again, and yet again, and begin cursing.

And all because there is somebody in the boat. Yet if the boat were empty, he would not be shouting,

and not angry. If you can empty your own boat crossing the river of

the world, no one will oppose you, no one will seek to harm

you....

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TaoTaoTaoTao

To name Tao is to name no-thing. …

Tao is a name that indicates without defining.

Tao is beyond words and beyond things. It is not expressed either in word or in silence.

Where there is no longer word or silence Tao is apprehended.

(25:11, p. 226)

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AnimismAnimismAnimismAnimism

• Animism is the belief thatnonhuman entities, suchas plants, animals, and even rocks can have a soul.

• These spirit beings are closer to humans than gods and goddesses and are concerned with human activities.

• Animism typically is concerned with minor, local deities, whereas polytheism (the worship of multiple gods) is the worship of major deities.

• Hunter-gathering societies typically have a world-view that puts them on roughly equal footing with other animals, plants, and natural forces, thus, it was morally imperative to treat these agents with respect and considered themselves a part of nature rather than superior to or separate from it.

• Animism is the belief thatnonhuman entities, suchas plants, animals, and even rocks can have a soul.

• These spirit beings are closer to humans than gods and goddesses and are concerned with human activities.

• Animism typically is concerned with minor, local deities, whereas polytheism (the worship of multiple gods) is the worship of major deities.

• Hunter-gathering societies typically have a world-view that puts them on roughly equal footing with other animals, plants, and natural forces, thus, it was morally imperative to treat these agents with respect and considered themselves a part of nature rather than superior to or separate from it.

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Animatisms (Mana)Animatisms (Mana)Animatisms (Mana)Animatisms (Mana)• Animatism: A belief that

nature is energized by an impersonal spiritual power (that lacks individual form) or supernatural potency.

• Mana an impersonal force(not a soul) or quality that resides in people, animals, and inanimate objects.

• The stuff of which ‘magic’ is formed.

• “the Force” in Star Wars.

This member of the Iban tribe of Malaysia believes that the skull

held here possesses mana.

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Animism & Animatism in the Modern WorldAnimism & Animatism in the Modern WorldAnimism & Animatism in the Modern WorldAnimism & Animatism in the Modern World

• Lucky rabbits foot, horseshoes & numbers• Toast of glasses to ward off evil spirits• A Coaches refusal to cross baseball bats in a bat rack• Find a penny pick it up – all day long you’ll have good luck• Rainbows• Lucky number 7• 4-leaf clover• A wishing well• Wishbone• Falling Star• Acorns (Oak trees) – acorns & oak trees bring good fortune• 50 million American believe in astrology

• Lucky rabbits foot, horseshoes & numbers• Toast of glasses to ward off evil spirits• A Coaches refusal to cross baseball bats in a bat rack• Find a penny pick it up – all day long you’ll have good luck• Rainbows• Lucky number 7• 4-leaf clover• A wishing well• Wishbone• Falling Star• Acorns (Oak trees) – acorns & oak trees bring good fortune• 50 million American believe in astrology

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QuestionQuestionQuestionQuestion

• Which of the following is an example of animism?

A. Princess LeiaB. the goddess Athena in Greek mythologyC. the god ZeusD. an ancestral spiritE. the malevolent spirit inside your baseball

who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run

• Which of the following is an example of animism?

A. Princess LeiaB. the goddess Athena in Greek mythologyC. the god ZeusD. an ancestral spiritE. the malevolent spirit inside your baseball

who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run

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Answer: EAnswer: EAnswer: EAnswer: E

• The malevolent spirit inside your baseball who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run is an example of animism.

• The malevolent spirit inside your baseball who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run is an example of animism.

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How much have you learned?How much have you learned?How much have you learned?How much have you learned?

• Let’s take a • Let’s take a

ChalkboardChallenge