relevant costs 2007
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Relevant Cost Decisions
DECISION MAKING IN THE SHORTTERM
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Decisions A decision model is a formal method
of making a choice, often involving
both quantitative and qualitativeanalyses
A relevant cost is a cost thatdiffers between alternatives.
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Five-Step
Decision-Making Process
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Identifying Relevant Costs
Costs that can be eliminated (in whole or inpart) by choosing one alternative overanother are avoidable costs. Avoidable
costs are relevant costs.
Unavoidable costs are never relevant andinclude:
Sunk costs.
Future costs that do not diff er between thealternatives.
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Identifying Relevant Costs
gather all costs associated with thealternatives
eliminate all sunk costs
Eliminate all f uture costs that don¶tdiff er between alternatives
lef t are the avoidable costs
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Irrelevance Historical costs are past costs that
are irrelevant to decision making
Also called Sunk Costs- cost that hasalready been incurred and that cannot beavoided regardless of what a managerdecides to do
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Types of Information Quantitative factors are outcomes
that can be measured in numerical
terms Qualitative factors are outcomes that
are difficult to measure accurately innumerical terms, such as satisfaction
Are just as important as quantitativefactors even though they are difficult tomeasure
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Terminology Incremental Cost ± the additional
total cost incurred for an activity
Differential Cost ± the difference intotal cost between two alternatives
Incremental Revenue ± the additionaltotal revenue from an activity
Differential Revenue ± the differencein total revenue between twoalternatives
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Types of Decisions One-Time-Only Special Orders
Insourcing vs. Outsourcing
Make or Buy Product-Mix
Customer Profitability
Branch / Segment: Adding orDiscontinuing
Equipment Replacement
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One-Time-Only Special Orders Accepting or rejecting special orders
when there is idle production capacity
and the special orders have no long-run implications
Decision Rule: does the special ordergenerate additional operating
income? Yes ± accept
No ± reject
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One-Time-Only Special Orders Compares relevant revenues and
relevant costs to determine
profitability
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Special Orders
Acki Company receives a one-time order thatis not considered part of its normal ongoing business.
Acki Company only produces one type of silver key chain with a unit variable cost of TL 16. Normal selling price is TL 40 per unit.
A company in KKTC off ers to purchase 3,000units f or TL 20 per unit.
Annual capacity is 10,000 units, and annualfixed costs total TL78,000, but Acki companyis currently producing and selling only 5,000units.
Should Acki accept the offer?Should Acki accept the offer?
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Special Orders
Acki Company
Contribution Income Statement
Revenue ( , × TL4 ) TL .
Variable costs:
Direct materials TL4 .Direct labor 1 .
Manufacturing overhead .
Marketing costs 1 .
Total variable costs .
Contribution margin 1 .
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing overhead TL .
Marketing costs .
Total fixed costs 1 . Net income TL1 .
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Special Orders
If Acki accepts the offer, net income willincrease by TL 12.000.
1
1
U h n m n pp h:
Sp d n b n m g n = TL20 ± TL 1 = TL 4
Ch ng n n m = TL 4 × 3,000 n s = TL 12.000.
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Potential Problems with
Relevant-Cost Analysis Avoid incorrect general assumptions
about information, especially:
³All variable costs are relevant and allfixed costs are irrelevant´
There are notable exceptions for bothcosts
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Potential Problems with
Relevant-Cost Analysis Problems with using unit-cost data:
Including irrelevant costs in error
Using the same unit-cost with differentoutput levels
Fixed costs per unit change with differentlevels of output
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Avoiding Potential Problems with
Relevant-Cost Analysis Focus on Total Revenues and Total
Costs, not their per-unit equivalents
Continually evaluate data to ensurethat they meet the requirements of relevant information
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Insourcing vs. Outsourcing Insourcing ± producing goods or
services within an organization
Outsourcing ± purchasing goods orservices from outside vendors
Also called the ³Make or Buy´ decision
Decision Rule: Select the option that
will provide the firm with the lowestcost, and therefore the highest profit.
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Qualitative Factors Nonquantitative factors may be
extremely important in an evaluation
process, yet do not show up directlyin calculations:
Quality Requirements
Reputation of Outsourcer
Employee Morale Logistical Considerations ± distance from
plant, etc.
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Opportunity Costs Opportunity Cost is the contribution to operating
income that is forgone by not using a limited resourcein its next-best alternative use
³How much profit did the firm µlose out on¶ by not
selecting this alternative?´ The economic benefits that are foregone as a result
of pursuing some course of action. Opportunity costsare not actual dollar outlays and are not recorded inthe accounts of an organization.
Special type of Opportunity Cost: Holding Cost forInventory. Funds tied up in inventory are notavailable for investment elsewhere
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The Make or Buy Decision
A decision concerning whether an itemshould be produced internally or
purchased from an outside supplier iscalled a ³make or buy´ decision.
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The Make or Buy Decision
MA Company is thinking of buying a part that iscurrently used in one of its products fromoutside.
The unit cost to make this part is:
TL/ uDirect materials 27
Direct labor 15
Variable overhead 3
Depreciation of special equip. 9Supervisor's salary 6
General factory overhead 30Total cost per unit 90
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The Make or Buy Decision
General factory overhead is allocated on thebasis of direct labor hours and is not going tochange if the parts are bought from outside.
The 90TL unit cost is based on 20,000 partsproduced each year.
An outside supplier has offered to providethe 20,000 parts at a cost of 70TL per part.
Should we accept the supplier¶s offer?Should we accept the supplier¶s offer?
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Pe
U 20 000 U
ake B y
O e c a e ce 70 1 400 000
ec a e a 27 540 000
ec a 15 300 000
a a e ve ea 3 60 000
e ec a eq 9 0
e v ' a a y 6 120 000
Ge e a ac y ve ea 30 0a c 90 1 020 000 1 400 000
The Make or Buy Decision
Not avoidable and is irrelevant. If the product is dropped, it will
be reallocated to other products.
Sunk Cost
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The Make or Buy Decision
DECISION RULE
In deciding whether to accept the outside
supplier¶s offer, MA isolated the relevantcosts of making the part by eliminatingeliminating:
The sunk costs.
The future costs that will not differ
between making or buying the parts.
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Product-Mix Decisions The decisions made by a company
about which products to sell and in
what quantities Decision Rule (with a constraint):
choose the product that produces thehighest contribution margin per unit
of the constraining resource
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Utilization of a ConstrainedResource
Firms often face the problem of deciding how to best utilize aconstrained resource.
Usually, fixed costs are not affectedby this particular decision, somanagement can focus on
maximizing total contributionmargin.
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Utilization of a ConstrainedResource
UM Company produces two products andselected data is shown below:
2
TL50
Less variable expenses per unit 36 35
Contribution margin per unit TL24 TL15
Current demand per week (units) 2.000 2.200
Contribution margin ratio 40% 30%
Processing time requiredon machine A1 per unit 1,00 min. 0,50 min.
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Utilization of a ConstrainedResource
Machine A1 is the constrained resource.There is excess capacity on all othermachines. Machine A1 is being used at
100% of its capacity, and has a capacityof 2,400 minutes per week.
Should UM focus its efforts onShould UM focus its efforts onProduct 1 or 2?Product 1 or 2?
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Utilization of a Constrained Resource
Let¶s calculate the contribution margin per unit of theconstrained resource, machine A1.
roduct 2 hould e e pha ized. Provides morevaluable use of the constrained resource machine A1,
yielding a contribution margin of TL 30 per minute as
opposed to TL 24 for Product 1.
Product
1 2Contribution margin per unit TL24 TL15
Time required to produce one unit ÷ 1,00 min. ÷ 0,50 min.
Contribution margin per minute TL24 min. TL30 min.
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Utilization of a ConstrainedResource
Let¶s calculate the contribution margin per unit of thescarce resource, machine A1.
Let¶s see how this plan would work.Let¶s see how this plan would work.
f there are o other co ideratio the e t pla would e
to produce to eet curre t de a d for Product 2 a d the
u e re ai i g capacity to ake Product 1
Product
1 2
o tri utio argi per u it 2 TL15
Time required to produce one unit ÷ 1,00 min. ÷ 0,50 min.
Contribution margin per minute TL24 min. TL30 min.
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Adding or Dropping Customers
Decision Rule: Does adding ordropping a customer add operating
income to the firm? Yes ± add or don¶t drop
No ± drop or don¶t add
Decision is based on profitability of
the customer, not how much revenuea customer generates
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Adding or DiscontinuingBranches or Segments
Decision Rule: Does adding ordiscontinuing a branch or segment
add operating income to the firm? Yes ± add or don¶t discontinue
No ± discontinue or don¶t add
Decision is based on profitability of
the branch or segment, not howmuch revenue the branch or segmentgenerates
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8
-
-8
Income Statement for 2007
Adding/Dropping Segments
General Factory Overhead and General Administrative Expenses are unavoidablecosts.
A u e that the e uip e t u ed i a ufacturi g digital i tru e t ha o re ale alue or
alter ati e u e
Should the co pa y drop digital i tru e tdi i io ?
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Incremental Approach
00 000
0 000
00 000
40 000 0 000
0 000
W ?
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Comparative Income Approach
Prepare comparative income statementsshowing results with and without the
digital instruments division.
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K
24 24
4 4
2 2
2
4
2 2
2 2 4
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Joint Product Costs
In some industries, a number of endproducts are produced from a single rawmaterial input.
Two or more products produced from acommon input are called joint products joint products.
The point in the manufacturing process
where each joint product can berecognized as a separate product iscalled the splitsplit--off pointoff point.
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Joint Products
JointInput
CommonProduction
Process
SplitSplit-- ff ff
Poi tPoi t
Joi tJoi t
Co tCo tOil
Gasoline
Chemicals
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Joint Products
JointInput
CommonProduction
Process
Separate
Processing
Separate
Processing
Final
Sale
Final
Sale
FinalSale
SplitSplit-- ff ff
Poi tPoi t
Joi tJoi t
Co tCo t
SeparateSeparate
ProductProduct
Co tCo t
Oil
Gasoline
Chemicals
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The Pitfalls of Allocation of JointCosts
Joint costs are really common costsincurred to simultaneously produce avariety of end products.
Joint costs are often allocated to endproducts on the basis of the relativerelativesales valuesales value of each product or on
some other basis.
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Sell or Process Further
Decision Rule:
It will always profitable to continueprocessing a joint product after the
split-off point so long as theincremental revenue exceeds theincremental processing costs incurredafter the split-off point.
Let¶s look at the Kere example.Let¶s look at the Kere example.
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Sell or Process Further
Data about Kere¶s joint products includes:
w
4 4
j 4
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Sell or Process Further
0 50
0 0
0 0
50 0
0 0
K
³ ?´
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Behavioral Implications
Despite the quantitative nature of some aspects of decision making, notall managers will choose the best
alternative for the firm Managers could engage in self-
serving behavior such as delayingneeded equipment maintenance in
order to meet their personalprofitability quotas for bonusconsideration